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Frequency Ratio of Al+and Hg+Single-Ion Optical Clocks; Metrology at the 17th Decimal Place
Open accessAbstract
Time has always had a special status in physics because of its fundamental role in specifying the regularities of nature and because of the extraordinary precision with which it can be measured. This precision enables tests of fundamental physics and cosmology, as well as practical applications such as satellite navigation. Recently, a regime of operation for atomic clocks based on optical transitions has become possible, promising even higher performance. We report the frequency ratio of two optical atomic clocks with a fractional uncertainty of 5.2 × 10–17. The ratio of aluminum and mercury single-ion optical clock frequencies ν Al+/ν Hg+is 1.052871833148990438(55), where the uncertainty comprises a statistical measurement uncertainty of 4.3 × 10–17, and systematic uncertainties of 1.9 × 10–17 and 2.3 × 10–17 in the mercury and aluminum frequency standards, respectively. Repeated measurements during the past year yield a preliminary constraint on the temporal variation of the fine-structure constant α of\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \({\dot{{\alpha}}}{/}{\alpha}=(-1.6{\pm}2.3){\times}10^{-17}{/}\mathrm{year}\) \end{document}.
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“Atomic clock experiments constrain the current variation of the fine structure constant, | α/α 0 | < 10 -17 yr -1 [13]”
From Stress-energy tensor of a scalar field on a product spacetime with a time-dependent compact dimension (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“d dt ln m Hg m Al ¼ ð5:3 Æ 7:9Þ Â 10 À17 yr À1 :ð131Þ”
From Fundamental constants: from measurement to the universe, a window on gravitation and cosmology (2025) · cites this paper as Rosenband et al. 2008
In the citing paper
“_ a EM =a EM ¼ ðÀ1:6 Æ 2:3Þ Â 10 À17 yr À1 on a EM alone”
From Fundamental constants: from measurement to the universe, a window on gravitation and cosmology (2025) · cites this paper as Rosenband et al. 2008
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Zhang, B., Huang, Y., Hao, Y., Zhang, H., Zeng, M., Guan, H., & Gao, K. (2020) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0012726 · Cited by 16
Methods of quantum logic in ion frequency standards, quantum computers, and modern spectroscopy
Khabarova, K. Y., Zalivako, I. V., & Kolachevsky, N. (2022) · Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk · doi:10.3367/ufnr.2022.10.039270 · Cited by 15
Bambi, C. (2014) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2014/03/034 · Cited by 15
Zhao, J., Li, D., Ning, B., Zhang, S., & Duan, W. (2015) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.23.008829 · Cited by 15
Precision measurement of the Mg+25 ground-state hyperfine constant
Xu, Z., Deng, K., Che, H., et al. (2017) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.96.052507 · Cited by 15
Consistency of local and astrophysical tests of the stability of fundamental constants
Martins, C. J. A. P., & Vila Miñana, M. (2019) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2019.100301 · Cited by 15
“We see that there is no evidence for a drift in α; this is consistent with the result of atomic clock measurements which are only sensitive to α, the more stringent of which is [23].”
ResultProgress on the optical lattice clock
Ludlow, A. D., & Ye, J. (2015) · Comptes Rendus. Physique · doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2015.03.008 · Cited by 14
Berengut, J. C., Dzuba, V. A., & Flambaum, V. V. (2011) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.84.054501 · Cited by 14
Space-time sensors using multiple-wave atom levitation
Impens, F., & Bordé, C. J. (2009) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.80.031602 · Cited by 14
Ultraprecision optical frequency standards using ultracold atoms: state of the art and prospects
Taichenachev, A. V., Yudin, V. I., & Bagayev, S. N. (2016) · Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk · doi:10.3367/ufnr.0186.201602j.0193 · Cited by 12
Thomson scattering: one rate to rule them all
Greene, K., & Cyr-Racine, F.-Y. (2023) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2023/10/065 · Cited by 23
Schmidt-Kaler, F., & Gerritsma, R. (2012) · Europhysics Letters (EPL) · doi:10.1209/0295-5075/99/53001 · Cited by 13
A 729nm laser with ultra-narrow linewidth for probing 4S1/2–3D5/2 clock transition of 40Ca+
Guan, H., Liu, Q., Huang, Y., et al. (2010) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2010.08.063 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Rosenband, T., Hume, D. B., Schmidt, P. O., Chou, C. W., Brusch, A., Lorini, L., Oskay, W. H., Drullinger, R. E., Fortier, T. M., Stalnaker, J. E., Diddams, S. A., Swann, W. C., Newbury, N. R., Itano, W. M., Wineland, D. J., & Bergquist, J. C.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rosenband, T.
- Schmidt, P. O.
- Lorini, L.
- Oskay, W. H.
- Stalnaker, J. E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2008-03-28
- Volume
- 319
- Issue
- 5871
- Pages
- 1808-1812
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1997269293
- Cited by
- 1,450
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 78 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 129 · 2013: 99 · 2012: 99
- FWCI
- 73.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (IRIS Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research
- Keywords
- optical atomic clocks, aluminum ions, mercury ions, frequency ratio, frequency metrology, fine-structure constant variation, systematic uncertainties
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