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Cited by 67Cardiovascular and exercise physiologySports Performance and TrainingGenetics and Physical Performance

Biological and methodological factors affecting response variability to endurance training and the influence of exercise intensity prescription

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Meyler, Samuel, Bottoms, Lindsay, Muniz‐Pumares, Daniel·2021·Experimental Physiology
DOI 10.1113/ep089565
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Abstract

New Findings: What is the topic of this review? Biological and methodological factors associated with the variable changes in cardiorespiratory fitness in response to endurance training. What advances does it highlight? Several biological and methodological factors exist that each contribute, to a given extent, to response variability. Notably, prescribing exercise intensity relative to physiological thresholds reportedly increases cardiorespiratory fitness response rates compared to when prescribed relative to maximum physiological values. As threshold‐based approaches elicit more homogeneous acute physiological responses among individuals, when repeated over time, these uniform responses may manifest as more homogeneous chronic adaptations thereby reducing response variability. Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in response to endurance training (ET) exhibit large variations, possibly due to a multitude of biological and methodological factors. It is acknowledged that ∼20% of individuals may not achieve meaningful increases in CRF in response to ET. Genetics, the most potent biological contributor, has been shown to explain ∼50% of response variability, whilst age, sex and baseline CRF appear to explain a smaller proportion. Methodological factors represent the characteristics of the ET itself, including the type, volume and intensity of exercise, as well as the method used to prescribe and control exercise intensity. Notably, methodological factors are modifiable and, upon manipulation, alter response rates to ET, eliciting increases in CRF regardless of an individual's biological predisposition. Particularly, prescribing exercise intensity relative to a physiological threshold (e.g., ventilatory threshold) is shown to increase CRF response rates compared to when intensity is anchored relative to a maximum physiological value (e.g., maximum heart rate). It is, however, uncertain whether the increased response rates are primarily attributable to reduced response variability, greater mean changes in CRF or both. Future research is warranted to elucidate whether more homogeneous chronic adaptations manifest over time among individuals, as a result of exposure to more homogeneous exercise stimuli elicited by threshold‐based practices.

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Meyler, S., Bottoms, L., & Muniz‐Pumares, D.
Affiliations
University of Hertfordshire (GB)
Corresponding author
Muniz‐Pumares, Daniel
ORCID
Venue
Experimental Physiology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2021-06-08
Volume
106
Issue
7
Pages
1410-1424
ISSN
  • 0958-0670 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-445X
DOI
10.1113/ep089565
OpenAlex
W3165784472
Cited by
67
References
21
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2
FWCI
2.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Experimental Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (submittedVersion)
  • University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Physical Performance
Keywords
endurance training, cardiorespiratory fitness, response variability, exercise intensity prescription, ventilatory threshold, maximal heart rate, genetic susceptibility, training effects, exercise volume, sex differences, age differences
MeSH terms
Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Endurance Training, Exercise Therapy, Humans, Oxygen Consumption, Exercise, Prescriptions

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