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Cited by 380EEG and Brain-Computer InterfacesGaze Tracking and Assistive TechnologyMuscle activation and electromyography studies

Noninvasive neuroimaging enhances continuous neural tracking for robotic device control

Open access
Edelman, B. J., Meng, J., Suma, D., Zurn, C., Nagarajan, E., Baxter, B. S., Cline, C. C., He, B.·2019·Science Robotics
DOI 10.1126/scirobotics.aaw6844PMC PMC6814169
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Abstract

Noninvasive neuroimaging and increased user engagement improve EEG-based neural decoding and facilitate real-time 2D robotic device control.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/scirobotics.aaw6844

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

0 of 28 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The framework improved BCI learning by more than 500% in the continuous pursuit task.

    “by over 500% in the more realistic continuous pursuit task.”
    • Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
      “and by over 500% in the more realistic CP task.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The framework improved BCI learning by nearly 60% for traditional center-out tasks.

    “our unique framework enhanced BCI learning by nearly 60% for traditional center-out tasks”
    • Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
      “employing a CP task training paradigm increased BCI learning by nearly 60% for traditional DT tasks”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    A noninvasive EEG-based framework can provide neural control of a robotic device during continuous random target tracking.

    “Here, we present and validate a noninvasive framework utilizing electroencephalography (EEG) to achieve the neural control of a robotic device for continuous random target tracking.”
    • Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
      “we present here a unified noninvasive framework for the continuous EEG-based 2-dimensional (2D) control of a physical robotic arm.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The effect size for the source-sensor performance difference in naïve users was strikingly similar to that in experienced users.

    “Nevertheless, the effect size for the performance difference was strikingly similar to that of experienced users (Fig, 5a,c, Table S1), indicating an improvement of similar magnitude.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    CP task training produced stronger behavioral and physiological learning effects than traditional DT task training.

    “We found that CP task training produced stronger behavioral and physiological learning effects than traditional DT task training”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
      “We have demonstrated that the CP BCI paradigm can not only be used to successfully gauge a user’s BCI proficiency, but can also serve as a more effective training tool than traditional center-out DT tasks”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Engaging users and maintaining attention through stimulating task paradigms may reduce differences in internal motivation.
  • May combine two claims. 21
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 23
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    CP-trained users showed significant performance improvements in familiar and unfamiliar tasks, demonstrating flexible skill acquisition.

    “Contrary to users trained with the DT task, those trained with the CP task displayed significant performance improvements in familiar and unfamiliar tasks (Fig. 2d–f), demonstrating highly flexible skill acquisition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Experienced users' trajectories had squared tracking correlations of about 0.48 horizontally and 0.47 vertically.

    “Trajectories from experienced users were unwrapped (Fig. S1c) to reveal squared tracking correlations of ρhor2=0.48±0.20 and ρver2=0.47±0.19 (Fig. S2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For the horizontal dimension at evaluation, the CP group showed highly focal bilateral modulation patterns, while the DT group showed more global modulation.

    “For the horizontal dimension at the evaluation session, the CP group produced highly focal bilateral modulation patterns, whereas more global modulation was observed for the DT group (Fig. 3b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Naïve users showed overall improved online performance with source control, but the improvement did not reach significance for 2D control.

    “Naïve users also demonstrated overall improved online performance with source control, although this improvement did not reach significance for 2D control (F(1,12) = 3.02, p = 0.11, Fig. 5c).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Users in this study struggled to keep the cursor in one location and often showed oscillatory tracking around the target.

    “In accordance with invasive reports, users in our study struggled to keep the cursor in a single location, often exhibiting oscillatory tracking behavior around the target (Fig. 2b, S1a–b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The CP BCI paradigm can gauge a user's BCI proficiency and is a more effective training tool than traditional center-out DT tasks.

    “We have demonstrated that the CP BCI paradigm can not only be used to successfully gauge a user’s BCI proficiency, but can also serve as a more effective training tool than traditional center-out DT tasks, accelerating the acquisition of neural cursor control and driving the associated physiological changes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Engaging users and maintaining attention through stimulating task paradigms may reduce differences in internal motivation.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The DT-trained group only modestly improved in the CP task after training, while the CP-trained group significantly improved in the DT task.

    “When considering unfamiliar tasks, the DT training group only modestly improved in the CP task after training (Tukey’s HSD post hoc p = 0.96, Fig. 2d, right bars) while the CP training group displayed a significant improvement in the DT task (Tukey’s HSD post hoc p < 0.005, Fig. 2e, left bars).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    CP-trained individuals significantly improved in the CP task after training, while DT-trained individuals did not.

    “Individuals trained with the CP task significantly improved in the same task after training (Tukey’s HSD post hoc p < 0.05), Fig. 2d, left bars), whereas those trained with the DT task did not (Tukey’s HSD post hoc p = 0.14, Fig. 2e, right bars).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The sCP group significantly improved in both the 2D CP and 2D DT tasks after training.

    “Similar to the CP group, the sCP group significantly improved in both the 2D CP (Tukey’s HSD post hoc p < 0.05, Fig. 4a, right bars) and 2D DT tasks (Tukey’s HSD post hoc p < 0.05, Fig. 4b, right bars) after training.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Very few tracking correlation values were negative for both the original and physically constrained CP task.

    “Furthermore, very few tracking correlation values were negative for both the original and physically constrained CP task.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Not all sessions contained both distinct vertical and horizontal eye activity components meeting criteria.

    “Not all sessions contained both distinct components meeting these criteria.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Sixty-eight healthy humans participated after giving written consent to an IRB-approved protocol.

    “68 healthy humans were informed and participated in different phases of this study after providing written consent to a protocol approved by the relevant Institutional Review Board at the University of Minnesota or Carnegie Mellon University.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationown data

    The larger blink reduction during CP suggests that CP elicited heightened user engagement during active control.

    “suggests that the CP task elicited heightened user engagement during active control”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Engaging users and maintaining attention through stimulating task paradigms may reduce differences in internal motivation.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The oscillatory tracking actions demonstrate directed cursor trajectories toward the target and show the system's ability to capture users' dynamic mental intent.

    “While these actions demonstrate directed cursor trajectories towards the target and highlight the ability of our system to accurately capture the users’ dynamic mental intent”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The physiological difference between naïve and experienced users aligns with their performance difference and supports the contrast in BCI proficiency and the skill-dependent effect of source-based control.

    “This physiological difference between naïve and experienced users is in line with their performance difference (MSE) and further supports the contrast in BCI proficiency among the two groups and the overarching effect of source-based control depending on user skill level.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Increased task-specific source modulation indicates higher sensitivity for detecting changes in motor-related mental state and is likely due to ESI principles and counteracting volume conduction.

    “The increased task-specific source modulation indicates a higher sensitivity for detecting changes in a user’s motor-related mental state and is likely a product of the principles of ESI and its use in modeling and counteracting volume conduction.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Naïve participants with PVC above 80% for both runs of any DT dimension were excluded from the training cohort as proficient.

    “Naïve participants obtaining percent valid correct (PVC) values of >80% for both runs of any of the three DT dimensions were excluded from the training cohort as these users are often considered proficient (n=5/38) (14, 28).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [14] Chaudhary U, Birbaumer N, Ramos-Murguialday A, Brain–computer interfaces for communication and rehabilitation. Nat. Rev. Neurol 12, 513– 525 (2016). 27539560 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [28] LaFleur K, Quadcopter control in three-dimensional space using a noninvasive motor imagery-based brain–computer interface. J. Neural Eng. 10, 46003 (2013). PMC3839680 23735712 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationown data

    The similarity between virtual cursor and robotic arm control suggests that virtual cursor exposure could be integrated into future clinical training paradigms.

    “Overall, the striking similarity between virtual cursor control and robotic arm control highlights the possibility of integrating virtual cursor exposure into future clinical training paradigms where patients have limited access to robotic arm training time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A user's motivation and cognitive arousal have significant roles in BCI skill acquisition and task performance.

    “it is generally thought that a user’s motivation and cognitive arousal play significant roles in the process of skill acquisition and eventual task performance (15, 16).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [15] Lotze M, Braun C, Birbaumer N, Anders S, Cohen LG, Motor learning elicited by voluntary drive. Brain. 126, 866– 872 (2003). 12615644 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [16] Musallam S, Corneil BD, Greger B, Scherberger H, Andersen RA, Cognitive control signals for neural prosthetics. Science (80-.). 305, 258– 62 (2004). 15247483 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    ESI uses the electrical properties and geometry of the head to reduce volume conduction and estimate cortical activity.

    “Electrical source imaging (ESI) is one such approach that uses the electrical properties and geometry of the head to mitigate the effects of volume conduction and estimate cortical activity (26).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] He B, Sohrabpour A, Brown E, Liu Z, Electrophysiological Source Imaging: A Noninvasive Window to Brain Dynamics. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng 20, 171– 196 (2018). 29494213 PMC7941524 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Increased blinking at evaluation supports skill acquisition because improved performance required less attention.

    “Increased blink activity at the evaluation supports user skill acquisition, as less attention was required for improved performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The baseline reduction in blinking suggests heightened attention, probably caused by the novelty of BCI.

    “suggesting heightened attention that was likely due to the novelty of BCI in general.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The work is necessary for current EEG-based BCI paradigms to achieve useful and effective noninvasive robotic device control.

    “Therefore, in all, the work presented in this paper is necessary for current EEG-based BCI paradigms to achieve useful and effective noninvasive robotic device control and its results are pertinent in directing both ongoing and future studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Participants were split into three training groups balanced by 1D LR DT performance.

    “Participants were divided into three training groups using the 1D LR DT performance as the balancing metric (Fig. S3a, Fig. S5a).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    All behavioral and electrophysiological metrics were first tested with Shapiro-Wilk for normality of residuals.

    “All behavioral and electrophysiological metrics were first evaluated with the Shapiro-Wilk test to test for the normality of the residuals of a standard ANOVA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    The choice to use ρ2 was based on user control; negative correlations indicate high quality inverted control, and simple weight inversion can lead to high tracking performance.

    “The choice to use ρ2 (squared tracking correlation) was based on the concept of user control; signed values of ρ much less than 0 are superior to small positive values (e.g. −1 vs +0.01) as they suggest high quality control that is inverted, and that the simple inversion of weights can lead to high tracking performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Six of nineteen recruited participants passed the screening criteria.

    “Six of nineteen recruited participants passed these criteria.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Participants for the robotic arm phase were excluded by a two-stage performance evaluation.

    “Participants were excluded based on a two-stage performance evaluation: (1) failure to achieve >70% 1D PVC (sessions 1–2) or >40% 2D PVC (session 2) in two sequential runs, and (2) failure to achieve >90% 1D PVC and >70% 2D PVC (sessions 3–5) in two sequential runs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Artifactual trials for DT and CP runs were identified during online control or offline visual inspection and removed.

    “Artifactual trials for both DT and CP runs were identified during online BCI control or by offline visual inspection of the EEG and removed from subsequent analysis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    In each BCI session, the decoding strategy (sensor or source) was randomized and balanced across the population.

    “In each BCI session, participants completed 12 runs of CP BCI (4 × 1D LR, 4 × 1D UD, and 4 × 2D) with the decoding strategy (sensor or source) being randomized and balanced across the population.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Parcellation improves the condition of the EEG inverse problem and reduces computation time, making it attractive for real-time applications.

    “Parcellation is particularly attractive for real-time applications as it improves the condition of the EEG inverse problem and reduces computation time (48).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] Mattout J, Pélégrini-Issac M, Garnero L, Benali H, Multivariate source prelocalization (MSP): Use of functionally informed basis functions for better conditioning the MEG inverse problem. Neuroimage. 26, 356– 73 (2005). 15907296 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Chance performance in the DT paradigm is validly estimated by dividing 100% by the number of targets because timed-out trials are typically excluded.

    “Chance performance in the DT paradigm was determined by dividing 100% by the number of targets in each control dimension. This is valid as trials which time out are typically excluded when calculating performance for the DT task.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The Source vs. Sensor phase had no exclusion criteria because participants were in well-defined naïve or experienced states.

    “There were no exclusion criteria in this phase of the study as participants were in well-defined naïve or experienced states.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Non-stationary high variance signals were removed from raw EEG using the ASR EEGlab plugin.

    “Non-stationary high variance signals were initially removed from the raw EEG using the artifact subspace reconstruction (ASR) EEGlab plugin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Multiple comparisons were corrected with Tukey's HSD for fewer than 10 comparisons and false discovery rate for more than 10 comparisons.

    “If less than 10 multiple comparisons were made, a Tukey’s HSD test was used to correct for multiple comparisons, and if greater than 10 comparisons, false discovery rate correction (p < 0.05) was employed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Experienced users attended up to three BCI sessions and naïve users one session to avoid confounding from learning.

    “Experienced users participated in up to three BCI sessions and the naïve users in a single session to avoid the confounding effects of learning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Mann-Whitney U with Bonferroni correction was used for comparing ρ2 of neural control with noise in constrained CP and feature spread in source and sensor domains.

    “A Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was used for specific cases: comparing squared tracking correlation values (ρ2) of neural control with noise in the constrained CP task and comparing the feature spread in the source and sensor domains in naïve and experienced users.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Baseline and evaluation sessions all used sensor control for consistency across groups.

    “Baseline and evaluation sessions were all completed using sensor control for consistency across groups.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Each user completed five source CP BCI sessions with 12 runs of virtual cursor and robotic arm control in block-randomized order across users.

    “Each user participated in five source CP BCI sessions containing 12 runs (60s) (session 1–2: 6 × 1D LR, 6 × 1D UD; session 3–5: 3 × 1D LR, 3 × 1D UD, 6 × 2D) of both virtual cursor and robotic arm control in block-randomized order across users.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
39 of 39

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Invasive BCIs require substantial medical and surgical expertise, which limits their use beyond a few clinical cases.

    “However, the substantial amount of medical and surgical expertise required to correctly implant and operate these systems significantly limits their use beyond a few clinical cases.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Engaging users and maintaining attention through stimulating task paradigms may reduce differences in internal motivation.

    “Although levels of internal motivation vary across populations and time (17), engaging users and maintaining attention via stimulating task paradigms may diminish these differences.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    ESI approaches had not been validated online before this work.

    “however, these approaches have yet to be validated online.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Motor imagination without feedback can provide a measure of a user's natural ability to produce discriminative EEG patterns.

    “While BCI feedback plays a significant role in facilitating sensorimotor rhythm modulation (33), MI without feedback can provide a measure of a user’s natural ability to produce the associated discriminative EEG patterns.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    CP cursor control requires highly dynamic cognitive processes to recognize and correct for random and sudden changes in the target's trajectory.

    “CP cursor control requires highly dynamic cognitive processes to recognize and correct for the random and sudden changes in the target’s trajectory during tracking.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The physical robotic device inherently creates a more distracting environment for neural control than a virtual cursor.

    “The presence of the physical robotic device inherently creates a more distracting environment for neural control compared to that of a virtual cursor.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Current BCI task paradigms do not account for the random perturbations that occur in daily life.

    “While these tasks provide robust testbeds for novel decoding algorithms, they do not account for the random perturbations that invariably occur in daily life.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Invasive systems have already achieved a level of control similar to the noninvasive hypothetical.

    “It should be noted that invasive systems have already demonstrated a level of control similar to such a noninvasive hypothetical”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most impaired persons will likely not qualify for invasive systems because of medical and financial limitations.

    “while such invasive approaches may offer much-needed help to a restricted number of patients with severe physical dysfunctions, the majority of impaired persons will likely not qualify for participation due to both medical and financial limitations.”
9 of 9

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Common wearable techniques include EEG, sEMG, and EOG, which capture electrical activity of the brain, muscles, and eye movements respectively.

    “Common wearable techniques include electroencephalography (EEG),[281,282] surface electromyography (sEMG),[283,284] and electrooculography (EOG),[285] which capture the electrical activity of the brain, muscles, and eye movements respectively.”

    From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [281]

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • ConsistentF(1, 20) = 7.39reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .013

    “F(1,20)=7.39, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(1, 20) = 19.8reported p < .005 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,20)=19.80, p < .005”

  • ConsistentF(1, 63) = 9.84reported p < .005 · recomputed p = .003

    “F(1,63) = 9.84, p < .005”

  • ConsistentF(1, 63) = 3.51reported p = .066 · recomputed p = .066

    “F(1,63) = 3.51, p = .066”

  • ConsistentF(1, 20) = 4.7reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .042

    “F(1,20)=4.70, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(1, 20) = 21.01reported p < .005 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,20)=21.01, p < .005”

  • ConsistentF(1, 69) = 9.83reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .003

    “F(1,69) = 9.83, p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 69) = 20.96reported p < .005 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,69) = 20.96, p < .005”

  • ConsistentF(1, 12) = 3.02reported p = .11 · recomputed p = .108

    “F(1,12) = 3.02, p = .11”

  • ConsistentF(1, 12) = 2.02reported p = .18 · recomputed p = .181

    “F(1,12) = 2.02, p = .18”

  • ConsistentF(2, 40) = 2.62reported p = .086 · recomputed p = .085

    “F(2,40) = 2.62, p = .086”

  • ConsistentF(2, 40) = 0.13reported p = .88 · recomputed p = .878

    “F(2,40) = 0.13, p = .88”

  • ConsistentF(2, 40) = 0.77reported p = .47 · recomputed p = .470

    “F(2,40) = 0.77, p = .47”

13 of 13

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Mean squared error is defined two different ways

    Minor

    The Results define MSE as an average of squared errors. The Methods instead say it averages an error time series whose values are defined as Euclidean distances, without squaring them.

1 of 1

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 51 · Cited by 380

Authors
Edelman, B. J., Meng, J., Suma, D., Zurn, C., Nagarajan, E., Baxter, B. S., Cline, C. C., & He, B.
Affiliations
  • University of Minnesota (US)
  • Carnegie Mellon University (US)
Corresponding author
  • Meng, J.
  • Suma, D.
  • He, B.
ORCID
Venue
Science Robotics
Publisher
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published
2019-06-26
Volume
4
Issue
31
ISSN
2470-9476 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1126/scirobotics.aaw6844
PMC
PMC6814169
OpenAlex
W2949263306
Cited by
380
References
51
Citations by year
2026: 25 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1
FWCI
27.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Science Robotics (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (CBET-1264782)
  • National Institutes of Health (AT009263, MH114233, EB021027, NS096761, F31NS096964)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
Keywords
brain-computer interface, non-invasive brain imaging, EEG, robotic arm control, EEG source localization, neural decoding, neurorobotics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-04.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-04.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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