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Cited by 139Cardiovascular and exercise physiologySports Performance and TrainingPhysical Activity and Health

Individual responses to combined endurance and strength training in older adults.

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KARAVIRTA, LAURA, HÄKKINEN, KEIJO, KAUHANEN, ANTTI, ARIJA-BLÁZQUEZ, ALFREDO, SILLANPÄÄ, ELINA, RINKINEN, NIINA, HÄKKINEN, ARJA·2011·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
DOI 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181f1bf0d
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Abstract

PURPOSE: A combination of endurance and strength training is generally used to seek further health benefits or enhanced physical performance in older adults compared with either of the training modes alone. The mean change within a training group, however, may conceal a wide range of individual differences in the responses. The purpose, therefore, was to examine the individual trainability of aerobic capacity and maximal strength, when endurance and strength training are performed separately or concurrently. METHODS: For this study, 175 previously untrained volunteers, 89 men and 86 women between the ages of 40 and 67 yr, completed a 21-wk period of either strength training (S) twice a week, endurance training (E) twice a week, combined training (ES) four times per week, or served as controls. Training adaptations were quantified as peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in a bicycle ergometer test to exhaustion and maximal isometric bilateral leg extension force (MVC) in a dynamometer. RESULTS: A large range in training responses, similar to endurance or strength training alone, was also observed with combined endurance and strength training in both ΔVO2peak (from -8% to 42%) and ΔMVC (from -12% to 87%). There were no significant correlations between the training responses in VO2peak and MVC in the E, S, or especially in the ES group, suggesting that the same subjects did not systematically increase both aerobic capacity and maximal strength. CONCLUSIONS: The goal of combined endurance and strength training--increasing both aerobic capacity and maximal strength simultaneously--was only achieved by some of the older subjects. New means are needed to personalize endurance, strength, and especially combined endurance and strength training programs for optimal individual adaptations.

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  • Individuals are not systematically low or high responders when exposed to different training stimuli.

    “Intuitively, it might be expected that the number of 'low responders' would double (or at least increase) after concurrent compared to single mode training, but the little data currently available suggests that individuals are not systematically low or high responders when exposed to different training stimuli (Karavirta et al., 2011).”

    From Concurrent exercise training: do opposites distract? (2017) · cites this paper as Karavirta et al., 2011

  • There is considerable within-individual and between-individual heterogeneity in acute psychophysiological responses to the same acute physical exercises and in long-term adaptations to the same physical training.

    “Since every human is unique, there is a considerable amount of within-individual (intra-individual) (Katch et al., 1982; Coggan and Costill, 1984; Bagger et al., 2003; Skurvydas et al., 2010; Faude et al., 2017; Chrzanowski-Smith et al., 2019; Voisin et al., 2019) and between-individual (interindividual) heterogeneity (Karavirta et al., 2011; Chmelo et al., 2015; Bonafiglia et al., 2016; Greenham”

    From Dose-Response Matters! - A Perspective on the Exercise Prescription in Exercise-Cognition Research (2019) · cites this paper as Karavirta et al., 2011

  • After a 21 weeks long combined exercise intervention in older adults, changes in CRF levels assessed via maximal oxygen uptake ranged from -8 to 42%.

    “Exemplarily, Karavirta et al. (2011) observed, after a 21 weeks long combined exercise intervention in older adults, changes in CRF levels [assessed via maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max.)] ranging from -8 to 42%.”

    From Dose-Response Matters! - A Perspective on the Exercise Prescription in Exercise-Cognition Research (2019) · cites this paper as Karavirta et al., 2011

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Authors
KARAVIRTA, L., HÄKKINEN, K., KAUHANEN, A., ARIJA-BLÁZQUEZ, A., SILLANPÄÄ, E., RINKINEN, N., & HÄKKINEN, A.
Affiliations
  • University of Jyväskylä (FI)
  • Central Finland Health Care District (FI)
ORCID
Venue
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2011-03
Volume
43
Issue
3
Pages
484-490
ISSN
0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1249/mss.0b013e3181f1bf0d
OpenAlex
W2128619219
Cited by
139
References
34
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
FWCI
18.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Keywords
endurance training, resistance training, concurrent training, older adults, cardiorespiratory fitness, peak oxygen uptake, maximal strength, isometric leg extension, training response variability, personalized training programs
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Aged, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Leg, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Muscle, Skeletal, Resistance Training

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