Development and Validation of a Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16
Open accessAbstract
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a widely-used, theoretically-driven, and psychometrically-sound self-report measure of emotion regulation difficulties. However, at 36-items, the DERS may be challenging to administer in some situations or settings (e.g., in the course of patient care or large-scale epidemiological studies). Consequently, there is a need a briefer version of the DERS. The goal of the present studies was to develop and evaluate a 16-item version of the DERS - the DERS-16. The reliability and validity of the DERS-16 were examined in a clinical sample (N = 96) and two large community samples (Ns = 102 and 482). The validity of the DERS-16 was evaluated comparing the relative strength of the association of the two versions of the DERS with measures of emotion regulation and related constructs, psychopathology, and clinically-relevant behaviors theorized to stem from emotion regulation deficits. Results demonstrate that the DERS-16 has retained excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and good convergent and discriminant validity. Further, the DERS-16 showed minimal differences in its convergent and discriminant validity with relevant measures when compared to the original DERS. In conclusion, the DERS-16 offers a valid and brief method for the assessment of overall emotion regulation difficulties.
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A total score was calculated using the remaining five DERS subscales (30 items total), consistent with the DERS-SF-5; the α for the included scales ranged from .82 to .90.
“A total score was calculated using the remaining five subscales (30 items total), consistent with a recently developed short-form measure (DERS-SF-5; Bjureberg et al., 2016). The α for the included scales ranged from .82 to .90.”
From Facets of Mindfulness Mediate the Relationship Between Attachment Orientation and Emotion Regulation in University Students (2024) · cites this paper as Bjureberg et al., 2016
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe DERS-16 has good psychometric properties in adolescents.
“The DERS-16 has good psychometric properties in adolescents [159]”
From Efficacy of a transdiagnostic Internet prevention approach in adolescents (EMPATIA study): study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [159]
The Discussion reports satisfactory psychometric properties for the DERS-16, but the studied samples were adults, not adolescents. Study 1 required participants to be over 18; Study 2 recruited adults and young adult women. The paper therefore does not establish the claim specifically for adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale has shown acceptable test-retest reliability and internal consistency in adolescent populations.
“It uses a 5-point Likert scale and has shown acceptable test-retest reliability and internal consistency in adolescent populations [137-140].”
From Family Support Protocol for Adolescent Internalizing Disorders: Protocol for a Pre-Post Quantitative Treatment Development Study (2024) · cites this paper as [137]
The Results (Reliability of the DERS-16; page unavailable) report excellent internal consistency and good test-retest reliability. But Study 1 enrolled women over 18, and Study 2 describes adult samples (Participants and Procedure[s]; pages unavailable). The paper does not establish those reliability findings in adolescent populations. Study 1 (Measures; page unavailable) also confirms the 5-point response scale. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe DERS has moderate to very strong internal consistency (α=.69-.97) and strong retest reliability (r=0.88; ρI=0.85).
“The DERS’s psychometric properties are favorable, having moderate to very strong internal consistency (α=.69-.97) and strong retest reliability (r=0.88; ρI=0.85) [29, 46-49].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
The Results sections report excellent internal consistency for the 36-item DERS and DERS-16 (α=.92–.95) and good test–retest reliability for the DERS-16 (ρI=.85). They do not substantiate the stated α=.69–.97 range or r=.88 retest value, and the reported retest result applies specifically to the DERS-16. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe DERS-16 reported good test-retest reliability and excellent internal consistency.
“DERS-16 reported good test–retest reliability [46] and excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alphas between 0.87 and 0.96) [47].”
The DERS-16 has good construct validity, correlating with anxiety, depression, stress, borderline traits, and more.
“Correlating with anxiety, depression, stress, borderline traits, and more, the DERS-16 has good construct validity [29,47,50].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
The DERS-16 is a short, valid measure of emotion regulation.
“The DERS-16 is a short, valid measure of emotion regulation [29,44].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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“Findings that none of the items from the lack of emotional awareness subscale was retained on the basis of the item-total correlations are consistent with past research indicating that this subscale is less strongly associated with the overall DERS score than the other subscales (Neumann, van Lier, Gratz, & Koot, 2010…”
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“2015), risky sexual behavior (Tull et al. 2012), and purging behavior (Lavender et al.”
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“1994; Hofmann and Kashdan 2010; Simons and Gaher 2005) and putatively adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (e.g., emotional avoidance, expressive suppression; Gross and John 2003; Taylor et al. 2004), one comprehensive measure of emotion regulation difficulties that has received extensive attention w…”
BackgroundDimensions of Emotion Dysregulation in Bulimia Nervosa
Lavender, J. M., Wonderlich, S. A., Peterson, C. B., Crosby, R. D., Engel, S. G., Mitchell, J. E., Crow, S. J., Smith, T. L., Klein, M. H., Goldschmidt, A. B., et al. (2014) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2288 · Cited by 103 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, emotion regulation difficulties as assessed by the DERS are related to a number of maladaptive behaviors thought to serve an emotion regulating function, such as deliberate self-harm (Gratz & Roemer, 2008), substance use (Tull, Bardeen, DiLillo, Messman-Moore, & Gratz, 2015), risky sexual behavior (Tull,…”
MethodGratz, K. L., Bardeen, J. R., Levy, R., Dixon–Gordon, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.12.005 · Cited by 102 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Finally, scores on the DERS have been found to change in response to treatments that target emotion regulation, including an emotion regulation group therapy (Gratz et al. 2015; Gratz et al. 2014) and dialectical behavior therapy (Ben-Porath et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationGratz, K. L., Hepworth, C., Tull, M. T., Paulson, A., Clarke, S., Remington, B., & Lejuez, C. W. (2010) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.04.009 · Cited by 101 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The DSHI has demonstrated good internal consistency, adequate test–retest reliability, and adequate construct, discriminant, and convergent validity among undergraduate student, community adult, and patient samples (Fliege et al., 2006; Gratz, 2001; Gratz et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEffects of Emotion Regulation Difficulties on the Tonic and Phasic Cardiac Autonomic Response
Berna, G., Ott, L., & Nandrino, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102971 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Tull, M., Bardeen, J., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T. L., & Gratz, K. L. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.11.003 · Cited by 85 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, emotion regulation difficulties as assessed by the DERS are related to a number of maladaptive behaviors thought to serve an emotion regulating function, such as deliberate selfharm (Gratz and Roemer 2008), substance use (Tull et al. 2015), risky sexual behavior (Tull et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSchmidt∗, R. E., Gay, P., Courvoisier, D. S., Jermann, F., Ceschi, G., David, M., Brinkmann, K., & der Linden, M. V. (2009) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890902935738 · Cited by 77 · cited 1× · see citing works
“80; Muris, Merckelbach, & Horselenberg, 1996) and construct validity (Muris et al., 1996; Schmidt et al., 2009; Wegner & Zanakos, 1994) of this measure.”
Psychometric properties of a short form of the Affective Lability Scale (ALS-18)
Look, A. E., Flory, J. D., Harvey, P. D., & Siever, L. J. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.030 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-injurious behaviors in posttraumatic stress disorder: An examination of potential moderators
Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.033 · Cited by 59 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Consistent with past research (Dixon-Gordon et al. 2014; Gratz and Tull 2012; Turner et al. 2013), a deliberate self-harm frequency variable was computed by summing the total number of deliberate selfharm episodes reported in the past 4 months and a deliberate self-harm versatility index was computed by summing the nu…”
MethodSelf-citationTull, M. (2006) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9036-7 · Cited by 56 · cited 1× · see citing works
“gy (e.g., Kuo et al. 2015; Stevens et al. 2013; Tull 2006; Tull et al. 2009) and in predicting maladaptive behaviors (Gratz and Tull 2010; Messman-Moore et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationGratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.025 · Cited by 42 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Consistent with past research (Dixon-Gordon et al. 2014; Gratz and Tull 2012; Turner et al. 2013), a deliberate self-harm frequency variable was computed by summing the total number of deliberate selfharm episodes reported in the past 4 months and a deliberate self-harm versatility index was computed by summing the nu…”
MethodSelf-citationBen‐Porath, D. D., Federici, A., Wisniewski, L., & Warren, M. (2014) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-014-9271-2 · Cited by 42 · cited 1× · see citing works
“2014) and dialectical behavior therapy (Ben-Porath et al. 2014), suggesting that the measure is sensitive to change over time and has utility in treatment outcome research.”
BackgroundHamilton, N. A., Karoly, P., Gallagher, M. W., Stevens, N. R., Karlson, C., & McCurdy, D. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9163-9 · Cited by 28 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The TEARS demonstrates good internal consistency and construct validity (Hamilton et al., 2007), and was administered to sample 2 only.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Emotion dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Wolff, J. C., Thompson, E., Thomas, S. A., Nesi, J., Bettis, A. H., Ransford, B., Scopelliti, K., Frazier, E. A., & Liu, R. T. (2019) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.03.004 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Hallion, L. S., Steinman, S. A., Tolin, D. F., & Diefenbach, G. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00539 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
“Finally, we briefly examined the psychometric properties of three recently published short forms of the DERS (e.g., DERS-16, Bjureberg et al., 2016; DERS-SF, Kaufman et al., 2016; and DERS18, Victor and Klonsky, 2016) to evaluate the extent to which these measures performed comparably to the…”
BackgroundInfluentialProblematic video game use as an emotional coping strategy: Evidence from a sample of MMORPG gamers
Blasi, M. D., Giardina, A., Giordano, C., Coco, G. L., Tosto, C., Billieux, J., & Schimmenti, A. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.02 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
A Measure of Nature Connectedness for Children and Adults: Validation, Performance, and Insights
Richardson, M., Hunt, A., Hinds, J., Bragg, R., Fido, D., Petronzi, D., Barbett, L., Clitherow, T. J., & White, M. P. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11123250 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
“- The 16-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; [51]) was used to indicate ease of affect regulation.”
MethodWestrupp, E. M., Bennett, C., Berkowitz, T. S., Youssef, G. J., Toumbourou, J. W., Tucker, R., Andrews, F. J., Evans, S., Teague, S. J., Karantzas, G. C., et al. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01861-z · Cited by 258 · see citing works
“Emotion regulation The 16-item version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-16 [69] assessed difficulties in parent emotion regulation.”
MethodYiğit, İ., & Guzey, M. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9712-7 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“Consistent with the findings of the original study (Bjureberg et al. 2016) and those of another (Miguel et al.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDaukantaité, D., Lundh, L., Wångby‐Lundh, M., Claréus, B., Bjärehed, J., Zhou, Y., & Liljedahl, S. I. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01533-4 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citationRichardson, M., & McEwan, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01500 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Pearson correlations were conducted between the measures of nature connectedness (INS), emotional regulation (DERS), EWNB and happiness (single-item) administered in the supplementary study and are shown in Table 7.”
MethodInfluentialPsychopathy and Aggression: The Role of Emotion Dysregulation
Garofalo, C., Neumann, C. S., & Velotti, P. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519900946 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“In Sample 2, only the 16 items included in the shortform version developed by Bjureberg et al. (2016) were used in their validated Dutch translation (A. Neumann et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodWilks, C. R., Lungu, A., Ang, S. Y., Matsumiya, B., Yin, Q., & Linehan, M. M. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.053 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Veličković, K., Hallberg, I. R., Axelsson, U., Borrebaeck, C. A. K., Rydén, L., Johnsson, P., & Månsson, J. (2020) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-020-01383-3 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Further, discriminant validity of CD-RISC was investigated by exploring its relationship with DERS-16.”
MethodInfluentialAdult Attachment Style, Emotion Regulation, and Social Networking Sites Addiction
Liu, C., & Ma, J.-L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02352 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Adams, G. R., Gandhi, W., Harrison, R. N., van Reekum, C. M., Wood-Anderson, D., Gilron, I., & Salomons, T. V. (2022) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002830 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“…Sensory Profile (AASP) [15], the Sensory Responsiveness Questionnaire (SRQ) [10], the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) [13], the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) [24], the Pain Anxiety Sensitivity Scale (PASS) [75], the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)…”
MethodMcAtamney, K., Mantzios, M., Egan, H. H., & Wallis, D. J. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105120 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Bjureberg, J., Sahlin, H., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., Gratz, K. L., Tull, M. T., Jokinen, J., Hellner, C., & Ljótsson, B. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1885-6 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Lindqvist, K., Mechler, J., Carlbring, P., Lilliengren, P., Falkenström, F., Andersson, G., Johansson, R., Edbrooke-Childs, J. H., Dahl, H. J., Bergsten, K. L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/18047 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“06 (7.31)25.91 (5.68)IPDT 27.08 (7.69)26.87 (5.65)Control aMADRS-S: Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale–self-rated. bIPDT: internet-based psychodynamic therapy, n=34. cNot applicable. dControl, n=38. eGAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale. fDERS: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. gSCS-SF: Self…”
MethodInfluentialMental Health Conditions of Italian Healthcare Professionals during the COVID‐19 Disease Outbreak
Bettinsoli, M. L., Riso, D. D., Napier, J. L., Moretti, L., Bettinsoli, P., Delmedico, M., Piazzolla, A., & Moretti, B. (2020) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12239 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Burton, A. L., Brown, R., & Abbott, M. J. (2022) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2022.2060629 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
A Brazilian Investigation of the 36- and 16-Item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scales
Miguel, F. K., Giromini, L., Colombarolli, M. S., Zuanazzi, A. C., & Zennaro, A. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22404 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Bjureberg et al. (2015) recently introduced a briefer version of the DERS. This briefer version includes 16 of the 36 original DERS items, and five of the six original DERS subscales (i.e., it does not include Awareness). In Bjureberg et al.’s (2015) study, the scores from the 16-item DERS demonstrated good psychometr…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBjureberg, J., Sahlin, H., Hellner, C., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., Gratz, K. L., Bjärehed, J., Jokinen, J., Tull, M. T., & Ljótsson, B. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1527-4 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“A brief, 16-item version of the DERS, the DERS-16 [41], was administered weekly during treatment.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationEmotion regulation and psychological and physical health during a nationwide COVID-19 lockdown.
Low, R. S. T., Overall, N. C., Chang, V. T., Henderson, A. M. E., & Sibley, C. G. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001046 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Sörman, K., Garke, M., Isacsson, N., Jangard, S., Bjureberg, J., Hellner, C., Sinha, R., & Jayaram-Lindström, N. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23206 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotion regulation mediates relationships between mindfulness facets and aggression dimensions
Garofalo, C., Gillespie, S. M., & Velotti, P. (2019) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21868 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Becker, S. P., Burns, G. L., Smith, Z. R., & Langberg, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00603-9 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Li, D., Li, D., Wu, N., & Wang, Z. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.03.038 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Moreira, H., Gouveia, M. J., & Canavarro, M. C. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00602-5 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Skott, E., Yang, L. L., Stiernborg, M., Söderström, Å., Rüegg, J., Schalling, M., Forsell, Y., Giacobini, M., & Lavebratt, C. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.056 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“E) In adults with elevated plasma sVCAM-1 levels at baseline there was a Synbiotic 2000- specific improvement in emotion regulation (DERS-16) total scale (p = 0.011, [−17.0, −2.40]).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCharak, R., Villarreal, L., Schmitz, R. M., Hirai, M., & Ford, J. D. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.007 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Regulation Scale (DERS-16) (Bjureberg et al., 2016) is a self-report measure of an individual’s typical levels of emotion dysregulation across five areas: nonacceptance of emotional responses, difficulties engaging in goal directed behaviors when distressed, difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors when distressed…”
BackgroundInfluentialAmericans’ distress early in the COVID-19 pandemic: Protective resources and coping strategies.
Park, C. L., Finkelstein‐Fox, L., Russell, B. S., Fendrich, M., Hutchison, M., & Becker, J. (2021) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000931 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Social cognition and sex: Are men and women really different?
Tella, M. D., Miti, F., Ardito, R. B., & Adenzato, M. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110045 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The role of alexithymia in social cognition: Evidence from a non-clinical population
Tella, M. D., Adenzato, M., Catmur, C., Miti, F., Castelli, L., & Ardito, R. B. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.012 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Clusters of trauma types as measured by the Life Events Checklist for DSM–5.
Contractor, A. A., Weiss, N. H., Batley, P. N., & Elhai, J. D. (2020) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/str0000179 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-16 (DERS-16; Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
BackgroundRozakou-Soumalia, N., Dârvariu, Ş., & Sjögren, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11090931 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“More direct measures of affect regulation, such as the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) may represent changes in ER more accurately [76,77].”
BackgroundRuan, Q.-N., Chen, Y., & Yan, W. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00574-2 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Wang, J., Wang, M., & Lei, L. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106236 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Harned, M. S., Schmidt, S. C., Korslund, K. E., & Gallop, R. J. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2020.08.003 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
González‐Roz, A., Castaño, Y., Krotter, A., Salazar-Cedillo, A., & Gervilla, E. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100502 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Standard set of patient-reported outcomes for personality disorder
Rupel, V. P., Jagger, B., Fialho, L. S., Chadderton, L.-M., Gintner, T., Arntz, A., Baltzersen, Å.-L., Blazdell, J., Busschbach, J. J. V., Cencelli, M., et al. (2021) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-021-02870-w · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Skutch, J. M., Wang, S. B., Buqo, T., Haynos, A. F., & Papa, A. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09736-z · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“, DSHI, BEST, BDIII), which may have impacted the results (Bjureberg et al. 2016; Kaufman et al. 2016; Victor and Klonsky 2016).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialVelotti, P., Rogier, G., Zobel, S. B., Castellano, R., & Tambelli, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.581494 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Charak, R., Byllesby, B. M., Fowler, J. C., Sharp, C., Elhai, J. D., & Frueh, B. C. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.04.010 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Sanilevici, M., Reuveni, O., Lev-Ari, S., Golland, Y., & Levit-Binnun, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720965 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Bjureberg, J., Ojala, O., Hesser, H., Häbel, H., Sahlin, H., Gratz, K. L., Tull, M. T., Claesdotter Knutsson, E., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., Ljótsson, B., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.22069 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Lutz, N. M., Neufeld, S., Hook, R. W., Jones, P. B., Bullmore, E. T., Goodyer, I. M., Ford, T. J., Chamberlain, S. R., & Wilkinson, P. O. (2022) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2022.2084004 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Paulus, D. J., Gallagher, M. W., Bartlett, B. A., Tran, J., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.03.012 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Wang, X. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.104940 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Hussain, Z., Wegmann, E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00668-6 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Sahlin, H., Bjureberg, J., Gratz, K. L., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Bjärehed, J., Jokinen, J., Lundh, L.-G., Ljótsson, B., & Hellner, C. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016220 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationAndersson, H., Aspeqvist, E., Dahlström, Ö., Svedin, C. G., Jonsson, L. S., Landberg, Å., & Zetterqvist, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.897081 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The role of nature in emotion regulation processes: An evidence-based rapid review
Vitale, V., & Bonaiuto, M. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102325 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Shahabi, M., Hasani, J., & Bjureberg, J. (2018) · Assessment for Effective Intervention · doi:10.1177/1534508418800210 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The DERS-16 (Bjureberg et al., 2016) consists of 16 items, and the scale was originally developed to be a brief measure of global difficulties in emotion regulation.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationHoarding disorder and difficulties in emotion regulation
Tolin, D. F., Levy, H. C., Wootton, B. M., Hallion, L. S., & Stevens, M. C. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.01.006 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“This is important because HD is associated with high levels of negative emotion, as described above, and because DERS scores correlate strongly with measures of depression and anxiety (Bjureberg et al., 2016; Fowler et al., 2014).”
BackgroundPetruso, F., Giff, A., Milano, B. A., Rossi, M. M. D., & Saccaro, L. F. (2023) · Neuronal Signaling · doi:10.1042/ns20220077 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Clinically, ER can be measured through self-assessment questionnaires, including the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) [84] or the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) questionnaire [85].”
MethodOrthorexic tendencies are linked with difficulties with emotion identification and regulation
Vuillier, L., Robertson, S., & Greville-Harris, M. (2020) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-020-00291-7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Emotion regulation The Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale, DERS-16 [51] is a 16-item scale assessing emotion regulation.”
BackgroundInfluentialMikocka‐Walus, A. A., Stokes, M., Evans, S., OLIVE, L. S., & Westrupp, E. M. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110433 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Lin, S., Tan, L., Chen, X., Liao, Z., Li, Y., Tang, Y., Shi, Y., Hao, J., Wang, X., Huang, Q., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.077 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Holmqvist Larsson, K., Andersson, G., Stern, H., & Zetterqvist, M. (2020) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104519869782 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Benefits for emotional regulation of contact with nature: a systematic review
Ríos-Rodríguez, M. L., Rosales, C., Hernández, B., & Lorenzo, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1402885 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Westerlund, M., & Santtila, P. O. (2018) · Nordic Psychology · doi:10.1080/19012276.2018.1443279 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“The current study evaluated the DERS-16 (Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialA multimethod assessment to study the relationship between rumination and gender differences
Ando, A. M. C., Giromini, L., Ales, F., & Zennaro, A. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12666 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Obeïd, S., Hallit, S. R., Akel, M., & Brytek‐Matera, A. (2021) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-021-01112-9 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Singh, R., Singh, B., Mahato, S., & Hambour, V. K. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230991 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Hua, Z., & Ma, D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19084676 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Items in the DERS-16 are completed on a five-point Likert scale (“1” = almost never, “5” = almost always) to assess emotion-regulation difficulties, and the total score is obtained by summing the scores of all items.”
BackgroundInfluentialPenner, F., Steinberg, L., & Sharp, C. (2022) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2022.2133722 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Dai, Y., Ya, Z., Hu, K., Chen, J., Lu, S., Li, Q., & Xiao, J. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.065 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The Multidimensional Emotion Questionnaire (MEQ): Rationale and Initial Psychometric Properties
Klonsky, E. D., Victor, S. E., Hibbert, A. S., & Hajcak, G. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09741-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Brown, R. J., Burton, A. L., & Abbott, M. J. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23370 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Indeed, the developers of the DERS‐16, an abbreviated version of the DERS (Bjureberg et al., 2016) excluded the Awareness subscale due to the lack of fit, although other investigations have found support for this subscale (Victor & Klonsky, 2016).”
ResultBuffering against Maladaptive Perfectionism in Bipolar Disorder: The Role of Self-Compassion
Fletcher, K., Yang, Y., Johnson, S. L., Berk, M., Perich, T., Cotton, S., Jones, S., Lapsley, S., Michalak, E., & Murray, G. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“As shown in Table 3, correlations were all significant (all p's 0.05) in predicted directions for the majority of key variables: (a) maladaptive perfectionism (SAPSD) was strongly but negatively correlated with self-compassion (SCS), (b) SCS was negatively correlated with clinician-rated depression (MADRS), self-repor…”
BackgroundInfluentialRobillard, C. L., Turner, B. J., Ames, M. E., & Craig, S. G. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114152 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Moore, R., Gillanders, D. T., & Stuart, S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11092519 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Emotion regulation and executive function: Associations with depression and anxiety in autism
Conner, C. M., Elias, R., Smith, I. C., & White, S. W. (2023) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102103 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Coping Using Sex During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in the United Kingdom
Gillespie, S. M., Jones, A., Uzieblo, K., Garofalo, C., & Robinson, E. (2020) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.11.002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Renzo, L. D., Gualtieri, P., Zomparelli, S., Santis, G. L. D., Seraceno, S., Zuena, C., Frank, G., Cianci, R., Centofanti, D., & LORENZO, A. D. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15163654 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Nordgren, L., Monell, E., Birgegård, A., Bjureberg, J., & Hesser, H. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09765-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationValidation of the distress tolerance scale-short form in obsessive compulsive disorder
Garner, L. E., Van Kirk, N., Tifft, E. D., Krompinger, J. W., Mathes, B. M., Fraire, M., Falkenstein, M. J., Brennan, B. P., Crosby, J. M., & Elias, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22554 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Afshari, B., Omidi, A., & Ahmadvand, A. (2020) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-019-09442-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
RetractedWeaving Healthy Families Program: Promoting Resilience While Reducing Violence and Substance Use
McKinley, C. E., & Theall, K. P. (2021) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731521998441 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Weiss, N. H., Forkus, S. R., Contractor, A. A., & Dixon–Gordon, K. L. (2019) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000503 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale – 16 (DERS-16; Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
BackgroundWestrupp, E. M., Karantzas, G. C., Macdonald, J. A., OLIVE, L. S., Youssef, G. J., Greenwood, C. J., Sciberras, E., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., Evans, S., Mikocka‐Walus, A. A., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.555750 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Emotion Regulation (Baseline Survey Only) Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-16 Item Version (36) (16 items).”
BackgroundInfluentialHaws, J. K., Brockdorf, A. N., Gratz, K. L., Messman, T. L., Tull, M. T., & DiLillo, D. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102536 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationIntergenerational impacts of trauma and hardship through parenting
Jensen, S. K. G., Sezibera, V., Murray, S. M., Brennan, R. T., & Betancourt, T. S. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13359 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Fletcher, K., Foley, F., Thomas, N., Michalak, E. E., Berk, L., Berk, M., Bowe, S. J., Cotton, S., Engel, L., Johnson, S. L., et al. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1805-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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“Additionally, the DERS-16 has demonstrated adequate reliability and validity (Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialGouveia, P., Ramos, C., Brito, J., Almeida, T. C., & Cardoso, J. (2022) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-022-00214-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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Faura‐García, J., Calvete, E., & Orue, I. (2023) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2023.2237075 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Emotion dysregulation was measured with the 16-item version of the Difficulties Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16, Bjureberg et al., 2016).”
Schramm, E., Elsaesser, M., Jenkner, C., Hautzinger, M., & Herpertz, S. C. (2024) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21204 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Further secondary outcomes comprised: a) self-rated depressive and anxiety symptoms, as assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) 39 and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) 40 ; b) improvements in the early trauma-related mechanisms of social threat response, hyperarousal, and social processes/empathy, as ass…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDarharaj, M., Hekmati, I., Ayagh, F. M. G., Ahmadi, A., Eskin, M., & Ranjbar, H. A. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01031-z · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Lalouni, M., Fust, J., Bjureberg, J., Kastrati, G., Fondberg, R., Fransson, P., Jayaram‐Lindström, N., Kosek, E., Hellner, C., & Jensen, K. B. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01639-y · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“The Self-Rating Scale (SRS) was used to assess self-criticism [22] Emotion regulation was assessed with the brief 16 item version of the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16) [23].”
MethodSelf-citationFabris, M. A., Longobardi, C., Morese, R., & Marengo, D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19169871 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Chen, S., Ebrahimi, O. V., & Cheng, C. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/70483 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale [57] consists of 16 items that assess individuals’ challenges in recognizing and managing their emotional states.”
Difficulties in emotion regulation and quality of life in patients with acne
Cengiz, G. F., & Gürel, G. (2019) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-019-02318-2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Mekawi, Y., Watson‐Singleton, N. N., Dixon, H. D., Fani, N., Michopoulos, V., & Powers, A. D. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23036 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Archi, S. E., Brunault, P., Luca, A. D., Cortese, S., Hankard, R., Bourbao-Tournois, C., Ballon, N., Réveillère, C., & Barrault, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745857 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Comtois, K. A., Mata-Greve, F., Johnson, M., Pullmann, M. D., Mosser, B. A., & Areán, P. A. (2022) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/41689 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Veilleux, J. C., Pollert, G. A., Skinner, K. D., Chamberlain, K. D., Baker, D. E., & Hill, M. A. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110541 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A machine learning approach to modeling PTSD and difficulties in emotion regulation
Christ, N. M., Elhai, J. D., Forbes, C. N., Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113712 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, L. L., Stiernborg, M., Skott, E., Söderström, Å., Giacobini, M., & Lavebratt, C. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.10.005 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Emotion regulation difficulties and psychopathology among Pakistani adolescents
Zafar, H., Debowska, A., & Boduszek, D. (2020) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104520969765 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Emotion regulation as conceptualized by Gratz and Roemer can be assessed using the six dimensional, 36-item Difficulties in Emotion regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) or its brief, five dimensional, 16-item version – the DERS-16 (Bjureberg et al., 2016; Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMcKee, L. G., DiMarzio, K., Parent, J. M., Dale, C. F., Acosta, J., & O’Leary, J. L. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00829-6 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L.-G., Bjärehed, J., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., Gumpert, C. H., & Gratz, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- Lund University (SE)
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bjureberg, Johan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
- Published
- 2015-09-14
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 284-296
- ISSN
- 0164-0305 (ISSN-L)
- 0882-2689
- 1573-3505
- PMC
- PMC4882111
- OpenAlex
- W2172838886
- Cited by
- 1,081
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 217 · 2025: 186 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 13.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD062226)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, emotional dysregulation, scale shortening, psychometric validation, self-report measures, psychopathology, convergent and discriminant validity, test-retest reliability, internal consistency
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