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The Contribution of Noise to Contrast Invariance of Orientation Tuning in Cat Visual Cortex
Abstract
Feedforward models of visual cortex appear to be inconsistent with a well-known property of cortical cells: contrast invariance of orientation tuning. The models' fixed threshold broadens orientation tuning as contrast increases, whereas in real cells tuning width is invariant with contrast. We have compared the orientation tuning of spike and membrane potential responses in single cells. Both are contrast invariant, yet a threshold-linear relation applied to the membrane potential accurately predicts the orientation tuning of spike responses. The key to this apparent paradox lies in the noisiness of the membrane potential. Responses that are subthreshold on average are still capable of generating spikes on individual trials. Unlike the iceberg effect, contrast invariance remains intact even as threshold narrows orientation selectivity. Noise may, by extension, smooth the average relation between membrane potential and spike rate throughout the brain.
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“Neurons in many cortical and subcortical brain areas exhibit robust gain modulation that may contribute to multiple cognitive functions, including attention, learning, sensory processing and multimodal integration1–3,7,8,13–17.”
From Mechanisms underlying gain modulation in the cortex (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“These fluctuations may contribute to contrast-invariant tuning in neurons of the visual cortex of cats and rodents10,13,63,64.”
From Mechanisms underlying gain modulation in the cortex (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Synaptically driven fluctuations in the Vm smooth the transformation from Vm depolarization to spike output, creating a power-law relationship between the mean Vm and the mean firing rate13,63.”
From Mechanisms underlying gain modulation in the cortex (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Similarly, background synaptic noise that is uncorrelated with ongoing visual stimulation contributes to maintaining stable orientation tuning in visual cortex neurons across varying levels of visual contrast13.”
From Mechanisms underlying gain modulation in the cortex (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Anderson, J. S., Lampl, I., Gillespie, D. C., & Ferster, D.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ferster, David
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2000-12-08
- Volume
- 290
- Issue
- 5498
- Pages
- 1968-1972
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2028546686
- Cited by
- 422
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 10.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01 EY-04726, R01EY004726)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- contrast invariance, orientation tuning, visual cortex, noise, membrane potential, spike responses, feedforward models, cats, orientation selectivity, subthreshold responses
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Cats, Membrane Potentials, Microelectrodes, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Neurons, Orientation, Photic Stimulation, Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, Contrast Sensitivity, Patch-Clamp Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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