Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Stimulus-Dependent Gain Modulation in Primary Visual Cortex Neurons In Vivo
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Gain modulation is a widespread neuronal phenomenon that modifies response amplitude without changing selectivity. Computational and in vitro studies have proposed cellular mechanisms of gain modulation based on the postsynaptic effects of background synaptic activation, but these mechanisms have not been studied in vivo. Here, we used intracellular recordings from cat primary visual cortex to measure neuronal gain while changing background synaptic activity with visual stimulation. We found that increases in the membrane fluctuations associated with increases in synaptic input do not obligatorily result in gain modulation in vivo. However, visual stimuli that evoked sustained changes in resting membrane potential, input resistance, and membrane fluctuations robustly modulated neuronal gain. The magnitude of gain modulation depended critically on the spatiotemporal properties of the visual stimulus. Gain modulation in vivo may thus be determined on a moment-to-moment basis by sensory context and the consequent dynamics of synaptic activation.
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Vm fluctuations are regulated by environmental factors and stimulus conditions, as well as by several neuromodulatory influences.
“Importantly, Vm fluctuations are regulated by environmental factors and stimulus conditions, as well as by several neuromodulatory influences61.”
From Mechanisms underlying gain modulation in the cortex (2020) · cites this paper as [61]
Unlike synaptically driven Vm fluctuations, changes in membrane conductance and depolarization cause lateral, or additive, shifts in the I/O transfer function of a neuron without changes in neuronal gain.
“Unlike synaptically driven Vm fluctuations, changes in membrane conductance and depolarization cause lateral, or additive, shifts in the I/O transfer function of a neuron without changes in neuronal gain57,58,60,61,83,84.”
From Mechanisms underlying gain modulation in the cortex (2020) · cites this paper as [61]
Temporally coincident changes in conductance state and synaptic fluctuations exert a powerful effect on neuronal gain at the single-cell level.
“Together, temporally coincident changes in conductance state and synaptic fluctuations exert a powerful effect on neuronal gain at the single-cell level57,58,60,61,83,84.”
From Mechanisms underlying gain modulation in the cortex (2020) · cites this paper as [61]
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“A subsequent 17 theoretical study posits that both mechanisms may be necessary [16], which is supported 18 by experimental evidence from intracellular in vivo recordings [17], indicating that these 19 processes are not mutually exclusive and may instead operate in different regimes.”
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How Memory Conforms to Brain Development
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Input and Output Gain Modulation by the Lateral Interhemispheric Network in Early Visual Cortex
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Spatial and Temporal Features of Synaptic to Discharge Receptive Field Transformation in Cat Area 17
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Single-cell optogenetics reveals attenuation-by-suppression in visual cortical neuronsPreprint
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Thalamocortical synapses in the cat visual system in vivo are weak and unreliable
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Self-citationEffects of contrast and contrast adaptation on static receptive field features in macaque area V1
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Robust effects of corticothalamic feedback and behavioral state on movie responses in mouse dLGNPreprint
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Emergence of Emotion Selectivity in Deep Neural Networks Trained to Recognize Visual Objects
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- Authors
- Cardin, J. A., Palmer, L. A., & Contreras, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Contreras, Diego
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 150-160
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2504695
- OpenAlex
- W2057222662
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 1878 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY016430, R01EY013984, F32EY017501, K99EY018407)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- gain modulation, primary visual cortex, neuronal gain, resting membrane potential, input resistance, membrane fluctuations, visual stimulation, cat visual cortex
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Cats, Computer Simulation, Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation, Electric Stimulation, Models, Neurological, Synaptic Transmission, Neurons, Photic Stimulation, Synapses, Visual Cortex, Contrast Sensitivity, Patch-Clamp Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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