Cited by 1,450Advanced Frequency and Time StandardsScientific Measurement and Uncertainty EvaluationAtomic and Subatomic Physics Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.

Frequency Ratio of Al+and Hg+Single-Ion Optical Clocks; Metrology at the 17th Decimal Place

Open access

Rosenband, T., Hume, D. B., Schmidt, P. O., Chou, C. W., Brusch, A., Lorini, L., Oskay, W. H., Drullinger, R. E., Fortier, T. M., Stalnaker, J. E., Diddams, S. A., Swann, W. C., Newbury, N. R., Itano, W. M., Wineland, D. J., Bergquist, J. C.·2008·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.1154622

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Time has always had a special status in physics because of its fundamental role in specifying the regularities of nature and because of the extraordinary precision with which it can be measured. This precision enables tests of fundamental physics and cosmology, as well as practical applications such as satellite navigation. Recently, a regime of operation for atomic clocks based on optical transitions has become possible, promising even higher performance. We report the frequency ratio of two optical atomic clocks with a fractional uncertainty of 5.2 × 10–17. The ratio of aluminum and mercury single-ion optical clock frequencies ν Al+/ν Hg+is 1.052871833148990438(55), where the uncertainty comprises a statistical measurement uncertainty of 4.3 × 10–17, and systematic uncertainties of 1.9 × 10–17 and 2.3 × 10–17 in the mercury and aluminum frequency standards, respectively. Repeated measurements during the past year yield a preliminary constraint on the temporal variation of the fine-structure constant α of\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \({\dot{{\alpha}}}{/}{\alpha}=(-1.6{\pm}2.3){\times}10^{-17}{/}\mathrm{year}\) \end{document}.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/science.1154622

Cites

31 of 32 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The Effect of Collisions upon the Doppler Width of Spectral Lines
Dicke, R. H. (1953) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.89.472 · Cited by 1,491
Nobel Lecture: Passion for precision
Hänsch, T. W. (2006) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.78.1297 · Cited by 913
Minimization of ion micromotion in a Paul trap
Berkeland, D. J., Miller, J. D., Bergquist, J. C., Itano, W. M., & Wineland, D. J. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.367318 · Cited by 720
Self-citation
An Optical Clock Based on a Single Trapped 199 Hg + Ion
Diddams, S. A., Udem, T., Bergquist, J., Curtis, E. A., Drullinger, R. E., Hollberg, L. W., Itano, W. M., Lee, W. D., Oates, C. W., Vogel, K. R., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1061171 · Cited by 720
Self-citation
Spectroscopy Using Quantum Logic
Schmidt, P. O., Rosenband, T., Langer, C., Itano, W. M., Bergquist, J. C., & Wineland, D. J. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1114375 · Cited by 643
Self-citation
Nobel Lecture: Defining and measuring optical frequencies
Hall, J. L. (2006) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.78.1279 · Cited by 630
Visible Lasers with Subhertz Linewidths
Young, B. C., Cruz, F. C., Itano, W. M., & Bergquist, J. (1999) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.82.3799 · Cited by 605
Self-citation
Ultrastable Optical Clock with Neutral Atoms in an Engineered Light Shift Trap
Katori, H., Takamoto, M., Pal’chikov, V. G., & Ovsiannikov, V. D. (2003) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.91.173005 · Cited by 580
Heating of trapped ions from the quantum ground state
Turchette, Q. A., Kielpinski, D., King, B. E., Leibfried, D. G., Meekhof, D. M., Myatt, C. J., Rowe, M. A., Sackett, C. A., Wood, C. S., Itano, W. M., et al. (2000) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.61.063418 · Cited by 532
Self-citation
Monoion oscillator as potential ultimate laser frequency standard
DEHMELT, H. G. (1982) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.1982.6312526 · Cited by 326

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 31 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

C. Salomon, D. Hils, J. L. Hall, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B5, 1576 (1988).
T. Rosenband et al . http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0611125. · arXiv
E. Peik et al . http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0611088v1. · arXiv

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 1,001

Coherence in quantum estimation
Giorda, P., & Allegra, M. (2017) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8121/aa9808 · Cited by 45
Sensitivity to new physics of isotope-shift studies using the coronal lines of highly charged calcium ions
Rehbehn, N.-H., Rosner, M. K., Bekker, H., Berengut, J. C., Schmidt, P. O., King, S. A., Micke, P., Gu, M. F., Müller, R. A., Surzhykov, A., et al. (2021) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.103.l040801 · Cited by 38
Self-citation
Recent Advances and Outlook in Single-Cavity Dual Comb Lasers
Zhang, C., Qu, F., Ou, P., Sun, H., He, S., & Fu, B. (2023) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics10020221 · Cited by 38
Proposed detection of variation inmp/meusing a vibrational transition frequency of a CaH+ion
Kajita, M., & Moriwaki, Y. (2009) · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics · doi:10.1088/0953-4075/42/15/154022 · Cited by 38
Shifts of optical frequency references based on spectral-hole burning in Eu3+:Y2SiO5
Thorpe, M. J., Leibrandt, D. R., & Rosenband, T. (2013) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/15/3/033006 · Cited by 38
Self-citation
Surface-electrode point Paul trap
Kim, T. H., Herskind, P. F., Kim, T., Kim, J., & Chuang, I. L. (2010) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.82.043412 · Cited by 40
Positioning of the rf potential minimum line of a linear Paul trap with micrometer precision
Herskind, P. F., Dantan, A., Albert, M., et al. (2009) · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics · doi:10.1088/0953-4075/42/15/154008 · Cited by 38
Robert Dicke and the naissance of experimental gravity physics, 1957–1967
Peebles, P. J. E. (2016) · The European Physical Journal H · doi:10.1140/epjh/e2016-70034-0 · Cited by 42
“The first line is a “preliminary constraint” from comparisons of optical atomic clock rates of aluminum and mercury ions (Rosenband et al. 2008).”
Background
Frequency metrology on the 4sS1∕22–4pP1∕22 transition in Ca+40 for a comparison with quasar data
Wolf, A. L., van den Berg, S. A., Gohle, C., Salumbides, E. J., Ubachs, W., & Eikema, K. S. E. (2008) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.78.032511 · Cited by 37
Low-power, miniature 171Yb ion clock using an ultra-small vacuum package
Jau, Y., Partner, H. L., Schwindt, P. D. D., Prestage, J. D., Kellogg, J. R., & Yu, N. (2012) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.4767454 · Cited by 38
Strong coupling on a forbidden transition in strontium and nondestructive atom counting
Norcia, M. A., & Thompson, J. K. (2016) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.93.023804 · Cited by 38
Fractional frequency instability in the 10^−14 range with a thermal beam optical frequency reference
McFerran, J. J., & Luiten, A. N. (2010) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.27.000277 · Cited by 37
Doppler-free approach to optical pumping dynamics in the 6S_1/2−5D_5/2 electric quadrupole transition of cesium vapor
Chan, E. A., Aljunid, S. A., Zheludev, N. I., et al. (2016) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.41.002005 · Cited by 37
Is the time right for a redefinition of the second by optical atomic clocks?
Gill, P. R. (2016) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/723/1/012053 · Cited by 39
High-resolution optical frequency dissemination on a telecommunication network with data traffic
Kéfélian, F., Lopez, O., Jiang, H., Chardonnet, C., Amy‐Klein, A., & Santarelli, G. (2009) · HAL · Cited by 37
171 Yb + optical clock with 2.2 × 10 − 18 systematic uncertainty and absolute frequency measurements
Tofful, A., Baynham, C. F. A., Curtis, E. A., Parsons, A. O., Robertson, B., Schioppo, M., Tunesi, J., Margolis, H. S., Hendricks, R., Whale, J., et al. (2024) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/ad53cd · Cited by 39
“A conservative estimate is made by setting the uncertainty to the largest possible frequency shift caused by background collisions [34], 6 × 10 − 19 fractionally, and setting the actual shift to zero in the uncertainty budget.”
Background
Direct measurement of the frequency ratio for Hg and Yb optical lattice clocks and closure of the Hg/Yb/Sr loop
Ohmae, N., Bregolin, F., Nemitz, N., & Katori, H. (2020) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.391602 · Cited by 35
Coherent laser spectroscopy of highly charged ions using quantum logic
Micke, P., Leopold, T., King, S. A., Benkler, E., Spieß, L. J., Schmöger, L., Schwarz, M., López-Urrutia, J. R. C., & Schmidt, P. O. (2020) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Frequency comb assisted mid-infrared spectroscopy of cold molecular ions
Asvany, O., Krieg, J., & Śchlemmer, S. (2012) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.4753930 · Cited by 35
Local representations of UTC in national laboratories
Whibberley, P. B., Davis, J., & Shemar, S. L. (2011) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/48/4/s05 · Cited by 35
Generalized hyper-Ramsey resonance with separated oscillating fields
Zanon-Willette, T., Yudin, V. I., & Тайченачев, А. В. (2015) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.92.023416 · Cited by 38
Sensitivity of vibrational spectroscopy of optically trapped SrLi and CaLi molecules to variations inmp/me
Kajita, M., Gopakumar, G., Abe, M., et al. (2012) · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics · doi:10.1088/0953-4075/46/2/025001 · Cited by 34
Development of narrow linewidth, micro-integrated extended cavity diode lasers for quantum optics experiments in space
Luvsandamdin, E., Spießberger, S., Schiemangk, M., et al. (2013) · Applied Physics B · doi:10.1007/s00340-012-5327-8 · Cited by 34
Optical lattice clocks
Lemonde, P. (2009) · The European Physical Journal Special Topics · doi:10.1140/epjst/e2009-01043-5 · Cited by 34
Nonlinear spectroscopy of Sr atoms in an optical cavity for laser stabilization
Christensen, B. T. R., Henriksen, M. R., Schäffer, S. A., Westergaard, P. G., Tieri, D., Ye, J., Holland, M., & Thomsen, J. W. (2015) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.92.053820 · Cited by 34
“[9] T.”
Background
Measurements of Al+27 and Mg+25 magnetic constants for improved ion-clock accuracy
Brewer, S. M., Chen, J.-S., Beloy, K., Hankin, A. M., Clements, E., Chou, C. W., McGrew, W. F., Zhang, X., Fasano, R., Nicolodi, D., et al. (2019) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.100.013409 · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Dynamic dipole polarizabilities of the Li atom and the Be + ion
Tang, L.-Y., Yan, Z.-C., Shi, T.-Y., et al. (2010) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.81.042521 · Cited by 34
Long-term drifts of stray electric fields in a Paul trap
Härter, A., Krükow, A., Brunner, A., & Denschlag, J. H. (2013) · Applied Physics B · doi:10.1007/s00340-013-5688-7 · Cited by 34
Linear Paul trap design for an optical clock with Coulomb crystalsPreprint
Herschbach, N., Pyka, K., Keller, J., & Mehlstäubler, T. E. (2016) · Cited by 43
Timekeepers of the future
Margolis, H. (2014) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/nphys2834 · Cited by 33
Quantum logic for the control and manipulation of molecular ions using a frequency comb
Ding, S., & Matsukevich, D. (2012) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/14/2/023028 · Cited by 35
Strontium optical lattice clocks for practical realization of the metre and secondary representation of the second
Bober, M., Morzyński, P., Cygan, A., Lisak, D., Masłowski, P., Prymaczek, M., Wcisło, P., Ablewski, P., Piwiński, M., Wójtewicz, S., et al. (2015) · Measurement Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/0957-0233/26/7/075201 · Cited by 34
“Ultracold neutral atoms in an optical lattice [1] and trapped single-ions [2] are two well-known approaches for development of optical frequency standards.”
Background
The variation of the fine-structure constant from disformal couplings
van de Bruck, C., Mifsud, J., & Nunes, N. J. (2015) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2015/12/018 · Cited by 32
“t z˘109 [5] and the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation at z˘103 [6]. More stringent bounds have been reported at lower redshifts from astrophysical [7{18], geochemical [19{21] and laboratory [22] constraints. In this work, we will be considering a theoretical model containing three distinct metrics, related b…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
VECSEL systems for the generation and manipulation of trapped magnesium ions
Burd, S. C., Allcock, D. T. C., Leinonen, T., Penttinen, J.-P., Slichter, D. H., Srinivas, R., Wilson, A. C., Jördens, R., Guina, M. D., Leibfried, D., et al. (2016) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.3.001294 · Cited by 34
“the motional ground state [1]. Preparation of a quantum system in a speciﬁc motional state with high probability is required for many quantum information experiments and for trapped-ion atomic clocks [9]. Duringresolvedsidebandcooling,itisnecessarytorepumpthe ionback to the initial hyperﬁnestate. This can be accomplis…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Testing the violation of the equivalence principle in the electromagnetic sector and its consequences in f(T) gravity
Said, J. L., Mifsud, J., Parkinson, D., Saridakis, E. N., Sultana, J., & Adami, K. Z. (2020) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2020/11/047 · Cited by 33
“ion given in Eq. (A.9). We refer to section3for a description on the several =constraints, while the adopted atomic clocks laboratory (lab) constraint is specied by _=j0 = ( 1:6 2:3) 10 17 year 1 [92]. When we include the latter constraint on the temporal variation of the ne{structure constant, we make use of a Hubble…”
Method
Varying-alpha cosmologies with potentials
Barrow, J. D., & Li, B. (2008) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.78.083536 · Cited by 33
Frequency stability of optical lattice clocks
Lodewyck, J., Westergaard, P. G., Lecallier, A., Lorini, L., & Lemonde, P. (2010) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/12/6/065026 · Cited by 33
“6 × 10−18 [13, 14], its stability is limited to 3 × 10−15τ−1/2 by the QPN given the coherence time of state-of-the-art ultra-stable lasers.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Experimental and theoretical investigation of a multimode cooling scheme using multiple electromagnetically-induced-transparency resonances
Scharnhorst, N., Cerrillo, J., Kramer, J., Leroux, I. D., Wübbena, J. B., Retzker, A., & Schmidt, P. O. (2018) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.98.023424 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Electric quadrupole moments of metastable states of Ca+ , Sr+ , and Ba+
Jiang, D., Arora, B., & Safronova, M. S. (2008) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.78.022514 · Cited by 33
Stability of fundamental couplings: A global analysis
Martins, C. J. A. P., & Pinho, A. M. M. (2017) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.95.023008 · Cited by 32
High-bandwidth transfer of phase stability through a fiber frequency comb
Scharnhorst, N., Wübbena, J. B., Hannig, S., Jakobsen, K., Kramer, J., Leroux, I. D., & Schmidt, P. O. (2015) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.23.019771 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Atomic properties of Lu+
Paez, E. J., Arnold, K. J., Hajiyev, E., Porsev, S. G., Dzuba, V. A., Safronova, M. S., Safronova, M. S., & Barrett, M. D. (2016) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.93.042112 · Cited by 31
Comb-rooted multi-channel synthesis of ultra-narrow optical frequencies of few Hz linewidth
Jang, H., Kim, B. S., Chun, B. J., Kang, H. J., Jang, Y., Kim, Y. W., Kim, Y., & Kim, S. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44122-5 · Cited by 32
Comprehensive study of amorphous metal oxide and Ta2O5 -based mixed oxide coatings for gravitational-wave detectors
Fazio, M., Vajente, G., Yang, L., Ananyeva, A., & Menoni, C. S. (2022) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.105.102008 · Cited by 32
Entanglement from Tensor Networks on a Trapped-Ion Quantum Computer
Foss‐Feig, M., Ragole, S., Potter, A. C., Dreiling, J., Figgatt, C., Gaebler, J., Hall, A., Moses, S. A., Pino, J., Spaun, B., et al. (2022) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.128.150504 · Cited by 32
Anharmonic contributions in real RF linear quadrupole traps
Pedregosa-Gutierrez, J., Champenois, C., Houssin, M., et al. (2009) · International Journal of Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1016/j.ijms.2009.12.009 · Cited by 32
“[2] T.”
Background
Extracting transition rates from zero-polarizability spectroscopy
Safronova, M. S., Zuhrianda, Z., Safronova, M. S., & Clark, C. W. (2015) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.92.040501 · Cited by 42
Constraining the time variation of the coupling constants from cosmic microwave background: effect of ΛQCD
Nakashima, M., Ichikawa, K., Nagata, R., & Yokoyama, J. (2010) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2010/01/030 · Cited by 34
Gyromagnetic factors and atomic clock constraints on the variation of fundamental constants
Luo, F., Olive, K. A., & Uzan, J.-P. (2011) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.84.096004 · Cited by 31
Fundamental constants: from measurement to the universe, a window on gravitation and cosmology
Uzan, J.-P. (2025) · Living Reviews in Relativity · doi:10.1007/s41114-025-00059-y · Cited by 36
Quantum Algorithmic Readout in Multi-Ion Clocks
Schulte, M. T., Lörch, N., Leroux, I. D., Schmidt, P. O., & Hammerer, K. (2016) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.116.013002 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
Optimal constraint ongNLfrom CMB
Sekiguchi, T., & Sugiyama, N. (2013) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2013/09/002 · Cited by 32
Detection of single-ion spectra by Coulomb-crystal heating
Clark, C. R., Goeders, J. E., Dodia, Y., Viteri, C. R., & Brown, K. R. (2010) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.81.043428 · Cited by 31
Electric feedback cooling of single charged nanoparticles in an optical trap
Iwasaki, M., Yotsuya, T., Tsubasa, N., Matsuda, Y., Yoneda, M., & Aikawa, K. (2019) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.99.051401 · Cited by 31
Supercontinuum Generation in High Order Waveguide Mode with near-Visible Pumping Using Aluminum Nitride Waveguides
Chen, H., Zhou, J., Li, D., Chen, D., Vinod, A. K., Fu, H., Huang, X., Yang, T.-H., Montes, J. A., Fu, K., et al. (2021) · ACS Photonics · doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01785 · Cited by 31
Laser locking to the ^199Hg ^1S_0 − ^3P_0 clock transition with 54 × 10^−15/✓τ fractional frequency instability
McFerran, J. J., Magalhães, D. V., Mandache, C., Millo, J., Zhang, W., Coq, Y. L., Santarelli, G., & Bize, S. (2012) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.37.003477 · Cited by 31
Blackbody radiation shift of the Al+ clock transition
Mitroy, J., Zhang, J. Y., Bromley, M. W. J., & Rollin, K. (2009) · The European Physical Journal D · doi:10.1140/epjd/e2009-00098-4 · Cited by 31
Trapping ions with lasers
Cormick, C., Schaetz, T., & Morigi, G. (2011) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/13/4/043019 · Cited by 31
Efficient photo-ionization for barium ion trapping using a dipole-allowed resonant two-photon transition
Leschhorn, G., Hasegawa, T., & Schaetz, T. (2012) · Applied Physics B · doi:10.1007/s00340-012-5101-y · Cited by 31
Measured atomic ground-state polarizabilities of 35 metallic elements
Ma, L., Indergaard, J., Zhang, B., et al. (2015) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.91.010501 · Cited by 31
Frequency comb transferred by surface plasmon resonance
Geng, X., Chun, B. J., Seo, J. H., Seo, K., Yoon, H., Kim, D.-E., Kim, Y., & Kim, S. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms10685 · Cited by 30
A Single Laser System for Ground-State Cooling of 25Mg+Preprint
Hemmerling, B., Gebert, F., Wan, Y., Nigg, D., & Sherstov, I. V. (2016) · Cited by 32
Toward ultimate-efficiency frequency conversion in nonlinear optical microresonators
Wang, Z. W., Wu, X., Xiong, X., Yang, C., Hao, Z., Yang, Q., Hu, Y., Bo, F., Cao, Q.-T., & Xiao, Y. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adu7605 · Cited by 30
Cosmological effects of scalar-photon couplings: dark energy and varying-α Models
Avgoustidis, A., Martins, C. J. A. P., Monteiro, A. M. R. V. L., Vielzeuf, P., & Luzzi, G. (2014) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2014/06/062 · Cited by 30
“[20] this variation is constrained to be”
Background
Advanced noise reduction techniques for ultra-low phase noise optical-to-microwave division with femtosecond fiber combs
Zhang, W., Xu, Z., Lours, M., et al. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control · doi:10.1109/tuffc.2011.1890 · Cited by 30
“it has been used for optical frequency measurements with uncertainty close to the limitations of the caesium fountain clock [12- 15] as well as frequency comparisons between different optical clocks [16, 17, 18]. In parallel, recent years have witnessed the development of compact and potentially portable, vibration-in…”
Method
Fundamental cosmology in the E-ELT era: the status and future role of tests of fundamental coupling stability
Martins, C. J. A. P. (2014) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-014-1843-7 · Cited by 32
Efficient ground-state cooling of an ion in a large room-temperature linear Paul trap with a sub-Hertz heating rate
Poulsen, G., Miroshnychenko, Y., & Drewsen, M. (2012) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.86.051402 · Cited by 30
Scrutinizing Al-like V10+51,Cr11+53,Mn12+55,Fe13+57,Co14+59,Ni15+61 , and Cu16+63 ions for atomic clocks with uncertainties below the 10−19 level
Yu, Y., & Sahoo, B. K. (2016) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.94.062502 · Cited by 30
Characterization of electrical noise limits in ultra-stable laser systems
Zhang, J., Shi, X., Zeng, X., Lu, X.-L., Deng, K., & Lu, Z. H. (2016) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.4971852 · Cited by 30
Microwave-clock timescale with instability on order of 10−17
Peil, S., Swanson, T. B., Hanssen, J. L., & Taylor, J. A. (2017) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/aa65f7 · Cited by 30
Extracting dark matter signatures from atomic clock stability measurements
Kalaydzhyan, T., & Yu, N. (2017) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.96.075007 · Cited by 30
Systematic uncertainty due to background-gas collisions in trapped-ion optical clocks
Hankin, A. M., Clements, E., Huang, Y., Brewer, S. M., Chen, J.-S., Chou, C. W., Hume, D. B., & Leibrandt, D. R. (2019) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.100.033419 · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Radium Ion Optical Clock
Holliman, C. A., Fan, M., Contractor, A., Brewer, S. M., & Jayich, A. M. (2022) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.128.033202 · Cited by 30
Influence of static electric fields on an optical ion trap
Schneider, C., Enderlein, M., Huber, T. M., Dürr, S., & Schaetz, T. (2012) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.85.013422 · Cited by 30
A single laser system for ground-state cooling of 25Mg+
Hemmerling, B., Gebert, F., Wan, Y., Nigg, D., Sherstov, I. V., & Schmidt, P. O. (2011) · Applied Physics B · doi:10.1007/s00340-011-4444-0 · Cited by 30
“urces. 1Introduction Over the last decades, ion trap experiments have become versatile instruments to investigate a variety of physical phenomena, ranging from quantum computing [1,2], optical clocks [3,4] and precision spectroscopy[5,6,7] toquantumsimulations[8,9,10].Many applications beneﬁt from the fact that ions c…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Constraints on the Time Variation of the Fine Structure Constant by the 5-Year WMAP Data
Nakashima, M., Nagata, R., & Yokoyama, J. (2008) · Progress of Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1143/ptp.120.1207 · Cited by 30
Observation of vibrational overtones by single-molecule resonant photodissociation
Khanyile, N. B., Shu, G., & Brown, K. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8825 · Cited by 27
“Future experiments to test the stability of fundamental constants in time have been proposed [6] using the twoion-species techniques already exploited in the most precise atomic ion clocks [11, 12].”
Correlation trends in the polarizabilities of atoms and ions in the boron, carbon, and zinc homologous sequences of elements
Singh, Y., & Sahoo, B. K. (2014) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.90.022511 · Cited by 30
Simulation and realization of a second-order quantum-interference-based quantum clock synchronization at the femtosecond level
Quan, R., Dong, R., Zhai, Y., Hou, F., Xiang, X., Zhou, H., Lv, C., Wang, Z., You, L., Liu, T., et al. (2019) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.44.000614 · Cited by 31
All solid-state continuous-wave laser systems for ionization, cooling and quantum state manipulation of beryllium ions
Lo, H.-Y., Alonso, J., Kienzler, D., Keitch, B. C., de Clercq, L. E., Negnevitsky, V., & Home, J. (2014) · reroDoc Digital Library · doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000071017 · Cited by 30
Consistency tests of the stability of fundamental couplings and unification scenarios
Ferreira, M. C., Frigola, O., Martins, C. J. A. P., Monteiro, A. M. R. V. L., & Solà, J. (2014) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.89.083011 · Cited by 29
Actinide ions for testing the spatial α -variation hypothesis
Dzuba, V. A., Safronova, M. S., Safronova, M. S., & Flambaum, V. V. (2015) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.92.060502 · Cited by 28
Recent atomic clock comparisons at NIST
Lorini, L., Ashby, N., Brusch, A., Diddams, S. A., Drullinger, R. E., Eason, E., Fortier, T. M., Hastings, P., Heavner, T. P., Hume, D. B., et al. (2008) · The European Physical Journal Special Topics · doi:10.1140/epjst/e2008-00807-7 · Cited by 29
Self-citation
Experimental apparatus for overlapping a ground-state cooled ion with ultracold atoms
Meir, Z., Šikorský, T., Ben-shlomi, R., Akerman, N., Pinkas, M., Dallal, Y., & Ozeri, R. (2017) · Journal of Modern Optics · doi:10.1080/09500340.2017.1397217 · Cited by 30
Towards a 229Th-Based Nuclear Clock
von der Wense, L., Seiferle, B., & Thirolf, P. G. (2018) · Measurement Techniques · doi:10.1007/s11018-018-1337-1 · Cited by 27
“ptical clocks were developed and are operated in metrologyinstitutes aroundthe world [14]. A 2008comparison of two single-ion optical clocks revealed a fractional frequency uncertainty of 5.2 · 10−17 [15] and in 2016 the operation of a single ion Yb+ optical clock at 3 · 10−18 frequency uncertainty was reported [16].…”
BackgroundInfluential
Damage-free single-mode transmission of deep-UV light in hollow-core PCF
Gebert, F., Frosz, M. H., Weiss, T., Wan, Y., Ermolov, A., Joly, N. Y., Schmidt, P. O., & Russell, P. S. J. (2014) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 29
Self-citation
Rotational spectrum of the molecular ion NH + as a probe for α and me/mp variation
Beloy, K., Kozlov, M. G., Borschevsky, A., Hauser, A. W., Flambaum, V. V., & Schwerdtfeger, P. (2011) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.83.062514 · Cited by 29
Ultrastable lasers: new developments and applications
Sterr, U., Legero, T., Keßler, T., Schnatz, H., Grosche, G., Terra, O., & Riehle, F. (2009) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.825217 · Cited by 29
Quantum logic readout and cooling of a single dark electron spin
Shi, F., Zhang, Q., Naydenov, B., Jelezko, F., Du, J., Reinhard, F., & Wrachtrup, J. (2013) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.87.195414 · Cited by 30
Hyperfine-mediated electric quadrupole shifts in Al+ and In+ ion clocks
Beloy, K., Leibrandt, D. R., & Itano, W. M. (2017) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.95.043405 · Cited by 29
Self-citation
Clocks in Space for Tests of Fundamental Physics
Delva, P., Hees, A., & Wolf, P. (2017) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-017-0361-9 · Cited by 28
Manifestations of Dark Matter and Variations of the Fundamental Constants in Atoms and Astrophysical Phenomena
Stadnik, Y. V. (2017) · Springer theses · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63417-3 · Cited by 24
“of systems have provided some of the most precise limits on temporal drifts in and particle masses to date [170{ 185]. The most stringent laboratory limits on temporal variations of come from Al +/Hg [182] and Yb /Yb+ [185] clock comparison experiments: j(d=dt)=j. 2 10 17 year 1; (25) while the most stringent laborato…”
Background
Time variation of fundamental couplings and dynamical dark energy
Dent, T., Stern, S., & WETTERICH, C. (2009) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2009/01/038 · Cited by 29
Varying alpha: New constraints from seasonal variations
Barrow, J. D., & Shaw, D. J. (2008) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.78.067304 · Cited by 29
Absolute frequency measurement of the 88 Sr + clock transition using a GPS link to the SI second
Dubé, P., Bernard, J. E., & Gertsvolf, M. (2017) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/aa5e60 · Cited by 28
Narrow and Ultranarrow Transitions in Highly Charged Xe Ions as Probes of Fifth Forces
Rehbehn, N.-H., Rosner, M. K., Berengut, J. C., Schmidt, P. O., Pfeifer, T., Gu, M. F., & López-Urrutia, J. R. C. (2023) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.131.161803 · Cited by 30
Self-citation
The CIPM list ‘Recommended values of standard frequencies’: 2021 update
Margolis, H. S., Panfilo, G., Petit, G., Oates, C. W., Ido, T., & Bize, S. (2024) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/ad3afc · Cited by 32
Phonon-mediated entanglement for trapped ion quantum computing
Soderberg, K.-A. B., & Monroe, C. R. (2010) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/0034-4885/73/3/036401 · Cited by 28
“Recently, researchers at NIST in Boulder, CO have used entanglement between a trapped 9Be ion and a trapped 27Al ion to cool, initialize, and readout information in the 27Al ion to produce an atomic clock that rivals the current Cs time standard [87].”
Background
Superposition, Entanglement, and Raising Schrödinger’s Cat (Nobel Lecture)
Wineland, D. J. (2013) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201303404 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
Particle-hole configuration interaction and many-body perturbation theory: Application to Hg+
Berengut, J. C. (2016) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.94.012502 · Cited by 28

Authors: Rosenband, T., Hume, D. B., Schmidt, P. O., Chou, C. W., Brusch, A., Lorini, L., Oskay, W. H., Drullinger, R. E., Fortier, T. M., Stalnaker, J. E., Diddams, S. A., Swann, W. C., Newbury, N. R., Itano, W. M., Wineland, D. J., & Bergquist, J. C.
Affiliations: National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
Corresponding author: Rosenband, T.
Schmidt, P. O.
Lorini, L.
Oskay, W. H.
Stalnaker, J. E.
ORCID: Rosenband, T.
Hume, D. B.
Schmidt, P. O.
Chou, C. W.
Brusch, A.
Lorini, L.
Fortier, T. M.
Stalnaker, J. E.
Diddams, S. A.
Newbury, N. R.
Wineland, D. J.
Bergquist, J. C.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2008-03-28
Volume: 319
Issue: 5871
Pages: 1808-1812
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.1154622
OpenAlex: W1997269293
Cited by: 1,450
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 78 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 129 · 2013: 99 · 2012: 99
FWCI: 73.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (IRIS Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research
Keywords: optical atomic clocks, aluminum ions, mercury ions, frequency ratio, frequency metrology, fine-structure constant variation, systematic uncertainties

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Frequency Ratio of Al+and Hg+Single-Ion Optical Clocks; Metrology at the 17th Decimal Place

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks