The Microbiota of Breast Tissue and Its Association with Breast Cancer
Open accessAbstract
UNLABELLED: In the United States, 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime. Along with genetics, the environment contributes to disease development, but what these exact environmental factors are remains unknown. We have previously shown that breast tissue is not sterile but contains a diverse population of bacteria. We thus believe that the host's local microbiome could be modulating the risk of breast cancer development. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we show that bacterial profiles differ between normal adjacent tissue from women with breast cancer and tissue from healthy controls. Women with breast cancer had higher relative abundances of Bacillus, Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus Escherichia coli (a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family) and Staphylococcus epidermidis, isolated from breast cancer patients, were shown to induce DNA double-stranded breaks in HeLa cells using the histone-2AX (H2AX) phosphorylation (γ-H2AX) assay. We also found that microbial profiles are similar between normal adjacent tissue and tissue sampled directly from the tumor. This study raises important questions as to what role the breast microbiome plays in disease development or progression and how we can manipulate this for possible therapeutics or prevention. IMPORTANCE: This study shows that different bacterial profiles in breast tissue exist between healthy women and those with breast cancer. Higher relative abundances of bacteria that had the ability to cause DNA damage in vitro were detected in breast cancer patients, as was a decrease in some lactic acid bacteria, known for their beneficial health effects, including anticarcinogenic properties. This study raises important questions as to the role of the mammary microbiome in modulating the risk of breast cancer development.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Cultivable bacteria have been demonstrated by other studies in breast, lung, prostate, pancreatic, and colon cancers.
“However, other studies have indeed shown cultivable bacteria in breast (127–129), lung (18), prostate (130, 131), pancreas (14, 15), and colon cancers (19, 132)”
From The microbiome and human cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [128]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data
Caporaso, J. G., Kuczynski, J., Stombaugh, J., Bittinger, K., Bushman, F. D., Costello, E. K., Fierer, N., Peña, A. G., Goodrich, J. K., Gordon, J. I., et al. (2010) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.f.303 · Cited by 34,887 · see citing works
Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST
Edgar, R. C. (2010) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq461 · Cited by 20,617 · see citing works
MUSCLE: a multiple sequence alignment method with reduced time and space complexity
Edgar, R. (2004) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-5-113 · Cited by 8,948 · see citing works
UniFrac: a New Phylogenetic Method for Comparing Microbial Communities
Lozupone, C., & Knight, R. (2005) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.71.12.8228-8235.2005 · Cited by 8,227 · see citing works
A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins
Turnbaugh, P. J., Hamady, M., Yatsunenko, T., Cantarel, B. L., Duncan, A., Ley, R. E., Sogin, M. L., Jones, W. J., Roe, B. A., Affourtit, J. P., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07540 · Cited by 7,823 · see citing works
Pruesse, E., Quast, C., Knittel, K., Fuchs, B. M., Ludwig, W., Peplies, J., & Glöckner, F. O. (2007) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkm864 · Cited by 6,682 · see citing works
FastTree: Computing Large Minimum Evolution Trees with Profiles instead of a Distance Matrix
Price, M. N., Dehal, P. S., & Arkin, A. P. (2009) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msp077 · Cited by 5,602 · see citing works
Frank, D. N., St. Amand, A. L., Feldman, R. A., Boedeker, E. C., Harpaz, N., & Pace, N. R. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0706625104 · Cited by 4,611 · see citing works
The Statistical Analysis of Compositional Data
Aitchison, J. (1986) · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4109-0 · Cited by 4,383 · see citing works
The Statistical Analysis of Compositional Data
Piepel, G. F., & Aitchison, J. (1988) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270335 · Cited by 3,410 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota in Human Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Differs from Non-Diabetic Adults
Larsen, N., Vogensen, F. K., van den Berg, F. W. J., Nielsen, D. S., Andreasen, A. S., Pedersen, B. K., Al-Soud, W. A., Sørensen, S. J., Hansen, L. H., & Jakobsen, M. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009085 · Cited by 2,952 · see citing works
The gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer
Louis, P., Hold, G. L., & Flint, H. J. (2014) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro3344 · Cited by 2,836 · see citing works
DNA double-strand breaks: signaling, repair and the cancer connection
Khanna, K. K., & Jackson, S. P. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/85798 · Cited by 2,455 · see citing works
Genomic instability — an evolving hallmark of cancer
Negrini, S., Gorgoulis, V. G., & Halazonetis, T. D. (2010) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm2858 · Cited by 2,397 · see citing works
Intestinal inflammation targets cancer-inducing activity of the microbiota
Arthur, J. C., Perez-Chanona, E., Mühlbauer, M., Tomkovich, S., Uronis, J. M., Fan, T.-J., Campbell, B. J., Abujamel, T., Dogan, B., Rogers, A. B., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1224820 · Cited by 2,263 · see citing works
Disordered Microbial Communities in Asthmatic Airways
Hilty, M., Burke, C. M., Pedro, H., Cárdenas, P., Bush, A., Bossley, C. J., Davies, J. C., Ervine, A., Poulter, L. W., Pachter, L. S., et al. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008578 · Cited by 1,825 · see citing works
Schwabe, R. F., & Jobin, C. (2013) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3610 · Cited by 1,689 · see citing works
Periodontitis: a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis
Darveau, R. P. (2010) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2337 · Cited by 1,688 · see citing works
Fernandes, A. D., Reid, J. N., Macklaim, J. M., McMurrough, T. A., Edgell, D. R., & Gloor, G. B. (2014) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/2049-2618-2-15 · Cited by 1,329 · see citing works
Self-citationStructural segregation of gut microbiota between colorectal cancer patients and healthy volunteers
Wang, T., Cai, G., Qiu, Y., Fei, N., Zhang, M., Pang, X., Jia, W., Cai, S., & Zhao, L. (2012) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.109 · Cited by 1,287 · see citing works
Imai, K., Matsuyama, S., Miyaké, S., Suga, K., & Nakachi, K. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03231-1 · Cited by 1,189 · see citing works
<i>Escherichia coli</i> Induces DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Eukaryotic Cells
Nougayrède, J.-P., Homburg, S., Taieb, F., Boury, M., Brzuszkiewicz, E., Gottschalk, G., Buchrieser, C., Hacker, J., Dobrindt, U., & Oswald, E. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1127059 · Cited by 1,188 · see citing works
Associating microbiome composition with environmental covariates using generalized UniFrac distances
Chen, J., Bittinger, K. L., Charlson, E. S., Hoffmann, C., Lewis, J. D., Wu, G. D., Collman, R. G., Bushman, F. D., & Li, H. (2012) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts342 · Cited by 1,147 · see citing works
Communicable Ulcerative Colitis Induced by T-bet Deficiency in the Innate Immune System
Garrett, W. S., Lord, G. M., Punit, S., Lugo‐Villarino, G., Mazmanian, S. K., Ito, S., Glickman, J. N., & Glimcher, L. H. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.017 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Cancers of the prostate and breast among Japanese and white immigrants in Los Angeles County
Shimizu, H., Ross, R., Bernstein, L., Yatani, R., Henderson, B. E., & Mack, T. (1991) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1991.210 · Cited by 890 · see citing works
Cuevas-Ramos, G., Petit, C. R., Marcq, I., Boury, M., Oswald, E., & Nougayrède, J.-P. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1001261107 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
The Gut Microbiome Modulates Colon Tumorigenesis
Zackular, J. P., Baxter, N. T., Iverson, K. D., Sadler, W. D., Petrosino, J. F., Chen, G., & Schloss, P. D. (2013) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00692-13 · Cited by 717 · see citing works
Stool microbiome and metabolome differences between colorectal cancer patients and healthy adults
Weir, T. L., Manter, D. K., Sheflin, A. M., Barnett, B. A., Heuberger, A. L., & Ryan, E. P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070803 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
Propionate as a health-promoting microbial metabolite in the human gut
Hosseini, E., Grootaert, C., Verstraete, W., & de Wiele, T. V. (2011) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00388.x · Cited by 586 · see citing works
Comparison of the microbiota of supra‐ and subgingival plaque in health and periodontitis
Ximenez‐Fyvie, L., Haffajee, A. D., & Socransky, S. S. (2000) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1034/j.1600-051x.2000.027009648.x · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Microbiota of Human Breast Tissue
Urbaniak, C., Cummins, J., Brackstone, M., Macklaim, J. M., Gloor, G. B., Baban, C. K., Scott, L., O'Hanlon, D. M., Burton, J. P., Francis, K. P., et al. (2014) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00242-14 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh Prevalence of Mucosa-Associated E. coli Producing Cyclomodulin and Genotoxin in Colon Cancer
Buc, E., Dubois, D., Sauvanet, P., Raisch, J., Delmas, J., Darfeuille-Michaud, A., Pezet, D., & Bonnet, R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056964 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Mager, D. L., Haffajee, A. D., Devlin, P. M., Norris, C., Posner, M., & Goodson, J. (2005) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/1479-5876-3-27 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Substantial Alterations of the Cutaneous Bacterial Biota in Psoriatic Lesions
Gao, Z., Tseng, C., Strober, B. E., Pei, Z., & Blaser, M. J. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002719 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Aldunate, M., Srbinovski, D., Hearps, A. C., Latham, C. F., Ramsland, P. A., Gugasyan, R., Cone, R. A., & Tachedjian, G. (2015) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00164 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Repair of DNA double strand breaks by non-homologous end joining
Lees‐Miller, S. P. (2003) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2003.10.011 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Toller, I. M., Neelsen, K. J., Steger, M., Hartung, M. L., Hottiger, M. O., Stucki, M., Kalali, B. N., Gerhard, M., Sartori, A. A., Lopes, M., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1100959108 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Local bacteria affect the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs
Lehouritis, P., Cummins, J., Stanton, M., Murphy, C. T., McCarthy, F. O., Reid, G., Urbaniak, C., Byrne, W. L., & Tangney, M. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep14554 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, N., Chen, J., Carroll, I. M., Ringel-Kulka, T., Epstein, M. P., Zhou, H., Zhou, J. J., Ringel, Y., Li, H., & Wu, M. C. (2015) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.04.003 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Mira‐Pascual, L., Cabrera‐Rubio, R., Ocon, S. M., Costales, P., Parra, A., Suárez, A., Morís, F., Rodrigo, L., Mira, Á., & Collado, M. C. (2014) · Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s00535-014-0963-x · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Deep Sequencing of the Vaginal Microbiota of Women with HIV
Hummelen, R., Fernandes, A. D., Macklaim, J. M., Dickson, R. J., Changalucha, J. M., Gloor, G. B., & Reid, G. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012078 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citationOral microbiome and oral and gastrointestinal cancer risk
Ahn, J., Chen, C. Y., & Hayes, R. B. (2012) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-011-9892-7 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Carrega, P., Bonaccorsi, I., Carlo, E. D., Morandi, B., Paul, P., Rizzello, V., Cipollone, G., Navarra, G., Mingari, M. C., Moretta, L., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1301889 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Consumption of fermented milk products and breast cancer: a case-control study in The Netherlands.
Veer, P. V. ’., Dekker, J. M., Lamers, J. W. J., Kok, F. J., Schouten, E. G., Brants, H. A. M., STURMANS, F., & Hermus, R. J. J. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Wiebe, J. P., Muzia, D., Hu, J. J., Szwajcer, D., Hill, S. A., & Seachrist, J. L. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Strayer, D. R., Carter, W. A., Sd, M., Pequignot, E. C., & Brodsky, I. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Progesterone metabolites in breast cancer
Wiebe, J. P. (2006) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc.1.01010 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Impact of lactic acid bacteria on oxidative DNA damage in human derived colon cells
Koller, V. J., Marian, B., Stidl, R., Nersesyan, A. K., Winter, H., Simic, T. P., Sontag, G., & Knasmüller, S. (2007) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.005 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
de Moreno de LeBlanc, A., Matar, C., Thériault, C., & Perdigón, G. (2005) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2005.05.024 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Cancer incidence patterns among Vietnamese in the United States and Ha Noi, Vietnam
Le, G. M., Gomez, S. L., Clarke, C. A., Glaser, S. L., & West, D. W. (2002) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.10725 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Kosaka, A., Yan, H., Ohashi, S., Gotoh, Y., Sato, A., Tsutsui, H., Kaisho, T., Toda, T., & Tsuji, N. M. (2012) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2012.10.007 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Shiou, S., Yu, Y., Guo, Y., He, S.-M., Mziray-Andrew, C. H., Hoenig, J. D., Sun, J., Petrof, E. O., & Claud, E. C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065108 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Ojanotko-Harri, A., Nikkari, T., Harrl, M., & PAUNIO, K. U. (1990) · Oral Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1399-302x.1990.tb00653.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The human tumor microbiome is composed of tumor type–specific intracellular bacteria
Nejman, D., Livyatan, I., Fuks, G., Gavert, N., Zwang, Y., Geller, L. T., Rotter-Maskowitz, A., Weiser, R., Mallel, G., Gigi, E., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay9189 · Cited by 2,464 · see citing works
The microbiome and human cancer
Sepich-Poore, G. D., Zitvogel, L., Straussman, R., Hasty, J., Wargo, J. A., & Knight, R. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc4552 · Cited by 1,332 · see citing works
The microbiome, cancer, and cancer therapy
Helmink, B. A., Khan, M. A. W., Hermann, A., Gopalakrishnan, V., & Wargo, J. A. (2019) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0377-7 · Cited by 1,200 · see citing works
Tumor-resident intracellular microbiota promotes metastatic colonization in breast cancer
Fu, A., Yao, B., Dong, T., Chen, Y., Yao, J., Liu, Y., Li, H., Bai, H., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.02.027 · Cited by 981 · see citing works
Tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy
Zhou, Y., Tao, L., Qiu, J., Xu, J., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Tian, X., Guan, X., Cen, X., & Zhao, Y. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01823-2 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
The role of the microbiome in cancer development and therapy
Bhatt, A. P., Redinbo, M. R., & Bultman, S. J. (2017) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21398 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Mother’s Milk: A purposeful contribution to the development of the infant microbiota and immunity
Le Doare, K., Holder, B., Bassett, A., & Pannaraj, P. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00361 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
(2023) · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01304-4 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
The Human Microbiome and Its Impacts on Health
Ogunrinola, G. A., Oyewale, J. O., Oshamika, O. O., & Olasehinde, G. I. (2020) · International Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1155/2020/8045646 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Role of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids in cancer development and prevention
Mirzaei, R., Afaghi, A., Babakhani, S., Sohrabi, M., Hosseini‐Fard, S. R., Babolhavaeji, K., Akbari, S. K. A., Yousefimashouf, R., & Karampoor, S. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111619 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Matson, V., Chervin, C. S., & Gajewski, T. F. (2021) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.041 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Thomas, S., Izard, J., Walsh, E. K., Batich, K. A., Chongsathidkiet, P., Clarke, G. A., Sela, D. A., Muller, A. J., Mullin, J. M., Albert, K., et al. (2017) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2929 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Breast Cancer and Its Relationship with the Microbiota
Fernández, M. F., Reina-Pérez, I., Astorga, J. M., Rodríguez-Carrillo, A., Plaza-Díaz, J., & Fontana, L. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15081747 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Unexpected guests in the tumor microenvironment: microbiome in cancer
Wong-Rolle, A., Wei, H. K., Zhao, C. N., & Jin, C. (2020) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1007/s13238-020-00813-8 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Boix-Amorós, A., Collado, M. C., & Mira, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00492 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Distinct Microbial Signatures Associated With Different Breast Cancer Types
Banerjee, S., Tian, T., Wei, Z., Shih, N., Feldman, M. D., Peck, K. N., DeMichele, A. M., Alwine, J. C., & Robertson, E. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00951 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Tzeng, A., Sangwan, N., Jia, M. R., Liu, C.-C., Keslar, K. S., Downs-Kelly, E. P., Fairchild, R. L., Al‐Hilli, Z., Grobmyer, S. R., & Eng, C. (2021) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-021-00874-2 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Intratumoural microbiota: a new frontier in cancer development and therapy
Cao, Y., Xia, H., Tan, X., Shi, C., Ma, Y., Meng, D., Zhou, M., Lv, Z., Wang, S., & Jin, Y. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01693-0 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Parida, S., Wu, S., Siddharth, S., Wang, G., Muniraj, N., Nagalingam, A., Hum, C., Mistriotis, P., Hao, H., Talbot, C. C., et al. (2021) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0537 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Women and Their Microbes: The Unexpected Friendship
Younes, J. A., Lievens, E., Hummelen, R., van der Westen, R., Reid, G., & Petrova, M. (2017) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2017.07.008 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self-citationProfiling the Urinary Microbiota in Male Patients With Bladder Cancer in China
Wu, P., Zhang, G., Zhao, J., Chen, J., Yang, C., Huang, W., Zhong, J., & Zeng, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00167 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Liu, H., Tao, L., Zhang, J., Zhu, Y., Zheng, Y., Liu, D., Zhou, M., Ke, H., Shi, M., & Qu, J. (2018) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.31098 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
The Influence of Lung Microbiota on Lung Carcinogenesis, Immunity, and Immunotherapy
Ramírez-Labrada, A., Isla, D., Artal, A., Arias, M. A., Rezusta, A., Pardo, J., & Gálvez, E. M. (2020) · Trends in cancer · doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2019.12.007 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Yi, D. Y., & Kim, S. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13093094 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Microbiome—Microbial Metabolome—Cancer Cell Interactions in Breast Cancer—Familiar, but Unexplored
Mikó, E., Kovàcs, T., Sebő, É., Tóth, J., Csonka, T., Ujlaki, G., Sipos, A., Szabó, J., Méhes, G., & Bai, P. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8040293 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Advancing to the era of cancer immunotherapy
Wang, Y., Wang, M., Wu, H., & Xu, R. (2021) · 癌症：英文版 · doi:10.1002/cac2.12178 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Microbiota in Tumors: From Understanding to Application
Xie, Y., Xie, F., Zhou, X., Zhang, L., Yang, B., Huang, J., Wang, F., Yan, H., Zhang, L., Zhang, L., et al. (2022) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202200470 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Lithocholic acid, a bacterial metabolite reduces breast cancer cell proliferation and aggressiveness
Mikó, E., Vida, A., Kovàcs, T., Ujlaki, G., Trencsényi, G., Márton, J., Sári, Z., Kovács, P., Boratkó, A., Hujber, Z., et al. (2018) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.04.002 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Breast and Gut Microbiota Action Mechanisms in Breast Cancer Pathogenesis and Treatment
Laborda-Illanes, A., Sánchez‐Alcoholado, L., Domínguez-Recio, M. E., Jiménez-Rodríguez, B., Lavado-Valenzuela, R., Comino‐Méndez, I., Alba, E., & Queipo‐Ortuño, M. I. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12092465 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Treatment: Promising Future Prospects
Thomas, R., Al‐Khadairi, G., & Decock, J. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.600573 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Breast tissue, oral and urinary microbiomes in breast cancer
Wang, H., Altemus, J. B., Niazi, F., Green, H., Calhoun, B. C., Sturgis, C. D., Grobmyer, S. R., & Eng, C. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.21490 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Effect of probiotics and gut microbiota on anti-cancer drugs: Mechanistic perspectives
Badgeley, A., Anwar, H., Modi, K., Murphy, P., & Lakshmikuttyamma, A. (2020) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188494 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Kovàcs, T., Mikó, E., Vida, A., Sebő, É., Tóth, J., Csonka, T., Boratkó, A., Ujlaki, G., Lente, G., Kovács, P., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37664-7 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
A comprehensive analysis of breast cancer microbiota and host gene expression
Thompson, K. J., Ingle, J. N., Tang, X., Chia, N., Jeraldo, P. R., Walther-Antonio, M. R., Kandimalla, K. K., Johnson, S., Yao, J. Z., Harrington, S. C., et al. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188873 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Curty, G., de Carvalho, P. S., & Soares, M. A. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21010222 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
The Role of Chronic Inflammation in the Development of Breast Cancer
Danforth, D. N. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13153918 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Microbiome and Breast Cancer: New Role for an Ancient Population
Eslami-S, Z., Majidzadeh-A, K., Halvaei, S., Babapirali, F., & Esmaeili, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.00120 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Repertoire of Human Breast and Milk Microbiota: A Systematic Review
Togo, A. H., Dufour, J.-C., Lagier, J., Dubourg, G., Raoult, D., & Million, M. (2019) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb-2018-0317 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Chiba, A., Bawaneh, A., Velázquez, C., Clear, K. Y. J., Wilson, A. S., Howard-McNatt, M. M., Levine, E. A., Levi‐Polyachenko, N. H., Yates-Alston, S. A., Diggle, S. P., et al. (2019) · Molecular Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0451 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Costantini, L., Magno, S., Albanese, D., Donati, C., Molinari, R., Filippone, A., Masetti, R., & Merendino, N. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35329-z · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Carcinogenesis and therapeutics: the microbiota perspective
Tsilimigras, M. C. B., Fodor, A., & Jobin, C. (2017) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.8 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Emerging roles of intratumor microbiota in cancer metastasis
Fu, A., Yao, B., Dong, T., & Cai, S. (2022) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2022.11.007 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Plaza‐Díaz, J., Álvarez‐Mercado, A. I., Ruiz‐Marín, C. M., Reina-Pérez, I., Pérez-Alonso, A. J., Sánchez-Andujar, M. B., Torné, P., Gallart‐Aragón, T., Sánchez‐Barrón, M. T., Lartategui, S. D. R., et al. (2019) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-019-5660-y · Cited by 141 · see citing works
The Microbiota of the Human Mammary Ecosystem
Fernández, L., Pannaraj, P. S., Rautava, S., & Rodríguez, J. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.586667 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Current understanding of the intratumoral microbiome in various tumors
Chen, X., Chu, Q., Zheng, Q., Yuan, X. H., Su, Y., Bao, Z., Lu, J., & Li, L. (2023) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100884 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The microbiome and breast cancer: a review
Chen, J. H., Douglass, J., Prasath, V., Neace, M., Atrchian, S., Manjili, M. H., Shokouhi, S., & Habibi, M. (2019) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-019-05407-5 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The microbiome and cancer for clinicians
Picardo, S. L., Coburn, B. A., & Hansen, A. R. (2019) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.06.004 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Zhu, Z., Cai, J., Hou, W., Xu, K., Wu, X., Song, Y., Bai, C., Mo, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2166700 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The Microbiome as a Component of the Tumor Microenvironment
Kovàcs, T., Mikó, E., Ujlaki, G., Sári, Z., & Bai, P. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35727-6_10 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Estrogens and the risk of breast cancer: A narrative review of literature
Al‐Shami, K., Awadi, S., Khamees, A., Alsheikh, A. M., Al-Sharif, S., Bereshy, R., Al-Eitan, S. F., Banikhaled, S. H., Al-Qudimat, A. R., Al‐Zoubi, R. M., et al. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20224 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Breast and gut microbiome in health and cancer
Zhang, J., Xia, Y., & Sun, J. (2020) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2020.08.002 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Smith, A., Pierre, J. F., Makowski, L., Tolley, E. A., Lyn‐Cook, B. D., Lu, L., Vidal, G. A., & Starlard‐Davenport, A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48348-1 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Cancer metastasis: Molecular mechanisms and clinical perspectives
Khan, S. U., Fatima, K., Malik, F. A., Kalkavan, H., & Wani, A. (2023) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108522 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Lithocholic Acid, a Metabolite of the Microbiome, Increases Oxidative Stress in Breast Cancer
Kovács, P., Csonka, T., Kovàcs, T., Sári, Z., Ujlaki, G., Sipos, A. A., Karányi, Z., Szeőcs, D., Hegedűs, C., Uray, K., et al. (2019) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers11091255 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Costa, D. A., Nobre, J. G., Batista, M. V., Ribeiro, C., Callé, C., Cortés, A., Marhold, M., Negreiros, I., Borralho, P., Brito, M., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.584332 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Prognostic correlations with the microbiome of breast cancer subtypes
Banerjee, S., Wei, Z., Tian, T., Bose, D., Shih, N. N. C., Feldman, M. D., Khoury, T., Michele, A. D., & Robertson, E. S. (2021) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-021-04092-x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The power of small changes: Comprehensive analyses of microbial dysbiosis in breast cancer
Parida, S., & Sharma, D. (2019) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.04.001 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Gut microbiome associations with breast cancer risk factors and tumor characteristics: a pilot study
Wu, A. H., Tseng, C.-C., Vigen, C. L. P., Yu, Y., Cozen, W., García, A. A., & SPICER, D. V. (2020) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-020-05702-6 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Intracellular bacteria in cancer—prospects and debates
Schorr, L., Mathies, M., Elinav, E., & Puschhof, J. (2023) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-023-00446-9 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“Omics” in Human Colostrum and Mature Milk: Looking to Old Data with New Eyes
Bardanzellu, F., Fanos, V., & Reali, A. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9080843 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Microbes and Cancer: Friends or Faux?
Azevedo, M. M., Pina‐Vaz, C., & Baltazar, F. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21093115 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The human milk microbiome: who, what, when, where, why, and how?
Stinson, L. F., Sindi, A. S., Cheema, A. S., Lai, C. T., Mühlhäusler, B. S., Wlodek, M. E., Payne, M. S., & Geddes, D. T. (2020) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa029 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Human Breast Milk Bacteriome in Health and Disease
Okunola, A. O., Nicol, M. P., & du Toit, E. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10111643 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Microbial Colonization From the Fetus to Early Childhood—A Comprehensive Review
Senn, V., Bassler, D., Choudhury, R. A., Scholkmann, F., Righini‐Grunder, F., Vuille-dit-Bille, R. N., & Restin, T. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.573735 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Diet Alters Entero-Mammary Signaling to Regulate the Breast Microbiome and Tumorigenesis
Soto‐Pantoja, D. R., Gaber, M. K., Arnone, A. A., Bronson, S. M., Cruz‐Diaz, N., Wilson, A. S., Clear, K. Y. J., Ramirez, M. U., Kucera, G. L., Levine, E. A., et al. (2021) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2983 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Unlocking the Potential of the Human Microbiome for Identifying Disease Diagnostic Biomarkers
Hajjo, R., Sabbah, D. A., & Bawab, A. Q. A. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12071742 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Profiling of tumour-associated microbiota in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Komiyama, S., Yamada, T., Takemura, N., Kokudo, N., Hase, K., & Kawamura, Y. I. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89963-1 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Field cancerization in breast cancer
Gadaleta, E., Thorn, G. J., Ross‐Adams, H., Jones, J. L., & Chelala, C. (2022) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.5902 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Personalized medicine in breast cancer: pharmacogenomics approaches
Jeibouei, S., Akbari, M. E., Kalbasi, A., Aref, A. R., Ajoudanian, M., Rezvani, A., & Zali, H. (2019) · Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine · doi:10.2147/pgpm.s167886 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota and Breast Cancer: The Dual Role of Microbes
Álvarez‐Mercado, A. I., Cano, A. D. V., Fernández, M. F., & Fontana, L. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15020443 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Sequence-Based Characterization of Intratumoral Bacteria—A Guide to Best Practice
Walker, S. P., Tangney, M., & Claesson, M. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.00179 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationTumor microbiome – an integral part of the tumor microenvironment
Čierniková, S., Ševčíková, A., Števurková, V., & Mego, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.1063100 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Ma, W., Zhang, L., Chen, W., Chang, Z., Tu, J., Qin, Y., Yao, Y., Ding, J., Ding, J., Li, S., et al. (2024) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1093/procel/pwae005 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Vinderola, G., Gueimonde, M., Gómez-Gallego, C., Delfederico, L., & Salminen, S. (2017) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2017.08.005 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Exploring breast tissue microbial composition and the association with breast cancer risk factors
German, R., Marino, N., Hemmerich, C. M., Podicheti, R., Rusch, D. B., Stiemsma, L. T., Gao, H., Xuei, X., Rockey, P., & Storniolo, A. M. (2023) · Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13058-023-01677-6 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Microbial Alterations and Risk Factors of Breast Cancer: Connections and Mechanistic Insights
Parida, S., & Sharma, D. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9051091 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The Emerging Role of the Microbiota in Breast Cancer Progression
Bernardo, G., Noci, V. L., Modica, M. D., Montanari, E., Triulzi, T., Pupa, S. M., Tagliabue, E., Sommariva, M., & Sfondrini, L. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12151945 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The Human Microbiome in Relation to Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review of Epidemiologic Studies
Huybrechts, I., Zouiouich, S., Loobuyck, A., Vandenbulcke, Z., Vogtmann, E., Pisanu, S., Iguacel, I., Scalbert, A., Indave, I., Smelov, V., et al. (2020) · Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-0288 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Proal, A. D., & Marshall, T. G. (2018) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2018.00373 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Vergara, D., Simeone, P., Damato, M., Maffia, M., Lanuti, P., & Trerotola, M. (2019) · Journal of Oncology · doi:10.1155/2019/1253727 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Hayashi, M., Ikenaga, N., Nakata, K., Luo, H., Zhong, P., Date, S., Oyama, K., Higashijima, N., Kubo, A., Iwamoto, C., et al. (2023) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.15901 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The differential distribution of bacteria between cancerous and noncancerous ovarian tissues in situ
Wang, Q., Zhao, L., Han, L., Fu, G., Tuo, X., Ma, S., Li, Q., Wang, Y., Liang, D., Tang, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Ovarian Research · doi:10.1186/s13048-019-0603-4 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Comparative analysis of racial differences in breast tumor microbiome
Thyagarajan, S., Zhang, Y., Thapa, S., Allen, M. S., Phillips, N., Chaudhary, P., Kashyap, M. V., & Vishwanatha, J. K. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71102-x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Microbiome, bile acids, and obesity: How microbially modified metabolites shape anti‐tumor immunity
Sipe, L. M., Chaib, M., Pingili, A. K., Pierre, J. F., & Makowski, L. (2020) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12856 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Influence of gut and intratumoral microbiota on the immune microenvironment and anti-cancer therapy
Chen, Y., Liu, B., Yuan, W., & Kuang, D. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105966 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Tesei, D., Jewczynko, A., Lynch, A., & Urbaniak, C. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12040495 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationNon-specific amplification of human DNA is a major challenge for 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis
Walker, S. P., Barrett, M., Hogan, G. E., Bueso, Y. F., Claesson, M. J., & Tangney, M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73403-7 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationPotential Impacts of Prebiotics and Probiotics on Cancer Prevention
Samanta, S. (2020) · Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1871520621999201210220442 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
From Microbiome to Inflammation: The Key Drivers of Cervical Cancer
Zhou, Z., Long, H., Cheng, Y., Luo, H., Wen, D., & Gao, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.767931 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Human milk microbiome: From actual knowledge to future perspective
Selma‐Royo, M., Calvo‐Lerma, J., Cortés-Macías, E., & Collado, M. C. (2021) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.semperi.2021.151450 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Beyond the Gut: The intratumoral microbiome's influence on tumorigenesis and treatment response
Zhang, H., Fu, L., Leiliang, X., Qu, C., Wu, W., Wen, R., Huang, N., He, Q., Cheng, Q., Liu, G., et al. (2024) · 癌症：英文版 · doi:10.1002/cac2.12597 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Esposito, M. V., Fosso, B., Nunziato, M., Casaburi, G., D’Argenio, V., Calabrese, A., D’Aiuto, M., Botti, G., Pesole, G., & Salvatore, F. (2022) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-021-09074-y · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The development of probiotics for women’s health
Reid, G. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1139/cjm-2016-0733 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding genomics and the immune environment of penile cancer to improve therapy
Aydın, A. M., Chahoud, J., Adashek, J. J., Azizi, M., Magliocco, A. M., Ross, J. S., Necchi, A., & Spiess, P. E. (2020) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/s41585-020-0359-z · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Fan, J.-B., Miyauchi, S., Xu, H., Liu, D., Kim, L. J. Y., Burkart, C., Cheng, H., Arimoto, K., Yan, M., Zhou, Y., et al. (2020) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0608 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Urbaniak, C., Lorenzi, H., Thissen, J. B., Jaing, C. J., Crucian, B. E., Sams, C. F., Pierson, D. L., Venkateswaran, K. J., & Mehta, S. K. (2020) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-020-00830-z · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of The Tumor Microbiome in Tumor Development and Its Treatment
Chen, Y., Wu, F., Wu, P., Xing, H., & Ma, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.935846 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Human Gut Microbiota in Health and Selected Cancers
Sędzikowska, A., & Szablewski, L. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222413440 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Bernardo, G., Noci, V. L., Ottaviano, E., Cecco, L. D., Camisaschi, C., Guglielmetti, S., Modica, M. D., Gargari, G., Bianchi, F., Indino, S., et al. (2022) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2022.216041 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Intestinal Microbiota Influence Doxorubicin Responsiveness in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Bawaneh, A., Wilson, A. S., Levi, N., Howard-McNatt, M. M., Chiba, A., Soto‐Pantoja, D. R., & Cook, K. L. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14194849 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
- Authors
- Urbaniak, C., Gloor, G. B., Brackstone, M., Scott, L., Tangney, M., & Reid, G.
- Affiliations
- Western University (CA)
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
- University College Cork (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Reid, Gregor
- Venue
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2016-08-15
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 5039-5048
- ISSN
- 0099-2240 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5336
- PMC
- PMC4968547
- OpenAlex
- W2493607481
- Cited by
- 625
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 16.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Cork Open Research Archive (University College Cork, Ireland) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Scholarship@Western (Western University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Keywords
- breast microbiome, breast cancer, bacterial diversity, adjacent normal tissue, tumor tissue, Bacillus, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, DNA double-strand breaks, H2AX phosphorylation, lactic acid bacteria, cancer risk, environmental factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bacteria, Breast, Breast Neoplasms, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Ontario, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Young Adult, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
