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Frequency Ratio of Al+and Hg+Single-Ion Optical Clocks; Metrology at the 17th Decimal Place
Open accessAbstract
Time has always had a special status in physics because of its fundamental role in specifying the regularities of nature and because of the extraordinary precision with which it can be measured. This precision enables tests of fundamental physics and cosmology, as well as practical applications such as satellite navigation. Recently, a regime of operation for atomic clocks based on optical transitions has become possible, promising even higher performance. We report the frequency ratio of two optical atomic clocks with a fractional uncertainty of 5.2 × 10–17. The ratio of aluminum and mercury single-ion optical clock frequencies ν Al+/ν Hg+is 1.052871833148990438(55), where the uncertainty comprises a statistical measurement uncertainty of 4.3 × 10–17, and systematic uncertainties of 1.9 × 10–17 and 2.3 × 10–17 in the mercury and aluminum frequency standards, respectively. Repeated measurements during the past year yield a preliminary constraint on the temporal variation of the fine-structure constant α of\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \({\dot{{\alpha}}}{/}{\alpha}=(-1.6{\pm}2.3){\times}10^{-17}{/}\mathrm{year}\) \end{document}.
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“Atomic clock experiments constrain the current variation of the fine structure constant, | α/α 0 | < 10 -17 yr -1 [13]”
From Stress-energy tensor of a scalar field on a product spacetime with a time-dependent compact dimension (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“d dt ln m Hg m Al ¼ ð5:3 Æ 7:9Þ Â 10 À17 yr À1 :ð131Þ”
From Fundamental constants: from measurement to the universe, a window on gravitation and cosmology (2025) · cites this paper as Rosenband et al. 2008
In the citing paper
“_ a EM =a EM ¼ ðÀ1:6 Æ 2:3Þ Â 10 À17 yr À1 on a EM alone”
From Fundamental constants: from measurement to the universe, a window on gravitation and cosmology (2025) · cites this paper as Rosenband et al. 2008
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Self-citationClivati, C., Mura, A., Calonico, D., et al. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control · doi:10.1109/tuffc.2011.2121 · Cited by 48
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“and oscillatory. Thus, trapped ions recently emerged as a tool in small-force sensing [1,2]. More common applications of trapped ions are in quantum information science [3,4] and frequency metrology [5,6]. All these applications can benefit from scalable ion-trap architectures based on microfabricated ion traps. In par…”
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“This is the case for the fine structure constant for which the constraint α̇em/αem = (−1.6 ± 2.3) × 10−17 yr−1 at z = 0 has been obtained from comparing aluminium and mercury single-ion optical clocks (Rosenband et al. 2008).”
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Self-citationAn upper limit to the variation in the fundamental constants at redshiftz= 5.2
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“At present, the most accurate laboratory results on temporal α- and µ-variations are α̇/α = (1.6± 2.3)× 10−17 yr−1 (Rosenband et al. 2008) and µ̇/µ = (1.6 ± 1.7) × 10−15 yr−1 (Blatt et al. 2008).”
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“Variations inα and µ have been explored both on Earth through atomic clock measurements (Rosenband et al. 2008), isotope ratio studies (Damour & Dyson 1996), and in space using astronomical observations of white dwarfs (Berengut et al. 2013; Bainbridge et al. 2017), galaxies (Bahcall et al. 2004),…”
BackgroundQuantum enhanced measurement of an optical frequency comb
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A cryogenic radio-frequency ion trap for quantum logic spectroscopy of highly charged ions
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Self-citationOptical frequency standards and clocks
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Single-ion, transportable optical atomic clocks
Delehaye, M., & Lacroûte, C. (2018) · Journal of Modern Optics · doi:10.1080/09500340.2018.1441917 · Cited by 46
“\quantum logic" spectroscopy protocol was proposed and demonstrated in 2005 (104). It was successfully used by a number of groups since then, and extended to the domain of molecular spectroscopy (57, 123, 124). The underlying idea is to trap a spectroscopy ion together with a logic ion which can be used both to s…”
MethodInfluentialMargolis, H. S., & Gill, P. (2015) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/52/5/628 · Cited by 40
Dzuba, V. A., Derevianko, A., & Flambaum, V. V. (2012) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.86.054502 · Cited by 40
A bright continuous-wave laser source at 193 nm
Scholz, M., Opalevs, D., Leisching, P., et al. (2013) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.4817786 · Cited by 40
Constraint on a Varying Proton-Electron Mass Ratio 1.5 Billion Years after the Big Bang
Bagdonaite, J., Ubachs, W., Murphy, M. T., & Whitmore, J. B. (2015) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.114.071301 · Cited by 40
Evolution of the fine-structure constant in runaway dilaton models
Martins, C. J. A. P., Vielzeuf, P., Martinelli, M., Calabrese, E., & Pandolfi, S. (2015) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2015.03.002 · Cited by 40
Hybrid fiber links for accurate optical frequency comparison
Lee, W.-K., Stefani, F., Bercy, A., Lopez, O., Amy‐Klein, A., & Pottie, P.-É. (2017) · Applied Physics B · doi:10.1007/s00340-017-6736-5 · Cited by 39
“Optical fiber-based clock frequency comparison is not only useful for time–frequency metrology, but can also provide a powerful experimental tool in many applications, such as test of variation of fundamental constants [10], relativistic geodesy [6], and dark matter search [11].”
Trapping ions and atoms optically
Schaetz, T. (2017) · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6455/aa69b2 · Cited by 40
“Methods, such as (sympathetic) cooling to the motional ground state [64], individual addressing [65], state detection with close to unit efficiency down to single photon sensitivity [66], coherent state operations [5, 17], as well as vibrational spectroscopy with femto-second resolution on”
Sympathetic cooling and detection of a hot trapped ion by a cold one
Guggemos, M., Heinrich, D., Herrera-Sancho, O. A., Blatt, R., & Roos, C. F. (2015) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/17/10/103001 · Cited by 40
Wide bandwidth phase-locked diode laser with an intra-cavity electro-optic modulator
Gouët, J. L., Kim, J., Bourassin-Bouchet, C., et al. (2008) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2008.11.055 · Cited by 40
Evaluating the performance of the NPL femtosecond frequency combs: agreement at the 10 −21 level
Johnson, L. A. M., Gill, P., & Margolis, H. S. (2015) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/52/1/62 · Cited by 41
“These optical clocks are opening up several interesting areas of research including improved tests of fundamental physics [1] and clock-based geodesy [2] and it is expected that a redefinition of the second in terms of an optical clock transition frequency will take place in the future.”
BackgroundImproved interspecies optical clock comparisons through differential spectroscopy
Kim, M. E., McGrew, W. F., Nardelli, N. V., Clements, E., Hassan, Y. S., Zhang, X., Valencia, J. L., Leopardi, H., Hume, D. B., Fortier, T. M., et al. (2022) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/s41567-022-01794-7 · Cited by 39
Self-citationCore-shell magneto-optical trap for alkaline-earth-metal-like atoms
Lee, J., Lee, J. H., Noh, J., & Mun, J. (2015) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.91.053405 · Cited by 41
Improved GRACE kinematic orbit determination using GPS receiver clock modeling
Weinbach, U., & Schön, S. (2012) · GPS Solutions · doi:10.1007/s10291-012-0297-1 · Cited by 39
Extreme nonlinear response of ultranarrow optical transitions in cavity QED for laser stabilization
Martin, M. J., Meiser, D., Thomsen, J. W., Ye, J., & Holland, M. (2011) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.84.063813 · Cited by 39
Dark energy coupling with electromagnetism as seen from future low-medium redshift probes
Calabrese, E., Martinelli, M., Pandolfi, S., Cardone, V. F., Martins, C. J. A. P., Spiro, S., & Vielzeuf, P. (2014) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.89.083509 · Cited by 39
Ohmae, N., Kuse, N., Fermann, M. E., & Katori, H. (2017) · Applied Physics Express · doi:10.7567/apex.10.062503 · Cited by 40
Fully phase-stabilized 1 GHz turnkey frequency comb at 1.56 µm
Lesko, D., Lind, A. J., Hoghooghi, N., Kowligy, A., Timmers, H., Sekhar, P., Rudin, B., Emaury, F., Rieker, G. B., & Diddams, S. A. (2020) · OSA Continuum · doi:10.1364/osac.396597 · Cited by 39
Self-citation3D Sisyphus Cooling of Trapped Ions
Ejtemaee, S., & Haljan, P. C. (2017) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.119.043001 · Cited by 39
Winchester, M. N., Norcia, M. A., Cline, J., & Thompson, J. K. (2017) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.118.263601 · Cited by 41
Kajita, M., Abe, M., Hada, M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics · doi:10.1088/0953-4075/44/2/025402 · Cited by 38
Lo, H.-Y., Alonso, J., Kienzler, D., Keitch, B. C., de Clercq, L. E., Negnevitsky, V., & Home, J. (2013) · Applied Physics B · doi:10.1007/s00340-013-5605-0 · Cited by 38
Metadata
- Authors
- Rosenband, T., Hume, D. B., Schmidt, P. O., Chou, C. W., Brusch, A., Lorini, L., Oskay, W. H., Drullinger, R. E., Fortier, T. M., Stalnaker, J. E., Diddams, S. A., Swann, W. C., Newbury, N. R., Itano, W. M., Wineland, D. J., & Bergquist, J. C.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rosenband, T.
- Schmidt, P. O.
- Lorini, L.
- Oskay, W. H.
- Stalnaker, J. E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2008-03-28
- Volume
- 319
- Issue
- 5871
- Pages
- 1808-1812
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1997269293
- Cited by
- 1,450
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 78 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 129 · 2013: 99 · 2012: 99
- FWCI
- 73.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (IRIS Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research
- Keywords
- optical atomic clocks, aluminum ions, mercury ions, frequency ratio, frequency metrology, fine-structure constant variation, systematic uncertainties
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