Exposing the exposures responsible for type 2 diabetes and obesity
Abstract
The rising prevalences of type 2 diabetes and obesity constitute major threats to human health globally. Powerful social and economic factors influence the distribution of these diseases among and within populations. These factors act on a substrate of individual predisposition derived from the composite effects of inherited DNA variation and a range of environmental exposures experienced throughout the life course. Although “Western” lifestyle represents a convenient catch-all culprit for such exposures, effective treatment and prevention will be informed by characterization of the most critical, causal environmental factors. In this Review, we examine how burgeoning understanding of the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes and obesity can highlight nongenetic exposures that drive development of these conditions.
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Human genetics has a unique potential for causal inference.
“Human genetics will also, given its unique potential for causal inference, support identification of the non-genetic risk factors (often modifiable) that directly contribute to disease predisposition and development165.”
From A brief history of human disease genetics (2020) · cites this paper as [165]
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- Authors
- Franks, P. W., & McCarthy, M. I.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- Corresponding author
- McCarthy, Mark I.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2016-10-07
- Volume
- 354
- Issue
- 6308
- Pages
- 69-73
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2527803868
- Cited by
- 265
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 29
- FWCI
- 3.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (98381)
- Medical Research Council (MR/L020149/1, MR/M004422/1)
- National Institutes of Health (DK098032, DK105535)
- European Commission (HEALTH-F4-2007-201413, CoG-2015_681742_NASCENT, IMI_JU_2010_DIRECT, IMI_JU_2016_RHAPSODY)
- Swedish Research Council
- Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation
- Swedish Diabetes Association
- European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes
- Novo Nordisk Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, obesity, environmental exposure, genetic susceptibility, Western lifestyle, life course, social determinants of health, causal factors, disease prevention, epigenetics
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Energy Metabolism, Environmental Exposure, Humans, Life Style, Obesity, Gene-Environment Interaction, Microbiota
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