Energy Balance during an Ironman Triathlon in Male and Female Triathletes
Abstract
Energy balance of 10 male and 8 female triathletes participating in an Ironman event (3.8-km swim, 180-km cycle, 42.2-km run) was investigated. Energy intake (EI) was monitored at 7 designated points by dietary recall of food and fluid consumption. Energy expenditure (EE) during cycling and running was calculated using heart rate-V̇O 2 regression equations and during swimming by the multiple regression equation: Y = 3.65v + 0.02 W − 2.545 where Y is V̇O 2 in L · min−1, v is the velocity in m · s−1, Wis the body weight in kilograms. Total EE (10.036 ± 931 and 8570 ± 1014 kcal) was significantly greater than total El (3940 ± 868 and 3115 ± 914kcal, p < .001) formales and females, respectively, although energy balance was not different between genders. Finishing time was inversely related to carbohydrate (CHO) intake (g · kg−1 · h−1) during the marathonrun formales (r=−.75, p < .05), and not females, suggesting that increasing CHO ingestion during the run may have been a useful strategy for improving Ironman performance in male triathletes.
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The calories consumed by some ultra-endurance athletes is reported to be between 36 and 53% of their racing energy expenditure.
“the calories consumed by some ultra-endurance athletes is reported to be between 36 and 53% of their racing energy expenditure [13, 15–17].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
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Sex differences in pacing during ‘Ultraman Hawaii’
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Nutritional Strategies of Mountain Marathon Competitors—An Observational Study
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Pacing Strategy of a Full Ironman Overall Female Winner on a Course With Major Elevation Changes
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Sleep and nutritional profile of endurance and ultra-endurance running athletes
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Nutrition for Adventure Racing
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Nutritional Intake during a Simulated Adventure Race
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Body composition, dietary intake and supplement use among triathletes residing in the Western Cape
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Nutrition habits in 24-hour mountain bike racers
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Macronutrient Consumption Prior to, and during, a Mountain Marathon
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Carbohydrate Ingestion on Exercise Metabolism and Physical Performance
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Case Study: Beverage Temperature at Aid Stations in Ironman Triathlon
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Nutritional Considerations for the Female Vegan Athlete
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Energy Balance During a Self-Sufficient, Multistage Ultramarathon
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Self-Selected Pacing During a World Record Attempt in 40 Ironman-Distance Triathlons in 40 Days
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Práticas dietéticas em atletas: especial atenção ao consumo de lipídios
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Nutritional Strategies of an Athlete with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus During a 217-km Ultramarathon
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- Authors
- Kimber, N. E., Ross, J. J., Mason, S. L., & Speedy, D. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Guelph (CA)
- ORCID
- Kimber, Nicholas E.
- Venue
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 47-62
- ISSN
- 1526-484X (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2742
- OpenAlex
- W112505005
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Keywords
- energy balance, Ironman triathlon, triathletes, energy expenditure, energy intake, carbohydrate intake, gender differences, finishing time, endurance performance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bicycling, Body Composition, Energy Intake, Dietary Carbohydrates, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Mental Recall, Running, Sex Characteristics, Sodium, Dietary, Sports, Swimming
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