Cited by 953Oral microbiology and periodontitis researchDental Health and Care UtilizationDental materials and restorations

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Bacteria of Dental Caries in Primary and Permanent Teeth in Children and Young Adults

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Aas, Jørn A., Griffen, Ann L., Dardis, Sara R., Lee, Alice M., Olsen, Ingar, Dewhirst, Floyd E., Leys, Eugene J., Paster, Bruce J.·2008·Journal of Clinical Microbiology

DOI 10.1128/jcm.01410-07PMC PMC2292933

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Abstract

Although Streptococcus mutans has been implicated as a major etiological agent of dental caries, our cross-sectional preliminary study indicated that 10% of subjects with rampant caries in permanent teeth do not have detectable levels of S. mutans . Our aims were to use molecular methods to detect all bacterial species associated with caries in primary and permanent teeth and to determine the bacterial profiles associated with different disease states. Plaque was collected from 39 healthy controls and from intact enamel and white-spot lesions, dentin lesions, and deep-dentin lesions in each of 51 subjects with severe caries. 16S rRNA genes were PCR amplified, cloned, and sequenced to determine species identities. In a reverse-capture checkerboard assay, 243 samples were analyzed for 110 prevalent bacterial species. A sequencing analysis of 1,285 16S rRNA clones detected 197 bacterial species/phylotypes, of which 50% were not cultivable. Twenty-two new phylotypes were identified. PROC MIXED tests revealed health- and disease-associated species. In subjects with S. mutans , additional species, e.g., species of the genera Atopobium , Propionibacterium , and Lactobacillus , were present at significantly higher levels than those of S. mutans . Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium dentium , and low-pH non- S. mutans streptococci were predominant in subjects with no detectable S. mutans . Actinomyces spp. and non- S. mutans streptococci were predominant in white-spot lesions, while known acid producers were found at their highest levels later in disease. Bacterial profiles change with disease states and differ between primary and secondary dentitions. Bacterial species other than S. mutans , e.g., species of the genera Veillonella , Lactobacillus , Bifidobacterium , and Propionibacterium , low-pH non- S. mutans streptococci, Actinomyces spp., and Atopobium spp., likely play important roles in caries progression.

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Method
Oral Biofilm on Dental Materials Among Khat Chewers
Moaleem, M. M. A., Porwal, A., Ahmari, N. M. A., & Shariff, M. (2020) · Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/1389201021666200121142300 · Cited by 8
Caries Increment and Salivary Microbiome during University Life: A Prospective Cohort Study
Uchida‐Fukuhara, Y., Ekuni, D., Islam, M. M., Kataoka, K., Taniguchi-Tabata, A., Fukuhara, D., Toyama, N., Kobayashi, T., Fujimori, K., Sawada, N., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103713 · Cited by 8
“In addition, this hypothesis suggests that amino acid-degrading microbial taxa, including Prevotella, and Fusobacterium species may also cause the acidic environment required for demineralization [5,6].”
Background
Predicting Treatment Nonresponse in Hispanic/Latino Children Receiving Silver Diamine Fluoride for Caries Arrest: A Pilot Study Using Machine Learning
Ruff, R. R., Paul, B., Sierra, M. A., Xu, F., Crystal, Y., Li, X., & Saxena, D. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Oral Health · doi:10.3389/froh.2021.695759 · Cited by 8
“mutans in biofilm formation in oral cavity [35].”
Microbiota changes in the periodontium in response to orthodontic forces
Palone, M., Preite, C., & Lombardo, L. (2023) · Seminars in Orthodontics · doi:10.1053/j.sodo.2023.10.001 · Cited by 10
Caries and ABO Secretor Status in a Hungarian Population of Children and Adolescents: An Exploratory Study
Kárpáti, K., Braunitzer, G., Toldi, J., Turzó, K., Virág, K., Reiche, W. T., Rakonczay, Z., & Nagy, K. (2014) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000356851 · Cited by 8
“It must be also noted that several other species have been shown to play a role in caries formation and progression [Aas et al., 2008].”
Background
Effectiveness of the GumChucks flossing system compared to string floss for interdental plaque removal in children: a randomized clinical trial
Lin, J., Dinis, M., Tseng, C., Agnello, M., He, X., Silva, D. R., & Tran, N. C. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59705-w · Cited by 8
PCR-Based Identification of Oral Streptococcal Species
Banas, J. A., Zhu, M., Dawson, D. V., Cao, H., & Levy, S. M. (2016) · International Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1155/2016/3465163 · Cited by 8
The genera Bifidobacterium, Parascardovia and Scardovia
Mattarelli, P., & Biavati, B. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118655252.ch29 · Cited by 8
Intra-familial comparison of supragingival dental plaque microflora using the checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridisation technique
Mannaa, A., Carlén, A., Dahlén, G., & Lingström, P. (2012) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.06.016 · Cited by 7
Assessing the effect of antihypertensives on plaque microbiota in patients with periodontitis and hypertension using 16S rRNA sequencing: A cross‐sectional study
Kim, H., Shim, K.-W., Na, H. S., Kim, S. Y., Yu, Y., Song, Y., Lee, H. A., Lee, J. Y., Lee, J., & Chung, J. H. (2022) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.22-0204 · Cited by 7
A Preliminarily Investigation on Oral Colonization and Counts of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus mitis in a Group of Predentate Infants in Relation to Some Maternal and Infant Factors (A Longitudinal Observational Study)
Wassel, M. O., Salman, N. S., & Metwalli, N. (2023) · International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2486 · Cited by 7
Supragingival mycobiome of HIV-exposed-but-uninfected children reflects a stronger correlation with caries-free-associated taxa compared to HIV-infected or uninfected children
O'Connell, L. M., Mann, A. E., Osagie, E., Akhigbe, P., Blouin, T., Soule, A., Obuekwe, O. N., Omoigberale, A. I., Burne, R. A., Coker, M. O., et al. (2023) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.01491-23 · Cited by 7
“Caries is a complex, polymicrobial, and sugar-driven disease associated with a dysbiotic shift of the supragingival plaque microbiome toward one that favors acidogenic and aciduric taxa (5–7).”
Background
Dental caries
Simón‐Soro, Á., Lamont, R. J., Egland, P. G., Koo, H., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818619-0.00036-8 · Cited by 7
Decoding Early Childhood Caries: A Comprehensive Review Navigating the Impact of Evolving Dietary Trends in Preschoolers
Dhull, K. S., Dutta, B., Pattanaik, S., Gupta, A., Indira, M., & Wandile, B. V. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.58170 · Cited by 8
“These encompass various Streptococcus species, including Streptococcus sanguinis , low-pH non-S. mutans streptococci, and Atopobium spp., alongside Veillonella spp., Actinomyces spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and Lactobacillus fermentum [17,20,21].”
Background
Natural Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Synthetic Analogues for Effective Oral Microflora Control and Oral Infection Treatment—The Role of Ceragenins in the Development of New Therapeutic Methods
Czarnowski, M., Wnorowska, U., Łuckiewicz, M., Dargiewicz, E., Spałek, J., Okła, S., Sawczuk, B., Savage, P. B., Bucki, R., & Piktel, E. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17121725 · Cited by 9
Acidogenic Potential of “Sugar-Free” Cough Drops
Mayo, J. A., & Ritchie, J. R. (2009) · The Open Dentistry Journal · doi:10.2174/1874210600903010026 · Cited by 7
“Patients should be cautioned against the chronic overuse of “sugar-free” cough drops and other “sugar-free” confections sweetened with a mixture of Isomalt ® and sorbitol.”
Background
Prevention of Dental Caries-Measures beyond Fluoride
Singh, R. A. C. (2014) · Journal of Oral Hygiene & Health · doi:10.4172/2332-0702.1000122 · Cited by 7
“The production of acid by dental plaque is the direct cause of dental caries; it is noteworthy that increases in the proportions of aciduric organisms appear to occur at the expense of species that are less aciduric and generally associated with dental health; including Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordon…”
Background
In Vitro Anti-Biofilm and Antibacterial Properties of Streptococcus downii sp. nov.
Cuenca, M., Sánchez, M. C., Dios, P. D., Martínez-Lamas, L., Álvarez-Fernández, M., Posse, J. L., Sanz, M., & Herrera, D. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9020450 · Cited by 7
“mutans levels, thus promoting health compatible biofilms or modifying their pathogenic potential [40].”
Background
A Log Ratio-Based Analysis of Individual Changes in the Composition of the Oral Microbiota in Different Dietary Phases
Vach, K., Al-Ahmad, A., Anderson, A., Woelber, J., Karygianni, L., Wittmer, A., & Hellwig, E. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030793 · Cited by 6
Importance of Interkingdom Interactions Among Oral Microbiome Towards Caries Development – A Review
Balakrishnan, K., Sivanesan, D., Mohan, G., Gunthe, S. S., & Verma, R. S. (2021) · Journal of Immunological Sciences · doi:10.29245/2578-3009/2021/2.1211 · Cited by 6
The Oral Microbiota in Health and Disease: An Overview of Molecular Findings
Siqueira, J. F., Jr., & Rôças, I. N. (2022) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2780-8_5 · Cited by 7
Salivary levels of five microorganisms of root caries in nursing home elderly: a preliminary investigation
Chen, L., Qin, Y., Lin, Y., Du, M., Li, Y., & Fan, M. (2023) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-023-02953-9 · Cited by 7
“naeslundii might play beneficial roles as well [32, 33].”
Background
Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils and Herbal Extracts Against Etiological Agent of Dental Caries
Besra, M., & Kumar, V. (2016) · Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants · doi:10.1080/0972060x.2015.1029988 · Cited by 7
Bactericidal effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on dentin plate infected with Lactobacillus acidophilus
Yoshii, D., Katsuragi, H., & Shinkai, K. (2020) · Odontology · doi:10.1007/s10266-020-00532-w · Cited by 7
Is Fluorescence Technology a Promising Tool for Detecting Infected Dentin in Deep Carious Lesions?
Trippe, L. H., Ribeiro, A. A., Azcárate-Peril, M. A., Preisser, J. S., Wang, R., & Zandoná, A. F. (2020) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000505643 · Cited by 7
“…by molecular methods, and the genera Prevotella, Selenomonas, Dialister, Fusobacterium, Atopobium, Olsenella, Bifidobacterium, and Pseudoramibacter have been commonly identified [Munson et al., 2004; Chhour et al., 2005; Aas et al., 2008; Simón-Soro et al., 2013; Schulze-Schweifing et al., 2014].”
Method
Effect of exopolysaccharides from cariogenic bacteria on human gingival fibroblasts
Szkaradkiewicz, A. K., & Szkaradkiewicz, A. (2021) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.57221 · Cited by 7
“These bacteria demonstrate intensive acidogenicity and acid tolerance [2, 4].”
Background
Dynamic Observation of the Effect of Maternal Caries on the Oral Microbiota of Infants Aged 12–24 Months
Li, F. R., Fu, D., Tao, D., Feng, X., Wong, M. C. M., Xu, W., & Lu, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.637394 · Cited by 7
“Streptococcus, Neisseria, Porphyromonas, and Prevotella have been reported to be strongly associated with dental caries (Aas et al., 2008; Tanner et al., 2011; Nyvad et al., 2013).”
Background
Effect of chlorhexidine, honey and Propolis on Streptococcus mutans Counts: in vitro Study
Alkhaled, A. A., Alsabek, L., Al-assaf, M., & Badr, F. (2021) · Dentistry 3000 · doi:10.5195/d3000.2021.166 · Cited by 7
“in the development of dental caries such as Lactobacillus and Veillonella [5].”
Background
Effect of anaerobic or/and microaerophilic atmosphere on microcosm biofilm formation and tooth demineralization
Braga, A. S., Kim, R. R., & Magalhães, A. C. (2023) · Journal of Applied Oral Science · doi:10.1590/1678-7757-2022-0445 · Cited by 6
Investigation of a novel biofilm model close to the original oral microbiome
Li, P., Zhang, Y., Chen, D., & Lin, H. (2024) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-024-13149-8 · Cited by 6
“Even the patient with active dental caries, Streptococcus mutans may be a minority species (Aas et al. 2008).”
A comparative study of microbial changes in dental plaque before and after single- and multiappointment treatments in patients with severe early childhood caries
Ma, S. Y., Zhou, Q., Cai, S., Zhou, Y., Zhang, X. Y., Feng, X. Y., Diao, S., Xi, J. Q., Yu, G. X., Shang, J. J., et al. (2024) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-024-04458-5 · Cited by 6
“The abundance of Actino-myces_naeslundii also tends to increase gradually after treatment, while previous studies have linked it to the development of caries in children [26, 27].”
Background
Effects of Fluoride-containing Biomimetic Agents on Remineralization and Color Change of Enamel White Spot Lesions: An In Vitro Study
Fırıncıoğullar, E., & Urdinç, A. (2024) · Operative Dentistry · doi:10.2341/24-048 · Cited by 6
Microbiota–Host Interactions: Exploring Their Dynamics and Contributions to Human Diseases
Chin, S. W., Low, Z. Y., Tan, W. Q., & Azman, A. S. (2025) · MicrobiologyOpen · doi:10.1002/mbo3.70043 · Cited by 6
Virulence of Lactobacillus spp. misidentified as Enterococcus faecalis from children’s carious dentine
Chianca, G. C., Antunes, L. A. A., Ornellas, P. O., Neves, F. P. G., Póvoa, H. C. C., & Iorio, N. L. P. (2021) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1080/00016357.2021.1934534 · Cited by 7
“The composition of the oral microbiota has been extensively studied [2–6] and several microorganisms have been associated with the cariogenic process, including Streptococcus mutans, Veillonella, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Cutibacterium, low-pH non-S. mutans streptococci, Actinomyces and Atopobium [3].”
Oral microbiome insights: Tracing acidic culprits in dental caries with functional metagenomics
Gupta, A., Shivachandran, A., & Saleena, L. M. (2024) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.106064 · Cited by 6
In-vitro antimicrobial effectiveness of herbal-based mouthrinses against oral microorganisms
Teh, J. Y., Rawi, R., Noor, S. S. M., Taib, H., & Mohamad, S. (2015) · Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/s2221-1691(15)30371-3 · Cited by 6
Salivary Biomarkers in Caries Affected and Caries Free Children
Elkwatehy, W., & Youssef, A. (2016) · International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Science · doi:10.19070/2377-8075-1600071 · Cited by 6
“These findings are supported by previous studies [54-59].”
Result
Comparison of oral micro-flora in caries active and caries free Indian children using culture techniques and PCR analysis
Bansal, K., Chaudhary, R., Mathur, V. P., & Tewari, N. (2020) · Indian Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_39_19 · Cited by 6
Prevalence and Antibiogram of S. mutans in Dental Plaque and Caries samples
Abobakr, R., Tawfick, M. M., Ibrahim, Z. A., & Abdulall, A. K. (2022) · Azhar International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Sciences/Azhar International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Sciences · doi:10.21608/aijpms.2022.87671.1084 · Cited by 8
Immunology in prevention of dental caries
Gambhir, R., Kapoor, V., & Setia, S. (2012) · Universal Research Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.4103/2249-9725.114218 · Cited by 6
Penetration of Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus sanguinis into dental enamel
Kneist, S., Nietzsche, S., Küpper, H., Raser, G., Willershausen, B., & Callaway, A. (2015) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.01.013 · Cited by 6

Authors: Aas, J. A., Griffen, A. L., Dardis, S. R., Lee, A. M., Olsen, I., Dewhirst, F. E., Leys, E. J., & Paster, B. J.
Affiliations: University of Oslo (NO)
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
The Forsyth Institute (US)
Harvard University (US)
The Ohio State University (US)
Corresponding author: Aas, Jørn A.
ORCID: Griffen, Ann L.
Lee, Alice M.
Olsen, Ingar
Dewhirst, Floyd E.
Leys, Eugene J.
Paster, Bruce J.
Venue: Journal of Clinical Microbiology
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 2008-04
Volume: 46
Issue: 4
Pages: 1407-1417
ISSN: 0095-1137 (ISSN-L)
1098-660X
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01410-07
PMC: PMC2292933
OpenAlex: W2104771379
Cited by: 952
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 46
FWCI: 42.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Clinical Microbiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Universitetet i Oslo
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (U01DE016937, DE016125, R01DE016125, DE11443, R01DE011443)
Topics: Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Health and Care Utilization
Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental materials and restorations
Keywords: dental caries, Streptococcus mutans, primary teeth, permanent teeth, bacterial species composition, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, white spot lesions, dentin lesions, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium dentium, Atopobium, Propionibacterium, Actinomyces, Veillonella, caries progression, caries etiology, children and young adults
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Dental Caries, Gram-Positive Bacteria, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Tooth, Tooth, Deciduous, Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections, Sequence Analysis, DNA

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Bacteria of Dental Caries in Primary and Permanent Teeth in Children and Young Adults

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