The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Daily Probiotic’s (Lactobacillus casei Shirota) Reduction of Infection Incidence in Athletes
Open accessAbstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a probiotic supplement during 4 mo of winter training in men and women engaged in endurance-based physical activities on incidence of upper respiratory-tract infections (URTIs) and immune markers. Eighty-four highly active individuals were randomized to probiotic ( n = 42) or placebo ( n = 42) groups and, under double-blind procedures, received probiotic (PRO: Lactobacillus casei Shirota [LcS]) or placebo (PLA) daily for 16 wk. Resting blood and saliva samples were collected at baseline and after 8 and 16 wk. Weekly training and illness logs were kept. Fifty-eight subjects completed the study ( n = 32 PRO, n = 26 PLA). The proportion of subjects on PLA who experienced 1 or more weeks with URTI symptoms was 36% higher than those on PRO (PLA 0.90, PRO 0.66; p = .021). The number of URTI episodes was significantly higher ( p < .01) in the PLA group (2.1 ± 1.2) than in the PRO group (1.2 ± 1.0). Severity and duration of symptoms were not significantly different between treatments. Saliva IgA concentration was higher on PRO than PLA, significant treatment effect F (1, 54) = 5.1, p = .03; this difference was not evident at baseline but was significant after 8 and 16 wk of supplementation. Regular ingestion of LcS appears to be beneficial in reducing the frequency of URTI in an athletic cohort, which may be related to better maintenance of saliva IgA levels during a winter period of training and competition.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Similarly, Gleeson et al. [60] examined the effects of Lactobacillus casei Shirota during 4 months of winter training in endurance-based recreational athletes and observed a significant reduction in URTIs compared to placebo. In addition, salivary IgA concentration was significantly higher in those consuming the probiotic.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics (2019) · cites this paper as [60]
In the citing paper
“Probiotic bacteria, particularly the gram-positive genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, are known to modify GI microbiota [17,18,19], and have been shown to reduce GI episode severity [20] and respiratory tract infections commonly associated with training [21].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421
International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity
CRAIG, C. L., MARSHALL, A. L., SJ??STR??M, M., BAUMAN, A. E., BOOTH, M. L., AINSWORTH, B. E., PRATT, M., EKELUND, U., YNGVE, A., SALLIS, J. F., et al. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000078924.61453.fb · Cited by 21,619
Immune function in sport and exercise
Gleeson, M. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00008.2007 · Cited by 1,016
Self-citationHatakka, K., Savilahti, E., Pönkä, A., Meurman, J. H., Poussa, T., Näse, L., Saxelin, M., & Korpela, R. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7298.1327 · Cited by 645
Infectious episodes in runners before and after the Los Angeles Marathon.
Nieman, D. C., Johanssen, L. M., Lee, J. W., & Arabatzis, K. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 530
Borchers, A. T., Selmi, C. F., Meyers, F. J., Keen, C. L., & Gershwin, M. E. (2009) · Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s00535-008-2296-0 · Cited by 507
Nieman, D. C., & Pedersen, B. K. (1999) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199927020-00001 · Cited by 466
Miettinen, M., Vuopio‐Varkila, J., & Varkila, K. (1996) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.64.12.5403-5405.1996 · Cited by 402
Spanhaak, S., Havenaar, R., & Schaafsma, G. (1998) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600663 · Cited by 399
Ultramarathon running and upper respiratory tract infections. An epidemiological survey.
Peters, E. M., & Bateman, E. D. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 335
Salivary IgA levels and infection risk in elite swimmers
Gleeson, M., MCDONALD, W. A., Pyne, D. B., Cripps, A. W., FRANCIS, J. L., Fricker, P. A., & Clancy, R. L. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199901000-00012 · Cited by 327
Self-citationSalivary IgA as a Risk Factor for Upper Respiratory Infections in Elite Professional Athletes
Neville, V., Gleeson, M., & Folland, J. P. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31816be9c3 · Cited by 313
Self-citationProphylactic and Therapeutic Uses of Probiotics
Kopp-Hoolihan, L. E. (2001) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00060-8 · Cited by 305
Current aspects of mucosal immunology and its influence by nutrition.
Kudsk, K. A. (2002) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0002-9610(02)00821-8 · Cited by 267
Mucosal IgA and URTI in American College Football Players: A Year Longitudinal Study
FAHLMAN, M. M., & Engels, H.-J. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000155432.67020.88 · Cited by 264
The Impact of Probiotic on Gut Health
Collado, M. C., Isolauri, E., Salminen, S., & Sanz, Y. (2009) · Current Drug Metabolism · doi:10.2174/138920009787048437 · Cited by 251
Guillemard, E., Tondu, F., Lacoin, F., & Schrezenmeir, J. (2009) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509991395 · Cited by 249
Cox, A. J., Pyne, D. B., Saunders, P. U., & Fricker, P. A. (2010) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.044628 · Cited by 234
Probiotics, Immunomodulation, and Health Benefits
Gill, H., & Prasad, J. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_17 · Cited by 213
de Vrese, M., Winkler, P., Rautenberg, P., Harder, T., Noah, C., Laue, C., Ott, S., Hampe, J., Schreiber, S., Heller, K., et al. (2006) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.048 · Cited by 201
Nagao, F., NAKAYAMA, M., Muto, T., & Okumura, K. (2000) · Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1271/bbb.64.2706 · Cited by 193
Immunomodulation by treatment with Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota
Matsuzaki, T. (1998) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0168-1605(98)00046-4 · Cited by 180
Kekkonen, R. A., Vasankari, T. J., Vuorimaa, T., Haahtela, T., Julkunen, I., & Korpela, R. (2007) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.4.352 · Cited by 170
Lancaster, G., Halson, S., Khan, Q., Drysdale, P., Wallace, F., Jeukendrup, A., Drayson, M., & Gleeson, M. (2026) · Exercise Immunology Review · doi:10.22029/eir.2004.1608 · Cited by 159
Self-citationOlivares, M. M., Díaz-Ropero, M. P., Gómez, N., Lara‐Villoslada, F., Sierra, S., Maldonado, J. A., Martı́n, R., Rodríguez, J. M., & Xaus, J. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 117
Winkler, P., de Vrese, M., Laue, C., & Schrezenmeir, J. (2005) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.5414/cpp43318 · Cited by 115
Probiotics, immunity and exercise: a review.
West, N. P., Pyne, D. B., Peake, J. M., & Cripps, A. W. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 108
Tiollier, E., Chennaoui, M., Gomez-Merino, D., Drogou, C., Filaire, E., & Guezennec, C. Y. (2007) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed.172.9.1006 · Cited by 95
A New Chance of Preventing Winter Diseases by the Administration of Synbiotic Formulations
Pregliasco, F. E., Anselmi, G., Fonte, L., Giussani, F., Schieppati, S., & Soletti, L. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0b013e31817e1c91 · Cited by 89
Matsumoto, K., Takada, T., Shimizu, K., Kado, Y., Kawakami, K., Makino, I., Yamaoka, Y., Hirano, K., Nishimura, A., Kajimoto, O., et al. (2006) · Bioscience and Microflora · doi:10.12938/bifidus.25.39 · Cited by 86
Probiotics for Preventive Health
Minocha, A. (2009) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0884533608331177 · Cited by 80
Immune Function in Sport and Exercise
(2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-10118-2.x5001-7 · Cited by 74
Gastrointestinal Problems in Runners
Simons, S. M., & Kennedy, R. G. (2004) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/00149619-200404000-00011 · Cited by 73
Influence of Training Loads on Patterns of Illness in Elite Distance Runners
Fricker, P. A., Pyne, D. B., Saunders, P. U., Cox, A. J., Gleeson, M., & Telford, R. D. (2005) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.jsm.0000168075.66874.3e · Cited by 70
Self-citationHealth, Probiotics, and Inflammation
Mengheri, E. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0b013e31817eedc4 · Cited by 59
Reading, R. (2001) · Ambulatory Child Health · doi:10.1046/j.1467-0658.2001.0125f.x · Cited by 52
Kim, H.-S., Park, H.-J., Cho, I.-Y., Paik, H., & Park, E. (2006) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2006.9.321 · Cited by 49
Hoffman‐Goetz, L. (2024) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003575108 · Cited by 29
Probiotics and immune function.
Gill, H. S., & Cross, M. L. (2002) · CABI Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1079/9780851995830.0251 · Cited by 24
BISHOP, N. C. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-10118-2.50005-3 · Cited by 19
Self-citationCox, A. J., Pyne, D., Saunders, P. U., & Fricker, P. A. (2010) · University of Canberra Research Portal · Cited by 13
O'Connel, E., Allgrove, J. E., Pollard, L. V., Xiang, M., & Harbige, L. S. (2010) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s002966511000056x · Cited by 8
Current Aspects of Mucosal Immunology and Its Influence by Nutrition
(2003) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0115426503018003266 · Cited by 4
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Peters, E.M., & Bateman, E.D. (1983). Ultramarathon running and URTI: An epidemiological survey. South African Medical Journal, 64(15), 582-584.
- West, N.P., Pyne, D.B., Hopkins, W.G., Fricker, P.A., Jairath, A., Eskesen, D.C., & Cripps, A.W. (2009). Probiotic supplementation, illness and immunity in athletes. In Proceedings of the 9th International Society of Exercise and Immunology Symposium (p. 63). Tubingen, Germany: International Society for Exercise and Immunology.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Medicine & science in sports & exercise
Walle, J. M. L., Solá, I. B., Castillo, I., & Rodríguez, J. L. T. (1994) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/0002-8223(94)92575-5 · Cited by 1,309
IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-performance Athlete
Maughan, R. J., Burke, L. M., Dvorak, J., Larson-Meyer, D. E., Peeling, P., Phillips, S. M., Rawson, E. S., Walsh, N. P., Garthe, I., Geyer, H., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099027 · Cited by 1,004
Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections
Hao, Q., Dong, B. R., & Wu, T. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006895.pub3 · Cited by 569
IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete
Maughan, R. J., Burke, L. M., Dvorak, J., Larson-Meyer, D. E., Peeling, P., Phillips, S. M., Rawson, E. S., Walsh, N. P., Garthe, I., Geyer, H., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020 · Cited by 540
Thirty Years of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
Capurso, L. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000001170 · Cited by 400
Metadata
- Authors
- Gleeson, M., Bishop, N. C., Oliveira, M., & Tauler, P.
- Affiliations
- Loughborough University (GB)
- Venue
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2011-02
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 55-64
- ISSN
- 1526-484X (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2742
- OpenAlex
- W2114489487
- Cited by
- 239
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 21.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Loughborough University Research Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Yakult Honsha
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric health and respiratory diseases
- Keywords
- probiotics, Lactobacillus casei Shirota, upper respiratory tract infection, athletes, endurance training, winter training, saliva IgA, immunological markers, infection incidence, immune function
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulins, Lacticaseibacillus casei, Male, Middle Aged, Respiratory Tract Infections, Saliva, Lymphocyte Subsets, Cytokines, Immunity, Mucosal, Probiotics, Gastrointestinal Tract, Young Adult, Athletes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
