Cited by 189Immune Response and InflammationGut microbiota and healthImmune responses and vaccinations

Early innate immunity to bacterial infection in the lung is regulated systemically by the commensal microbiota via nod-like receptor ligands

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Clarke, Thomas B.·2014·Infection and Immunity

Abstract

The commensal microbiota is a major regulator of the immune system. The majority of commensal bacteria inhabit the gastrointestinal tract and are known to regulate local mucosal defenses against intestinal pathogens. There is growing appreciation that the commensal microbiota also regulates immune responses at extraintestinal sites. Currently, however, it is unclear how this influences host defenses against bacterial infection outside the intestine. Microbiota depletion caused significant defects in the early innate response to lung infection by the major human pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae. After microbiota depletion, early clearance of K. pneumoniae was impaired, and this could be rescued by administration of bacterial Nod-like receptor (NLR) ligands (the NOD1 ligand MurNAcTri(DAP) and NOD2 ligand muramyl dipeptide [MDP]) but not bacterial Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. Importantly, NLR ligands from the gastrointestinal, but not upper respiratory, tract rescued host defenses in the lung. Defects in early innate immunity were found to be due to reduced reactive oxygen species-mediated killing of bacteria by alveolar macrophages. These data show that bacterial signals from the intestine have a profound influence on establishing the levels of antibacterial defenses in distal tissues.

Integrity signals

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Crossref · 10.1128/iai.02212-14

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  • Early exposure to a diverse intestinal microbiome is essential for the development of an intact immune response.

    “Experimental data suggest that early exposure to a diverse intestinal microbiome is essential for the development of an intact immune response”

    From The microbiome and critical illness (2016) · cites this paper as [158]

  • Newborn mice with antibiotic-suppressed microbiota have increased susceptibility to pulmonary infections.

    “newborn mice with antibiotic-suppressed microbiota have increased susceptibility to pulmonary infections158”

    From The microbiome and critical illness (2016) · cites this paper as [158]

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Authors
Clarke, T. B.
Affiliations
Imperial College London (GB)
Corresponding author
Clarke, Thomas B.
Venue
Infection and Immunity
Published
2014-11
Volume
82
Issue
11
Pages
4596-4606
ISSN
  • 0019-9567 (ISSN-L)
  • 1098-5522
OpenAlex
W2122379614
Cited by
189
References
69
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 1
FWCI
6.40
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Infection and Immunity (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Medical Research Council (MR/J006874/1)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
Keywords
commensal microbiota, innate immunity, pulmonary infection, Klebsiella pneumoniae, NOD1, NOD2, muramyl dipeptide, Toll-like receptor ligands, alveolar macrophages, reactive oxygen species, microbiota depletion
MeSH terms
Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine, Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Immunity, Innate, Intestines, Klebsiella Infections, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Ligands, Lung Diseases, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Symbiosis, Macrophages, Alveolar, Reactive Oxygen Species, Mice, Nod Signaling Adaptor Proteins

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