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Frequency Ratio of Al+and Hg+Single-Ion Optical Clocks; Metrology at the 17th Decimal Place
Open accessAbstract
Time has always had a special status in physics because of its fundamental role in specifying the regularities of nature and because of the extraordinary precision with which it can be measured. This precision enables tests of fundamental physics and cosmology, as well as practical applications such as satellite navigation. Recently, a regime of operation for atomic clocks based on optical transitions has become possible, promising even higher performance. We report the frequency ratio of two optical atomic clocks with a fractional uncertainty of 5.2 × 10–17. The ratio of aluminum and mercury single-ion optical clock frequencies ν Al+/ν Hg+is 1.052871833148990438(55), where the uncertainty comprises a statistical measurement uncertainty of 4.3 × 10–17, and systematic uncertainties of 1.9 × 10–17 and 2.3 × 10–17 in the mercury and aluminum frequency standards, respectively. Repeated measurements during the past year yield a preliminary constraint on the temporal variation of the fine-structure constant α of\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \({\dot{{\alpha}}}{/}{\alpha}=(-1.6{\pm}2.3){\times}10^{-17}{/}\mathrm{year}\) \end{document}.
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“Atomic clock experiments constrain the current variation of the fine structure constant, | α/α 0 | < 10 -17 yr -1 [13]”
From Stress-energy tensor of a scalar field on a product spacetime with a time-dependent compact dimension (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“d dt ln m Hg m Al ¼ ð5:3 Æ 7:9Þ Â 10 À17 yr À1 :ð131Þ”
From Fundamental constants: from measurement to the universe, a window on gravitation and cosmology (2025) · cites this paper as Rosenband et al. 2008
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“_ a EM =a EM ¼ ðÀ1:6 Æ 2:3Þ Â 10 À17 yr À1 on a EM alone”
From Fundamental constants: from measurement to the universe, a window on gravitation and cosmology (2025) · cites this paper as Rosenband et al. 2008
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“is multiplied by either sin(2ˇf mt) or cos(2ˇf mt) and the two results are integrated over an integration window 3 T, I lock in= 1 T Z T 0 M(t) cos(2ˇf mt)dt Q lock in= 1 T Z T 0 M(t) sin(2ˇf mt)dt: (1) The signal S 0 is proportional to (I2 lock in + Q 2 lock in ) 1=2. The constant phase ’can be extracted by tan(’) =…”
BackgroundMicroscopic Control and Detection of Ultracold Strontium in Optical-Tweezer Arrays
Norcia, M. A., Young, A. W., & Kaufman, A. M. (2018) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.8.041054 · Cited by 226
“It further would be suitable for fundamental studies of squeezing and long-range entanglement on an optical clock transition [34, 48, 72, 73].”
BackgroundOperation of an optically coherent frequency comb outside the metrology lab
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Self-citationESPRESSO: The next European exoplanet hunter
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“For example, the constancy of the fine structure constant α is ensured to within a few parts per 10−17 over a 1-yr period (Rosenband et al. 2008).”
BackgroundQuantum tests of the Einstein Equivalence Principle with the STE–QUEST space mission
Altschul, B., Bailey, Q. G., Blanchet, L., Bongs, K., Bouyer, P., Cacciapuoti, L., Capozziello, S., Gaaloul, N., Giulini, D., Hartwig, J., et al. (2015) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2014.07.014 · Cited by 204
Improved Limits for Violations of Local Position Invariance from Atomic Clock Comparisons
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Increasing Sensing Resolution with Error Correction
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Berengut, J. C., Dzuba, V. A., & Flambaum, V. V. (2010) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.105.120801 · Cited by 186
Probing New Long-Range Interactions by Isotope Shift Spectroscopy
Berengut, J. C., Budker, D., Cedric Delaunay, B., Flambaum, V. V., Frugiuele, C., Fuchs, E., Grojean, C., Harnik, R., Ozeri, R., Pérez, G., et al. (2018) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.120.091801 · Cited by 190
Quantum simulations with cold trapped ions
Johanning, M., Varón, A. F., & Wunderlich, C. (2009) · Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics · doi:10.1088/0953-4075/42/15/154009 · Cited by 208
“Today, by using trapped ions as frequency standards unsurpassed ccuracy and precision has been reached (e.g., [Rosenband et al. 2008] and references ther in), and in addition, trapped ions are used for a wide range of investigations into fundamental questions of physics, for instance in the field…”
BackgroundSpectral and temporal characterization of a fused-quartz-microresonator optical frequency comb
Papp, S. B., & Diddams, S. A. (2011) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.84.053833 · Cited by 180
Self-citationSpace clocks and fundamental tests: The ACES experiment
Cacciapuoti, L., & Salomon, C. (2009) · The European Physical Journal Special Topics · doi:10.1140/epjst/e2009-01041-7 · Cited by 187
Enhancing quantum sensing sensitivity by a quantum memory
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The status of varying constants: a review of the physics, searches and implications
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Self-citationExtreme Ultraviolet Frequency Comb Metrology
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Towards a redefinition of the second based on optical atomic clocks
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“storage of a chain of multiple ions. To use a transition with a small natural line width often a quadrupole transition (e.g. 2S 1=2 - D 5=2) is employed like in the Ca +[14, 15, 16], Sr [17, 18], Hg+ [19], or Yb [20, 21] clocks (Fig. 2). All these transitions have a natural lifetime that supports a line width on the o…”
MethodA strontium lattice clock with 3 × 10−17inaccuracy and its frequency
Falke, S., Lemke, N., Grebing, C., Lipphardt, B., Weyers, S., Gerginov, V., Huntemann, N., Hagemann, C., Al-Masoudi, A., Häfner, S., et al. (2014) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/16/7/073023 · Cited by 182
“In addition to their role as future primary standards, optical clocks are of interest as sensitive probes in areas such as relativistic geodesy [9], tests of relativity [10, 11], and searches for variations of fundamental constants [1, 12, 13, 14, 15].”
BackgroundInfluentialCoherent optical clock down-conversion for microwave frequencies with 10 −18 instability
Nakamura, T., Davila-Rodriguez, J., Leopardi, H., Sherman, J. A., Fortier, T. M., Xie, X., Campbell, J. C., McGrew, W. F., Zhang, X., Hassan, Y. S., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb2473 · Cited by 169
Self-citationOptical flywheels with attosecond jitter
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Long-distance frequency transfer over an urban fiber link using optical phase stabilization
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Absolute Frequency Measurement of the Ca+40 4s S1/22−3d D5/22 Clock Transition
Chwalla, M., Benhelm, J., Kim, K., Kirchmair, G., Monz, T., Riebe, M., Schindler, P., Villar, A. S., Hänsel, W., Roos, C. F., et al. (2009) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.102.023002 · Cited by 165
Relaxion stars and their detection via atomic physics
Banerjee, A., Budker, D., Eby, J., Kim, H., & Perez, G. (2020) · Communications Physics · doi:10.1038/s42005-019-0260-3 · Cited by 163
Theoretical aspects of the equivalence principle
Damour, T. (2012) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/29/18/184001 · Cited by 164
Optical frequency transfer via 146 km fiber link with 10^−19 relative accuracy
Grosche, G., Terra, O., Predehl, K., Holzwarth, R., Lipphardt, B., Vogt, F., Sterr, U., & Schnatz, H. (2009) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.34.002270 · Cited by 161
Strong Limit on a Variable Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio from Molecules in the Distant Universe
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2 Theoretical Aspects of the Equivalence PrinciplePreprint
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rosenband, T., Hume, D. B., Schmidt, P. O., Chou, C. W., Brusch, A., Lorini, L., Oskay, W. H., Drullinger, R. E., Fortier, T. M., Stalnaker, J. E., Diddams, S. A., Swann, W. C., Newbury, N. R., Itano, W. M., Wineland, D. J., & Bergquist, J. C.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rosenband, T.
- Schmidt, P. O.
- Lorini, L.
- Oskay, W. H.
- Stalnaker, J. E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2008-03-28
- Volume
- 319
- Issue
- 5871
- Pages
- 1808-1812
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1997269293
- Cited by
- 1,450
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 78 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 129 · 2013: 99 · 2012: 99
- FWCI
- 73.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (IRIS Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research
- Keywords
- optical atomic clocks, aluminum ions, mercury ions, frequency ratio, frequency metrology, fine-structure constant variation, systematic uncertainties
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