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Cited by 327Cardiovascular and exercise physiologySports Performance and TrainingExercise and Physiological Responses

Refuting the myth of non‐response to exercise training: ‘non‐responders’ do respond to higher dose of training

Open access
Montero, David, Lundby, Carsten·2017·The Journal of Physiology
DOI 10.1113/jp273480PMC PMC5451738
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Abstract

Key points: The prevalence of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) non‐response gradually declines in healthy individuals exercising 60, 120, 180, 240 or 300 min per week for 6 weeks. Following a successive identical 6‐week training period but comprising 120 min of additional exercise per week, CRF non‐response is universally abolished. The magnitude of CRF improvement is primarily attributed to changes in haemoglobin mass. The potential for CRF improvement may be present and unveiled with appropriate exercise training stimuli in healthy individuals without exception. One in five adults following physical activity guidelines are reported to not demonstrate any improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Herein, we sought to establish whether CRF non‐response to exercise training is dose‐dependent, using a between‐ and within‐subject study design. Seventy‐eight healthy adults were divided into five groups (1–5) respectively comprising one, two, three, four and five 60 min exercise sessions per week but otherwise following an identical 6‐week endurance training (ET) programme. Non‐response was defined as any change in CRF, determined by maximal incremental exercise power output ( W max ), within the typical error of measurement (±3.96%). Participants classified as non‐responders after the ET intervention completed a successive 6‐week ET period including two additional exercise sessions per week. Maximal oxygen consumption ( ), haematology and muscle biopsies were assessed prior to and after each ET period. After the first ET period, W max increased ( P < 0.05) in groups 2, 3, 4 and 5, but not 1. In groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, 69%, 40%, 29%, 0% and 0% of individuals, respectively, were non‐responders. After the second ET period, non‐response was eliminated in all individuals. The change in with exercise training independently determined W max response (partial correlation coefficient, r partial ≥ 0.74, P < 0.001). In turn, total haemoglobin mass was the strongest independent determinant of ( r partial = 0.49, P < 0.001). In conclusion, individual CRF non‐response to exercise training is abolished by increasing the dose of exercise and primarily a function of haematological adaptations in oxygen‐carrying capacity.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In healthy young men, cardiorespiratory fitness “non-response” to 6 weeks of endurance training was common at lower exercise doses but disappeared at 240–300 min/week, and was universally abolished when initial non-responders added two extra 60-min sessions per week. Changes in hemoglobin mass primarily explained the VO2max response, which in turn explained most of the Wmax response.

Key findings

  • After the first 6-week training period, Wmax non-response prevalence was 69% (11/16), 40% (6/15), 29% (4/14), 0% (0/17), and 0% (0/16) for 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 min/week, respectively (P < 0.001).
  • Using an assumed VO2max typical error of 5%, estimated VO2max non-response prevalence was 81% (13/16), 47% (7/15), 50% (7/14), 18% (3/17), and 0% (0/16) across the same groups.
  • In initial non-responders who completed a second 6-week period with two additional 60-min sessions/week, non-response was abolished in all individuals.
  • ΔVO2max was the only variable independently associated with ΔWmax (β = 0.08, partial r ≥ 0.74, P < 0.001), while ΔHb mass was the strongest independent determinant of ΔVO2max (β = 3.26, partial r = 0.49, P < 0.001).

Methods

  • Seventy-eight healthy young male volunteers (age 26.2 ± 3.4 yr, height 180.8 ± 4.3 cm) were assigned to 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 supervised cycle-ergometer sessions per week for 6 weeks, each session 60 min, corresponding to 60, 120, 180, 240, or 300 min/week.
  • Training alternated four moderate-to-high intensity profiles averaging 65% of Wmax. Wmax and VO2max were measured with incremental cycling; hemoglobin mass, red blood cell volume, blood volume, plasma volume, and skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume density were also assessed.
  • Non-response was defined as a percentage change in Wmax not beyond ±1 × %TE; the calculated TE for Wmax was ±3.96%. Non-responders then completed an identical second 6-week period with two additional sessions per week. Analyses included ANOVA, paired t-tests, Chi-square tests, and multiple regression.

Limitations

  • The paper states findings were from healthy young males, so extrapolation to females, older individuals, and cardio-metabolic patients requires further research.
  • The paper states the design could not dissect independent contributions of exercise dose components (frequency/session length, total duration, intensity), VO2max was not duplicated at baseline so its %TE was not calculated, and body composition changes were not assessed.
  • Evident from the text: mitochondrial volume density was not assessed after the second training period, and second-period non-responder groups were small (n = 11, 6, and 4 for groups 1+2, 2+2, and 3+2).

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1113/jp273480

Cites

63 of 63 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

5 of 50 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Interpretationcitation

    Such unanimous CRF response may also indicate a relatively minor influence of within-subject response variability and measurement error when applying successive higher doses of ET.

    “Such unanimous CRF response may also indicate a relatively minor influence of withinsubject response variability and measurement error when applying successive higher doses of ET (Bacon et al., 2013;Hecksteden et al., 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bacon et al., 2013 source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) describes some evidence of marked VO2max responses in all subjects after interval training, which supports the sentence’s premise. But the paper does not assess whether within-subject response variability or measurement error has a minor influence, nor does it test successive higher doses of exercise training. Its meta-analysis primarily compares group-level pre- and post-training means (Methods, Summary measures; page unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Hecksteden et al., 2015 source
  • Premisecitation

    Recent studies have observed gradual decreases in the number of CRF non-responders with increasing doses of ET in individuals who completed ≥90% of the exercise sessions prescribed.

    “Likewise, recent studies have observed gradual decreases in the number of CRF non-responders with increasing doses of ET in individuals who completed ≥ 90 % of the exercise sessions prescribed (Sisson et al., 2009;Ross et al., 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Sisson et al., 2009 source

      The Discussion reports that the proportion of VO₂max non-responders decreased as exercise volume increased. The Methods (Statistical Analyses) say the analysis excluded participants whose exercise compliance was below 90%, but define compliance by calories expended relative to calories prescribed—not by the percentage of sessions completed. The ≥90% sessions qualifier is therefore not supported as stated. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Ross et al., 2015 source
  • Premisecitation

    Meta-analytical evidence encompassing research performed during the last 4 decades suggests that higher doses of ET than those prescribed in HERITAGE can generate substantial improvements in VO2max in nearly all young and middle-aged adults.

    “Most importantly, meta-analytical evidence encompassing research performed during the last 4 decades suggests that higher doses of ET than those prescribed in HERITAGE can generate substantial improvements in VO 2max in nearly all young and middle-aged adults (Bacon et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bacon et al., 2013 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    A similar decline in the prevalence of VO2max non-responders was previously demonstrated in postmenopausal women allocated to 4-5 exercise sessions requiring 4, 8 or 12 kcal/kg per week during 6 months.

    “A similar decline in the prevalence of VO 2max non-responders was previously demonstrated in postmenopausal women allocated to 4-5 exercise sessions requiring 4, 8 or 12 kcal•kg -1 per week during 6 months (Sisson et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sisson et al., 2009 source

      The Results report declining VO2max non-responder prevalence across the 4, 8, and 12 kcal/kg/week groups (44.9%, 23.8%, and 19.3%). The Methods > Exercise Training section confirms a six-month program in postmenopausal women but specifies three to four sessions per week, not four to five. (LLM, conf=0.91)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    ∆Hb mass was the strongest independent determinant of ∆VO2max (β = 3.26, r partial = 0.49, P < 0.001).

    “In turn, ∆Hb mass was the strongest independent determinant ∆VO 2max (β = 3.26, r partial = 0.49, P < 0.001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 18
  • May combine two claims. 17
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous reports suggest raising the minimum level of exercise dose in physical activity guidelines for healthy adults.

    “This finding concurs with previous reports suggesting to raise the minimum level of exercise dose in physical activity guidelines for healthy adults (Bacon et al., 2013;Ross et al., 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bacon et al., 2013 source

      The Discussion calls for studying VO2max trainability with regimens that produce robust physiological adaptations, in addition to programs consistent with public health guidelines. It does not suggest raising the minimum exercise dose in guidelines for healthy adults. Searches for guidelines and higher exercise dose found no such recommendation in our copy; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Ross et al., 2015 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Body weight, haematological (Hct, Hb, Hb mass, PV, RBCV, BV), skeletal muscle MitoVD and VO2max were similar between groups at baseline (P>0.05).

    “Body weight, haematological (Hct, Hb, Hb mass , PV, RBCV, BV), skeletal muscle Mito VD and VO 2max were similar between groups (P > 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In univariate analysis, ∆VO2max, ∆Hb mass, ∆RBCV, ∆BV, ∆PV and ∆MitoVD were positively associated with ∆Wmax, whereas ∆body weight was negatively associated with ∆Wmax.

    “In univariate analysis, ∆VO 2max (r = 0.85, P < 0.001), ∆Hb mass (r = 0.64, P < 0.001), ∆RBCV (r = 0.62, P < 0.001), ∆BV (r = 0.53, P < 0.001), ∆PV (r = 0.42, P < 0.001) and ∆Mito VD (r = 0.26, P = 0.043) and were positively whereas ∆body weight (r = -0.29,P = 0.003) negatively associated with ∆W max .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Hb mass, RBCV, BV, VO2max and Wmax increased in all groups (1+2, 2+2, 3+2) after the second ET period versus baseline (P<0.05).

    “Hb mass , RBCV, BV, VO 2max and W max increased in all groups (‗1 + 2', ‗2 +2', ‗3 + 2') (P < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Hb mass, RBCV, BV, VO2max and Wmax increased in all groups after the first ET period (P<0.05) except for group 1.

    “Hb mass , RBCV, BV, VO 2max and W max increased in groups all groups (P < 0.05) except for group ‗1'.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The only baseline difference between groups was Wmax, which was higher in group 5 compared with group 3 either as absolute (W) or relative (W/kg) units (P<0.05).

    “The only difference between groups was observed with regard to W max , which was higher in group ‗5' compared with group ‗3' either as expressed in absolute (W) or relative (W•kg -1 ) units (P < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In univariate analysis, ∆Hb mass, ∆RBCV, ∆BV and ∆PV were positively associated with ∆VO2max, whereas ∆body weight was negatively associated with ∆VO2max.

    “Moreover, ∆Hb mass (r = 0.64, P < 0.001), ∆RBCV (r = 0.62, P < 0.001), ∆BV (r = 0.52, P < 0.001) and ∆PV (r = 0.42, P < 0.001) were positively and ∆body weight (r = -0.25,P = 0.012) negatively associated with ∆VO 2max .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Increases in Wmax with 240 or 300 min of training per week were substantial (24 and 32 %) and higher compared with uniformly small Wmax changes observed with 60, 120 or 180 min of training per week (1, 5 and 7 %, respectively).

    “Increases in W max with 240 or 300 min were substantial (24 and 32 %) and higher compared with uniformly small W max changes observed with 60, 120 or 180 min of training per week (1, 5 and 7 %, respectively) (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Baseline Hb mass was lower in the 300 min group prior to ET (P = 0.064).

    “Part of this gap could be attributed to lower Hb mass in the 300 min group prior to ET (P = 0.064) facilitating greater adaptations, albeit baseline values were included as covariates.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The protocol was approved by the local ethical committee and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

    “The protocol was approved by the local ethical committee (EK 2011-N-51) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The HERITAGE ET program reached the low end of current recommendations as regards exercise time per week (150 min) and did not comprise high intensity exercise (≥80% HRmax).

    “The HERITAGE ET program thus reached the low end of current recommendations as regards exercise time per week (150 min) and did not comprise high intensity exercise (≥ 80 % HR max ) (Garber et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Garber et al., 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Despite our data clearly denote the spurious nature of CRF non-response, a wide interindividual variability in CRF improvements to identical ET dose is plainly illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.

    “Despite our data clearly denote the spurious nature of CRF non-response, a wide interindividual variability in CRF improvements to identical ET dose is plainly illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Analyses with percentage (instead of Δ) changes and/or without covariate adjustment gave similar results.

    “Analyses with percentage (instead of Δ) changes and/or without covariate adjustment gave similar results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Approximately 8% of these individuals increased VO2max by 28% or more, whereas ~7% demonstrated a change in VO2max of only 4% or less.

    “Approximately 8 % of these individuals increased VO 2max by 28 % or more, whereas ~7 % demonstrated a change in VO 2max of only 4 % or less (Bouchard et al., 2011b).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bouchard et al., 2011b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Haemoglobin mass was measured using a modified version of the carbon monoxide (CO) rebreathing technique.

    “Haemoglobin mass (Hb mass ) was measured as previously described (Siebenmann et al., 2015), using a modified version of the carbon monoxide (CO) rebreathing technique (Burge & Skinner, 1995).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Siebenmann et al., 2015 source
    • cites Burge & Skinner, 1995 source

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    It cannot be discarded that non-responders were primarily excluded by study design in prior studies because only individuals who adhered to at least 90% of prescribed exercise sessions were included.

    “It thus cannot be discarded that non-responders were primarily excluded by study design.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Provided a TE for VO2max of 5%, the prevalence of VO2max non-response would be 81% (13/16), 47% (7/15), 50% (7/14), 18% (3/17) and 0% (0/16) for groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively.

    “Whilst not measured in the current study, provided a TE for VO 2max of 5 % (Shephard et al., 2004), the prevalence of VO 2max non-response would be 81 % (13 of 16 individuals), 47 % (7 of 15), 50 % (7 of 14), 18 % (3 out of 17) and 0 % (0 out of 16) for ‗1', ‗2', ‗3', ‗4' and ‗5' groups, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Shephard et al., 2004 source
    • The authors state this as an assumption: A TE for VO2max of 5% is applicable for estimating VO2max non-response prevalence in this study.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    CRF non-response was determined using the typical error of measurement (TE), calculated as the standard error of within-subject standard deviation from duplicate Wmax assessments, expressed as a percent of the individual's mean Wmax; any percentage change in Wmax not beyond ±1×%TE was considered a non-response.

    “CRF non-response was determined using the TE (Hopkins, 2000).TE is a measure of technological error and day-to-day biological variation.TE was calculated by the standard error of within-subject standard deviation from duplicate W max assessments, and expressed as a percent of the individual's mean W max (i.e., in the form of a coefficient of variation).Any percentage change in W max not beyond ± 1”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hopkins, 2000 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Gas analysers and the flowmeter of the applied spirometer were calibrated prior to each test.

    “The gas analysers and the flowmeter of the applied spirometer were calibrated prior to each test.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The highest average VO2 value was taken as VO2max provided that standard criteria were fulfilled.

    “The highest average value was taken as the VO 2max provided that standard criteria were fulfilled (American Thoracic Society, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites American Thoracic Society, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    VO2max and Wmax gains induced by a given dose of supervised ET are not uniform at the individual level; one third of measurements are dispersed more than one standard deviation from the mean.

    “VO 2max and W max gains induced by a given dose of supervised ET are however not uniform at the individual level, one third of measurements being dispersed more than one standard deviation from the mean (Cohen & Holliday, 1979;Lortie et al., 1984;Bouchard et al., 2011b;Bacon et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cohen & Holliday, 1979
    • cites Lortie et al., 1984 source
    • cites Bouchard et al., 2011b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In HERITAGE, interindividual fluctuations in training workload did occur because exercise intensity was controlled by heart rate monitoring, and these fluctuations partly explained VO2max responses to ET.

    “Of note, since exercise intensity was controlled by heart rate monitoring, interindividual fluctuations in training workload did occur and partly explained VO 2max responses to ET in HERITAGE (Sarzynski et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sarzynski et al., 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The influence of ET dose on CRF non-response was recently examined in 3 groups of obese adults exposed to 3 distinct levels of exercise amount and intensity for 6 months; CRF non-response was observed in 39, 18 and 0% of obese individuals respectively randomized to low-amount/low-intensity, high-amount/low-intensity or high-amount/high-intensity ET.

    “The influence of ET dose on CRF non-response was recently examined in 3 groups of obese adults exposed to 3 distinct levels of exercise amount and intensity for 6 months (Ross et al., 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ross et al., 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    MitoVD was not assessed after the second training period.

    “Mito VD was not assessed after the second training period.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Changes in body composition potentially influencing CRF were not assessed.

    “Finally, changes in body composition potentially influencing CRF were not assessed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The genetic bases of crucial physiological pathways governing convective oxygen delivery have not been identified.

    “Ultimately, it is worth noticing that the genetic bases of crucial physiological pathways governing convective oxygen delivery have not been identified (Sarzynski et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sarzynski et al., 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Findings were obtained from a sample of healthy young males.

    “Findings were obtained from a sample of healthy young males.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    This study was designed to dissect the independent contribution of overall ET dose, but not of its components (frequency/length of exercise sessions, total duration, intensity).

    “Moreover, this study was designed to dissect the independent contribution of overall ET dose, but not of its components (frequency/length of exercise sessions, total duration, intensity).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    ET is commonly associated with a surfeit of phenotypic modifications along the O2 transport and utilization chain-from lung to mitochondria-all potentially contributing to VO2max and Wmax improvements via enhancing convective oxygen delivery to and/or extraction by active tissue.

    “ET is commonly associated with a surfeit of phenotypic modifications along the O 2 transport and utilization chain -from lung to mitochondria-, all potentially contributing to VO 2max and W max improvements via enhancing convective oxygen delivery to and/or extraction by active tissue (Hawley & Noakes, 1992;Helgerud et al., 2007;Boushel et al., 2011;Lundby & Montero, 2015;Montero et al., 2015a;WAG”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Hawley & Noakes, 1992 source
    • cites Helgerud et al., 2007 source
    • cites Boushel et al., 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    VO2max measurements were not duplicated at baseline and therefore %TE for VO2max was not calculated.

    “In addition, VO 2max measurements were not duplicated at baseline and therefore %TE for VO 2max was not calculated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    ∆Hbmass, ∆RBCV and ∆PV were appropriately entered into a regression model in order to avoid high multicollinearity (VIF >10).

    “∆Hbmass , ∆RBCV and ∆PV were closely correlated with ∆BV in bivariate analyses (r > 0.80, P < 0.0001), thus these variables were appropriately entered into a regression model in order to avoid high multicollinearity (VIF >10).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Within-subject response variability is a well-known source of confounding in the clinical arena but uncertain concerning exercise training studies.

    “This may be ideally addressed using a repeated ET intervention, which likewise would limit the influence of within-subject response variability, a well-known source of confounding in the clinical arena but uncertain concerning exercise training studies (Senn et al., 2011;Hecksteden et al., 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Senn et al., 2011 source
    • cites Hecksteden et al., 2015 source
32 of 32

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    A TE for VO2max of 5% is applicable for estimating VO2max non-response prevalence in this study.

    “Whilst not measured in the current study, provided a TE for VO 2max of 5 % (Shephard et al., 2004), the prevalence of VO 2max non-response would be 81 % (13 of 16 individuals), 47 % (7 of 15), 50 % (7 of 14), 18 % (3 out of 17) and 0 % (0 out of 16) for ‗1', ‗2', ‗3', ‗4' and ‗5' groups, respectively.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Hereditary factors play a role in CRF trainability.

    “Certainly, hereditary factors must be assumed to play a role on CRF trainability (Bouchard et al., 1999), although family-and large population-based confirmatory/replication studies are needed (Thomis, 2008).”
2 of 2

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Plasma-volume regression coefficient is not centered in its confidence interval

    Minor

    For the linear regression coefficient reported as 0.015, the stated confidence limits have a midpoint of 0.100. This difference is too large to be due to rounding.

    Reported 0.015 · recomputed 0.1

  • Group 5 body-weight change is positive despite a reported decrease

    Minor

    Table 2 reports a positive 2.75 kg change for group 5, whereas the Results say body weight decreased in that group. The stated group comparison also describes group 5's change as negative.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Bergstrom J, 1962, Muscle electrolytes in man, Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 14, 1

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Montero, D., & Lundby, C.
Affiliations
University of Zurich (CH)
Corresponding author
Lundby, Carsten
ORCID
Venue
The Journal of Physiology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2017-05-14
Volume
595
Issue
11
Pages
3377-3387
ISSN
  • 0022-3751 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-7793
DOI
10.1113/jp273480
PMC
PMC5451738
OpenAlex
W2580469761
Semantic Scholar
11896f5808db389c426f732eb1a256c3a03b404b
Cited by
327
References
62
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 22
FWCI
54.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Update notices
correction (2018-03-30)
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • The Journal of Physiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
Funders
Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Keywords
cardiorespiratory fitness, training dose, endurance training, hemoglobin mass, VO2max, oxygen-carrying capacity, within-subjects design, healthy adults, muscle biopsy
MeSH terms
Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Adult, Hemoglobins, Humans, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-12.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-12.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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