Microbial ecology of dental plaque and its significance in health and disease

Marsh, P.D.

doi:10.1177/08959374940080022001

Cited by 1,278Oral microbiology and periodontitis researchDental Health and Care UtilizationBacterial biofilms and quorum sensing

Microbial ecology of dental plaque and its significance in health and disease

Marsh, P.D.·1994·Advances in Dental Research

DOI 10.1177/08959374940080022001

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Abstract

Dental plaque forms naturally on teeth and is of benefit to the host by helping to prevent colonization by exogenous species. The bacterial composition of plaque remains relatively stable despite regular exposure to minor environmental perturbations. This stability (microbial homeostasis) is due in part to a dynamic balance of both synergistic and antagonistic microbial interactions. However, homeostasis can break down, leading to shifts in the balance of the microflora, thereby predisposing sites to disease. For example, the frequent exposure of plaque to low pH leads to inhibition of acid-sensitive species and the selection of organisms with an aciduric physiology, such as mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Similarly, plaque accumulation around the gingival margin leads to an inflammatory host response and an increased flow of gingival crevicular fluid. The subgingival microflora shifts from being mainly Gram-positive to being comprised of increased levels of obligately anaerobic, asaccharolytic Gram-negative organisms. It is proposed that disease can be prevented or treated not only by targeting the putative pathogens but also by interfering with the processes that drive the breakdown in homeostasis. Thus, the rate of acid production following sugar intake could be reduced by fluoride, alternative sweeteners, and low concentrations of antimicrobial agents, while oxygenating or redox agents could raise the Eh of periodontal pockets and prevent the growth and metabolism of obligately anaerobic species. These views have been incorporated into a modified hypothesis (the "ecological plaque hypothesis") to explain the relationship between the plaque microflora and the host in health and disease, and to identify new strategies for disease prevention.

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Authors: Marsh, P. D.
Affiliations: Pathology Division PHLS Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research Porton Down Salisbury SP4 OJG England
Corresponding author: Marsh, P.D.
ORCID: Marsh, P.D.
Venue: Advances in Dental Research
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1994-07
Volume: 8
Issue: 2
Pages: 263-271
ISSN: 0895-9374 (ISSN-L)
1544-0737
DOI: 10.1177/08959374940080022001
OpenAlex: W1870514323
Cited by: 1,278
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 68 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 52
FWCI: 7.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Advances in Dental Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Dental Health and Care Utilization
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
Keywords: dental plaque, microbial ecology, microbial homeostasis, oral microbiota, mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, aciduric bacteria, subgingival microbiota, gingivitis, gingival crevicular fluid, periodontal disease, fluoride, sugar consumption, redox agents, oxygenation, disease prevention
MeSH terms: Bacteria, Anaerobic, Dental Caries, Dental Plaque, Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria, Gram-Positive Bacteria, Homeostasis, Humans, Periodontal Diseases, Ecosystem

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Microbial ecology of dental plaque and its significance in health and disease

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