The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines
Abstract
Women's participation and attitudes to talent: Some scientific disciplines have lower percentages of women in academia than others. Leslie et al. hypothesized that general attitudes about the discipline would reflect the representation of women in those fields (see the Perspective by Penner). Surveys revealed that some fields are believed to require attributes such as brilliance and genius, whereas other fields are believed to require more empathy or hard work. In fields where people thought that raw talent was required, academic departments had lower percentages of women. Science , this issue p. 262 ; see also p. 234
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Further, in male-dominated disciplines such as engineering, academic success has been understood to depend on raw brilliance, a quality less frequently attributed to women [23].”
From Gender in Engineering Departments: Are There Gender Differences in Interruptions of Academic Job Talks? (2017) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Recent research has shown that”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Leslie, Cimpian, Meyer, & Freeland, 2015
Citations
Cites
Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 · Cited by 9,020
Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation
Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (2000) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1015 · Cited by 7,383
Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis :
Hayes, A. F., & names (2015) · Cited by 7,004
Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion
Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2008) · doi:10.2307/j.ctvcm4j72 · Cited by 5,051
The gender similarities hypothesis.
Hyde, J. S. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.6.581 · Cited by 3,084
Stereotype Susceptibility: Identity Salience and Shifts in Quantitative Performance
Shih, M., Pittinsky, T. L., & Ambady, N. (1999) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00111 · Cited by 1,366
Bethlehem, J. (2010) · International Statistical Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2010.00112.x · Cited by 1,315
Why So Slow?: The Advancement of Women
Valian, V. (1999) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/7235.001.0001 · Cited by 1,252
Ceci, S. J., Ginther, D. K., Kahn, S., & Williams, W. M. (2014) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/1529100614541236 · Cited by 1,116
Understanding current causes of women's underrepresentation in science
Ceci, S. J., & Williams, W. M. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1014871108 · Cited by 1,114
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,000
Günter, K. P., Ahnesjö, I., & Gullberg, A. (2022) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21829 · Cited by 16
Lytle, A. E., & Shin, J. E. L. (2022) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-022-09741-3 · Cited by 26
Mind the gender gap: The social neuroscience of belonging
Rippon, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1094830 · Cited by 19
School counseling practices related to postsecondary STEM participation
Gearns, R., Kelly, A. M., & Bugallo, M. F. (2023) · The Career Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/cdq.12338 · Cited by 18
Park, E. S., Wilton, M., Lo, S. M., Buswell, N. T., Suarez, N. A., & Sato, B. K. (2024) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s11162-023-09769-0 · Cited by 15
Robertson, Z. S., & Jaswal, V. K. (2024) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2024.101435 · Cited by 25
Gender Differences in Math Tests: the Role of Time Pressure
Galasso, V., & Profeta, P. A. (2024) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/ueae052 · Cited by 13
Nyúl, B., Ksenofontov, I., Fleischmann, A., & Kahalon, R. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104680 · Cited by 15
Climate change education: Bibliometric analysis of the Status-Quo and future research paths
Westphal, A., Kranz, J., Schulze, A., Schulz, H., Becker, P., & Wulff, P. (2025) · The Journal of Environmental Education · doi:10.1080/00958964.2025.2475299 · Cited by 16
Fair Numbers: What Data Can and Cannot Tell Us About the Underrepresentation of Women in Philosophy
Benétreau-Dupin, Y., & Beaulac, G. (2015) · Ergo an Open Access Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.3998/ergo.12405314.0002.003 · Cited by 15
Early-career women in geography. Practical pathways to advancement in the neoliberal university
Webster, N. A., & Caretta, M. A. (2019) · Geografiska Annaler Series B Human Geography · doi:10.1080/04353684.2019.1571868 · Cited by 15
Nehmeh, G., & Kelly, A. M. (2020) · Research in Science & Technological Education · doi:10.1080/02635143.2020.1740668 · Cited by 16
Yang, L., Wu, M., Wang, Y., & Peng, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701945 · Cited by 18
Mindset and effort during a self-adapted arithmetic task: Variable- and person-oriented approaches
Janssen, T. W. P., Nieuwenhuis, S., Altikulaç, S., Tuong, V. V., Meeter, M., Bonte, M. L., Jansen, B. R. J., Magis‐Weinberg, L., & van Atteveldt, N. (2022) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2022.101840 · Cited by 16
Gender diversity and publication activity—an analysis of STEM in the UK
Sarabi, Y., & Smith, M. X. (2023) · Research Evaluation · doi:10.1093/reseval/rvad008 · Cited by 18
The role of domain-specific ability self-concepts in the value students attach to school
Schütte, K., Zimmermann, F., & Köller, O. (2016) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2016.10.003 · Cited by 17
Negotiating Intelligence, Nerdiness, and Status in Physics Master’s studies
Johansson, A. (2018) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-018-9786-8 · Cited by 16
Campoamor-Olegario, L. A., Camitan, D. S., & Guinto, M. L. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1490437 · Cited by 30
Master’s Education in STEM Fields in China: Does Gender Matter?
Yang, J., & Shen, W. (2020) · Higher Education Policy · doi:10.1057/s41307-020-00203-z · Cited by 14
Robinson, K. A., Lee, S. Y., Friedman, S., Christiaans, E., McKeague, M., Pavelka, L. C., & Sirjoosingh, P. (2022) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2022.102055 · Cited by 17
von Vacano, C., Ruiz, M., Starowicz, R., Olojo, S., Luna, A. Y. M., Muzzall, E., Mendoza‐Denton, R., & Harding, D. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.754233 · Cited by 19
Optimism Predictive Ability and Psychological Flexibility among Students during COVID-19 Pandemic
Salah, B. M., Alhamad, N. F., Alazzam, A. A., Albadarneh, M. M., Alqiam, H. A. A., & Rababah, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Educational and Social Research · doi:10.36941/jesr-2022-0134 · Cited by 16
Female physics students gain from facilitating informal physics programs
Randolph, J., Perry, J., Donaldson, J. P., Rethman, C., & Erukhimova, T. L. (2022) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.18.020123 · Cited by 16
Lee, N., Lazaro, V., Wang, J. J., Şen, H. H., & Lucca, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1015649 · Cited by 14
van Anders, S. M., Schudson, Z. C., Beischel, W. J., & Chadwick, S. B. (2023) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000646 · Cited by 16
Disciplinary gender balance, research productivity, and recognition of men and women in academia
Sá, C. M., Cowley, S., Shahrin, B., Stevenson, C., & Su, A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293080 · Cited by 14
Rosenberg, J. L., Holincheck, N. M., & Colandene, M. (2024) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.20.010138 · Cited by 14
Lee, S. Y., Christiaans, E., & Robinson, K. A. (2024) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2024.102282 · Cited by 15
Kelly, A. M., Wei, T.-C., Schneble, D., & Darienzo, M. (2025) · EPJ Quantum Technology · doi:10.1140/epjqt/s40507-025-00313-w · Cited by 14
Teaching College Chemistry to the Edges Rather Than to the Average
Canelas, D. A. (2015) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-2015-1193.ch002 · Cited by 14
When Being Good at Math Is Not Enough
Hurst, M., & Cordes, S. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802218-4.00008-x · Cited by 14
Engaging men to support women in science, medicine, and global health
Ratele, K., Verma, R. K., Cruz, S. D. L., & Khan, A. R. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30031-5 · Cited by 14
Making Research Data Accessible
Kapiszewski, D., & Karcher, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108762519.008 · Cited by 15
Lone wolf or herd animal? Information choice and learning from others
Duffy, J. F., Hopkins, E., & Kornienko, T. (2021) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.103690 · Cited by 14
Enhancing same‐gender imitation by highlighting gender norms in Chinese pre‐school children
Wang, Z., Fong, F. T. K., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2020) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12356 · Cited by 15
Isolation and connectedness among Black and Latinx physics graduate students
Scherr, R. E., Lopez, M. A., & Rosario-Franco, M. (2020) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.16.020132 · Cited by 15
Boysen, G. A., Chicosky, R. L., Rose, F. R., & Delmore, E. E. (2021) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2021.1921682 · Cited by 14
The implied visitor in a planetarium exhibition
Nicolaisen, L. B., & Achiam, M. (2019) · Museum Management and Curatorship · doi:10.1080/09647775.2019.1691637 · Cited by 14
Palestinian/Arab Israeli women’s experiences in mathematics education: An intersectional analysis
Rubel, L. H., & Ehrenfeld, N. (2020) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101616 · Cited by 14
Farrell, L., Nearchou, F., & McHugh, L. (2020) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-020-09576-w · Cited by 16
Selling science: optimizing the research funding evaluation and decision process
Vinkenburg, C. J., Ossenkop, C., & Schiffbänker, H. (2021) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-01-2021-0028 · Cited by 14
A comparison of students’ interest in STEM across science standard types
May, B. K., Wendt, J. L., & Barthlow, M. J. (2022) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100287 · Cited by 13
Gender Stereotypes and Education
Bian, L. (2022) · Focus on sexuality research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84273-4_9 · Cited by 18
Gámez, C. M., García-Durán, D., Fernández-Oliveras, A., & Torres-Blanco, V. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11169 · Cited by 14
Gender Stereotypes and the Choice of an Engineering Undergraduate Program
Maloshonok, N., Щеглова, И. А., Вилкова, К., & Abramova, M. O. (2022) · Voprosy Obrazovaniya/ Educational Studies Moscow · doi:10.17323/1814-9545-2022-3-149-186 · Cited by 21
Asbury, K., Roloff, J., Carstensen, B., Guill, K., & Klusmann, U. (2023) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2023.104367 · Cited by 19
Binning, K. R., Doucette, D., Conrique, B. G., & Singh, C. (2024) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976231221534 · Cited by 13
Amemiya, J. L., & Bian, L. (2024) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105740 · Cited by 13
The female finance penalty: Why are women less successful in academic finance than related fields?
Brooks, C., Schopohl, L., Tao, R., Walker, J. T., & Zhu, M. (2025) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2025.105207 · Cited by 13
Gender-specific motivation and expectations toward computer science
Völkel, S. T., Wilkowska, W., & Ziefle, M. (2018) · Conference on Gender & IT (GenderIT) · doi:10.1145/3196839.3196858 · Cited by 17
Gender and Talent Development of Gifted Students
Kerr, B. A., & Huffman, J. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77004-8_8 · Cited by 14
Interview expectancies: awareness of potential biases influences behaviour in interviewees
Adams-Quackenbush, N. M., Horselenberg, R., Hubert, J., Vrij, A., & Koppen, P. J. V. (2019) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2018.1485522 · Cited by 26
Rubric-based holistic review: A promising route to equitable graduate admissions in physics
Young, N. T., Tollefson, K. A., Zegers, R. G. T., & Caballero, M. D. (2022) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.18.020140 · Cited by 13
Leveraging Nudges to Improve the Academic Workplace: Challenges and Possibilities
O’Meara, K., Culpepper, D. K., Lennartz, C., & Braxton, J. M. (2022) · Higher education · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76660-3_9 · Cited by 14
Arbeit, Beschäftigung und Arbeitsmarkt aus der Genderperspektive
Gottschall, K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-21704-4_12 · Cited by 13
IDENTIFYING BARRIERS FOR WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
Kordaki, M., & Berdousis, I. (2020) · Pro Edu International Journal of Educational Sciences · doi:10.26520/peijes.2020.2.2.5-20 · Cited by 13
A Mixed Method Examination of Gender Differences in Perceptions of STEM among Iranian Americans
Folberg, A. M., & Kaboli‐Nejad, S. (2020) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12393 · Cited by 13
Perspective. Museums beyond neutrality
Evans, H. J., Nicolaisen, L. B., Tougaard, S., & Achiam, M. (2020) · Nordisk Museologi · doi:10.5617/nm.8436 · Cited by 13
Plante, I., Lecours, V., Lapointe, R., Chaffee, K. E., & Fréchette‐Simard, C. (2022) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12488 · Cited by 22
Calhoun, C. (2015) · Hypatia · doi:10.1111/hypa.12149 · Cited by 13
Grant Allocation Disparities from a Gender Perspective: Literature Review. Synthesis Report
Castro, L. C., & Menéndez, L. S. (2020) · DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) · doi:10.20350/digitalcsic/10548 · Cited by 16
McGeer, V. (2019) · Australasian Philosophical Review · doi:10.1080/24740500.2019.1705231 · Cited by 15
Rong, J., Deng, Y., & Liu, D. (2025) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101193 · Cited by 14
Bauer, C. A., Poddar, A., Brummelman, E., & Cimpian, A. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10034-2 · Cited by 16
Self-citationReflecting on their mission increases preservice teachers’ growth mindsets
Heyder, A., Steinmayr, R., & Cimpian, A. (2023) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2023.101770 · Cited by 17
Self-citationCyr, E. N., Kroeper, K. M., Bergsieker, H. B., Dennehy, T. C., Logel, C. R., Steele, J. R., Knasel, R., Hartwig, W. T., Shum, P., Reeves, S. L., et al. (2023) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14007 · Cited by 12
Madera, J. M., Spitzmueller, C., Yu, H. C., Edema-Sillo, E., & Clarke, M. S. F. (2023) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2023.104939 · Cited by 12
Kube, D., Weidlich, J., Kreijns, K., & Drachsler, H. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12669-0 · Cited by 19
Treffers, T., Ritter, A.-C., Born, N. M., & Welpe, I. M. (2024) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2024.101029 · Cited by 19
A Case for Feminism in Programming Language Design
Hermans, F., & Schlesinger, A. (2024) · ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming and Software (Onward!) · doi:10.1145/3689492.3689809 · Cited by 17
II—What Should ‘Impostor Syndrome’ Be?
Paul, S. K. (2019) · Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume · doi:10.1093/arisup/akz006 · Cited by 12
Masculinity in the public image of physics and mathematics: a new model comparing Japan and England
Ikkatai, Y., Inoue, A., Minamizaki, A., Kano, K., McKay, E., & Yokoyama, H. (2021) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/09636625211002375 · Cited by 13
CEO demographics and gender diversity in senior management in large Scandinavian firms
García-Blandón, J., Argilés-Bosch, J. M., & Ravenda, D. (2022) · Gender in Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/gm-12-2021-0379 · Cited by 12
The trouble with talent: Semantic ambiguity in the workplace
Southwick, D. A., Liu, Z. V., Baldwin, C. R., Quirk, A., Ungar, L., Tsay, C., & Duckworth, A. L. (2023) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2022.104223 · Cited by 16
Productivity metrics and hiring rubrics are warped by cultural schemas of merit
Blair‐Loy, M., Reynders, S., & Cech, E. A. (2023) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2023.03.004 · Cited by 12
Towards meaningful diversity, equity and inclusion in physics learning environments
Maries, A., & Singh, C. (2024) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/s41567-024-02391-6 · Cited by 14
Scaling up Women in Computing Initiatives
Patitsas, E., Craig, M., & Easterbrook, S. (2015) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/2787622.2787725 · Cited by 13
Dilemmas of Political Correctness
Moller, D. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190863241.003.0015 · Cited by 12
Barnes, T. D. (2018) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s1049096518000513 · Cited by 12
Pygmalion at 50: harnessing its power and application in schooling
Weinstein, R. S. (2018) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/13803611.2018.1550842 · Cited by 15
STEM/Non-STEM Divide Structures Undergraduate Beliefs About Gender and Talent in Academia
Bailey, K., Horacek, D., Worthington, S., Nanthakumar, A., Preston, S., & Ilie, C. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2019.00026 · Cited by 13
Wong, W. I., & VanderLaan, D. P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.009 · Cited by 12
The influence of male faces on stereotype activation among women in STEM: An ERP investigation
Wu, D. J., Park, J., & Dasgupta, N. (2020) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107948 · Cited by 12
Colomo‐Palacios, R., Yahia, N. B., Larrucea, X., & Lumbreras, C. C. (2020) · IEEE Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnologias del Aprendizaje · doi:10.1109/rita.2020.3033211 · Cited by 12
Effects of Pair Learning on Girls’ Learning Performance in Robotics Education
Zhong, B., Liu, X., & Huang, Y. (2022) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/07356331221092660 · Cited by 13
Cwik, S., & Singh, C. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141811345 · Cited by 14
Open and reproducible neuroimaging: from study inception to publicationPreprint
Niso, G., Botvinik‐Nezer, R., Appelhoff, S., de la Vega, A. I., Estéban, O., Etzel, J. A., Finc, K., Ganz, M., Gau, R., Halchenko, Y. O., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/pu5vb · Cited by 12
Buckley, J., Hyland, T., Gumaelius, L., Seery, N., & Pears, A. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211000667 · Cited by 11
Jacobson, E. D., Francis, D. C., Willey, C., & Wilkins‐Yel, K. G. (2022) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/23328584221130999 · Cited by 17
Adams, R. B., & Xu, J. (2023) · Review of Corporate Finance · doi:10.1561/114.00000035 · Cited by 11
Robinson, K. A., & Lee, S. Y. (2023) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2023.2267006 · Cited by 13
Starr, C. R., & Leaper, C. (2023) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-023-09851-6 · Cited by 15
Can affirmative action overcome STEM gender inequality in Japan? Expectations and concerns
Yokoyama, H., Ikkatai, Y., McKay, E., Inoue, A., Minamizaki, A., & Kano, K. (2024) · Asia Pacific Business Review · doi:10.1080/13602381.2024.2320547 · Cited by 13
When Words Matter: Communal and Agentic Language on Men and Women’s Resumes
Madera, J. M., Ng, L. C., Zajac, S. A., & Hebl, M. R. (2024) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-024-09969-0 · Cited by 11
Lee, H., Du, W., Pedersen, R. M., Estrada, M., Adams, A. S., Barnes, R. T., Bloodhart, B., Burt, M., Clinton, S. M., Pollack, I. B., et al. (2024) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2024.102324 · Cited by 16
Mapping STEM Gender Disparities: A Scoping Review of the MENA Region
EL‐Deghaidy, H., Almasabi, Z., Elkholy, A., & Mansour, N. (2025) · Journal for STEM Education Research · doi:10.1007/s41979-025-00149-0 · Cited by 17
National Diversity Equity Workshop 2017: Focus on Underrepresented Minorities in Chemistry Faculties
Stallings, D., Iyer, S. K., & Hernandez, R. (2018) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-2018-1277.ch005 · Cited by 11
How Heads of Departments Find It Meaningful to Engage with Gender Balance Policies
Lagesen, V. A. (2021) · Science and Public Policy · doi:10.1093/scipol/scab024 · Cited by 12
Larsson, J., & Airey, J. (2021) · European Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6404/ac0e1e · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Leslie, S.-J., Cimpian, A., Meyer, M., & Freeland, E.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Otterbein University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leslie, Sarah-Jane
- Cimpian, Andrei
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2015-01-16
- Volume
- 347
- Issue
- 6219
- Pages
- 262-265
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2058271572
- Cited by
- 1,516
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 104 · 2025: 146 · 2024: 171 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 174 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 222 · 2019: 147 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 51
- FWCI
- 282.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NSF (BCS-1226942)
- Spencer Foundation (201100111)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Career Development and Diversity
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Keywords
- women in academia, underrepresentation of women, African American academics, academic disciplines, humanities versus sciences, gender expectations
- MeSH terms
- Workforce, Achievement, Aptitude, Attitude, Black or African American, Career Choice, Culture, Education, Graduate, Faculty, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Natural Science Disciplines, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Characteristics, Social Sciences, Stereotyping, Students, Women, Sexism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review