Distributive Conjugal Transfer: New Insights into Horizontal Gene Transfer and Genetic Exchange in Mycobacteria
Open accessAbstract
The past decade has seen an explosion in the application of genomic tools across all biological disciplines. This is also true for mycobacteria, where whole-genome sequences are now available for pathogens and nonpathogens alike. Genomes within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) bear the hallmarks of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Conjugation is the form of HGT with the highest potential capacity and evolutionary influence. Donor and recipient strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis actively conjugate upon coculturing in biofilms and on solid media. Whole-genome sequencing of the transconjugant progeny demonstrated the incredible scale and range of genomic variation that conjugation generates. Transconjugant genomes are complex mosaics of the parental strains. Some transconjugant genomes are up to one-quarter donor-derived, distributed over 30 segments. Transferred segments range from ∼50 bp to ∼225,000 bp in length and are exchanged with their recipient orthologs all around the genome. This unpredictable genome-wide infusion of DNA sequences is called distributive conjugal transfer (DCT), to distinguish it from traditional oriT -based conjugation. The mosaicism generated in a single transfer event resembles that seen from meiotic recombination in sexually reproducing organisms and contrasts with traditional models of HGT. This similarity allowed the application of a genome-wide association study approach to map the donor genes that confer a donor mating identity phenotype. The mating identity genes map to the esx1 locus, expanding the central role of ESX-1 function in conjugation. The potential for DCT to instantaneously blend genomes will affect how we view mycobacterial evolution and provide new tools for the facile manipulation of mycobacterial genomes.
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Comparative analysis of multiple genome sequences of Mycobacterium canettii revealed thousands of SNPs, and the striking similarity to experimentally produced mosaic genomes of M. smegmatis provided the first indication that HGT had occurred in the MTBC.
“That concept was challenged when the comparative analysis of multiple genome sequences of Mycobacterium canettii (a smooth colony outlier of the MTBC) revealed thousands of SNPs: the striking similarity to the experimentally produced mosaic genomes of M. smegmatis provided the first indication that HGT had occurred in the MTBC (48–51).”
From Mycobacterium smegmatis: The Vanguard of Mycobacterial Research (2023) · cites this paper as [51]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe ESX-1 system is required for distributive conjugal transfer (DCT) of chromosomal DNA from donor into recipient strains of M. smegmatis.
“For example, the ESX-1 system, which is present in fast-and slow-growing mycobacterial species, is required for distributive conjugal transfer (DCT) of chromosomal DNA from donor into recipient strains of M. smegmatis (51,52).”
From ESX/Type VII Secretion Systems—An Important Way Out for Mycobacterial Proteins (2019) · cites this paper as [52]
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“Descriptions of plasmids are mostly limited to the environmental species, such as members of the Mycobacterium avium, intracellulare, scrofulaceum (MAIS) complex and Mycobacterium fortuitum (27, 28).”
Making ends meet in mycobacteria
Warner, D. F., & Mizrahi, V. (2010) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07462.x · Cited by 8 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Mycobacteria encode a RecBCD complex, but these enzymes perform a different role in mycobacteria (RecA-independent single-strand annealing) than in E. coli and, therefore, are unlikely to mediate conjugational recombination as they do in E. coli ( 56, 57).”
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [27]Crawford JT Falkinham JO McFadden J Plasmids of the Mycobacterium avium complex Molecular Biology of the Mycobacteria 1990 San Diego Academic Press Inc. 97 120
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Mycobacterium smegmatis: The Vanguard of Mycobacterial Research
Sparks, I. L., Derbyshire, K. M., Jacobs, W. R., & Morita, Y. S. (2023) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00337-22 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationPhage Therapy: What Have We Learned?
Górski, A., Międzybrodzki, R., Łobocka, M. B., Głowacka-Rutkowska, A., Bednarek, A., Borysowski, J., Jończyk‐Matysiak, E., Łusiak-Szelachowska, M., Weber‐Dąbrowska, B., Bagińska, N., et al. (2018) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v10060288 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
The Enigmatic Esx Proteins: Looking Beyond Mycobacteria
Unnikrishnan, M., Constantinidou, C., Palmer, T., & Pallen, M. J. (2016) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.11.004 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Genetic cargo and bacterial species set the rate of vesicle-mediated horizontal gene transfer
Tran, F., & Boedicker, J. Q. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-07447-7 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Type VII Secretion: A Highly Versatile Secretion System
Ates, L. S., Houben, E. N. G., & Bitter, W. (2016) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.vmbf-0011-2015 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“This bacterium is capable of horizontal gene transfer, in which large genomic fragments are exchanged between different strains (reviewed in reference 92).”
BackgroundPereira, A. C., Ramos, B., Reis, A. C., & Cunha, M. V. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8091380 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“fortuitum some reports are describing a few plasmids hypothesized to be mobilized across species in the environment [33].”
BackgroundSub-inhibitory concentrations of fluoroquinolones increase conjugation frequency
Shunmei, E., Zeng, J., Yuan, H., Yang, L., Cai, R., & Cha, C. (2017) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.036 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Horizontal Gene Transfers in Mycoplasmas (Mollicutes)
Citti, C., Dordet‐Frisoni, E., Nouvel, L., Kuo, C., & Baranowski, É. (2018) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.21775/cimb.029.003 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Evolution and emergence ofMycobacterium tuberculosis
Orgeur, M., Sous, C., Madacki, J., & Brosch, R. (2024) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fuae006 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“T her efor e, the conjugativ e ability of mycobacteria differs from the other types of bacterial conjugation by the genome-wide mosaicism that can be seen in the mating pr ogen y (Derbyshir e and Gr ay 2014 , Gr ay and Derbyshir e 2018 ).”
BackgroundIntercellular communication and conjugation are mediated by ESX secretion systems in mycobacteria
Gray, T. A., Clark, R. R., Boucher, N., Lapierre, P., Smith, C., & Derbyshire, K. M. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aag0828 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationBlending genomes: distributive conjugal transfer in mycobacteria, a sexier form of HGT
Gray, T. A., & Derbyshire, K. M. (2018) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/mmi.13971 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“2; Derbyshire and Gray, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe Evolution of Strain Typing in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex
Merker, M., Kohl, T. A., Niemann, S., & Supply, P. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64371-7_3 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Impact of the mother's gut microbiota on infant microbiome and brain development
Mady, E. A., Doghish, A. S., El‐Dakroury, W. A., Elkhawaga, S. Y., Ismail, A., El‐Mahdy, H. A., Elsakka, E. G. E., & El‐Husseiny, H. M. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105195 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The Rich Tapestry of Bacterial Protein Translocation Systems
Christie, P. J. (2019) · The Protein Journal · doi:10.1007/s10930-019-09862-3 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“For example, in Mycobacterium smegmatis, an Esx-1-like system is involved in a special form of conjugation that involves the exchange of different large chromosomal DNA fragments between donor and recipient strains [199, 200].”
Yano, H., Iwamoto, T., Nishiuchi, Y., Nakajima, C., Starkova, D. A., Владиславович, М. И., Narvskaya, O. V., Yoshida, S., Arikawa, K., Nakanishi, N., et al. (2017) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evx183 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“The specific mechanism underlying this phenomenon was termed “distributive conjugative transfer” (DCT) (Derbyshire and Gray 2014; Mortimer and Pepperell 2014; Boritsch et al. 2016; Gray et al. 2016).”
Massive Gene Flux Drives Genome Diversity between Sympatric Streptomyces Conspecifics
Tidjani, A.-R., Lorenzi, J.-N., Toussaint, M., van Dijk, E., Naquin, D., Lespinet, O., Bontemps, C., & Leblond, P. (2019) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01533-19 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“chromosomal fragments creating chimeric chromosomes in the recipient cells (51, 52).”
BackgroundESX/Type VII Secretion Systems—An Important Way Out for Mycobacterial Proteins
Vaziri, F., & Brosch, R. (2019) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.psib-0029-2019 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Extensive genomic diversity among Mycobacterium marinum strains revealed by whole genome sequencing
Das, S., Pettersson, B. M. F., Behra, P. R. K., Mallick, A., Cheramie, M. N., Ramesh, M., Shirreff, L., DuCote, T. J., Dasgupta, S., Ennis, D. G., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-30152-y · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Esx Systems and the Mycobacterial Cell Envelope: What's the Connection?
Bosserman, R. E., & Champion, P. A. (2017) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00131-17 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Faucher, M., Nouvel, L., Dordet‐Frisoni, E., Sagné, E., Baranowski, É., Hygonenq, M., Marenda, M. S., Tardy, F., & Citti, C. (2019) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007910 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Although both parents are of the same species, the overall success of the transconjugants depends on how well the donor and new chimeric genes interact with the remaining recipient’s genes in a particular environment [52].”
BackgroundTransmission in the Origins of Bacterial Diversity, From Ecotypes to Phyla
Cohan, F. M. (2017) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.mtbp-0014-2016 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…is in part because transfer can occur across vast phylogenetic distances in the prokaryotes (109) but also because transfer is usually limited to a small stretch of DNA (47), ranging from several thousand bases in genetic transformation (110) to several hundred thousand in conjugation (111, 112).”
Xu, Y., Xie, C., Liu, Y., Qin, X., & Liu, J. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1273813 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“…resistance exists in Gram-positive bacteria of frequent clinical concern, such as E. faecalis, S. aureus, Streptococcus, and M. tuberculosis (Derbyshire and Gray, 2014; Foster, 2017; Garc ı ́ a-Solache and Rice, 2019), the role of Gram-positive bacterial MVs in HGT, especially in the…”
BackgroundCarvalho, G., Fouchet, D., Danesh, G., Godeux, A.-S., Laaberki, M.-H., Pontier, D., Charpentier, X., & Venner, S. (2020) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02443-19 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Namely, it may also explain the presence of the “distributive conjugal transfer” in one of the rare family of bacteria, the Mycobacteriaceae, which lack ComEC and the transformation system (70).”
BackgroundStructural insights into substrate recognition by the type VII secretion system
Wang, S., Zhou, K., Yang, X., Zhang, B., Zhao, Y., Xiao, Y., Yang, X., Yang, H., Guddat, L. W., Li, J., et al. (2019) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1007/s13238-019-00671-z · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Archaeal DNA-import apparatus is homologous to bacterial conjugation machinery
Beltrán, L. C., Cvirkaitė‐Krupovič, V., Miller, J., Wang, F., Kreutzberger, M. A. B., Patkowski, J. B., Costa, T. R. D., Stefan Schouten, A., Levental, I., Conticello, V. P., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36349-8 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mycobacteriophages as Incubators for Intein Dissemination and Evolution
LeSassier, D. S., Lennon, C. W., SEA-PHAGES, Belfort, M., & Novikova, O. (2016) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01537-16 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“As mycobacteria are not naturally competent, mycobacteriophages and conjugation are thought to function as the primary mechanisms of gene acquisition (44).”
Blesa, A., Baquedano, I., García-Quintáns, N., Mata, C. P., Castón, J. R., & Berenguer, J. (2017) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006669 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Dordet‐Frisoni, E., Faucher, M., Sagné, E., Baranowski, É., Tardy, F., Nouvel, L., & Citti, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02441 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Both systems generate extensive genome mosaicism and, to some extent, resemble eukaryote meiosis: In mycobacterial DCT or in MCT, 20–25% of donor DNA can be exchanged with their recipient orthologues and distributed around the chromosome into up to 30 large and small fragments (Derbyshire and Gray, 2014).”
BackgroundThe Biology and Epidemiology of Mycobacterium canettii
Supply, P., & Brosch, R. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64371-7_2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…larger genomes, this diversified and non-clonal population structure positions M. canettii strains in evolutionarily lineages of tubercle bacilli that branched before the clonal emergence of the MTBC (Supply et al. 2013; Blouin et al. 2014; Derbyshire and Gray 2014; Mortimer and Pepperell 2014).”
BackgroundGenome-wide analysis of horizontally acquired genes in the genus Mycobacterium
Panda, A., Drancourt, M., Tuller, T., & Pontarotti, P. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33261-w · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Clark, R. R., Judd, J., Lasek-Nesselquist, E., Montgomery, S. A., Hoffmann, J. G., Derbyshire, K. M., & Gray, T. A. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1804227115 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationSlomka, S., Françoise, I., Hornung, G., Asraf, O., Biniashvili, T., Pilpel, Y., & Dahan, O. (2020) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.120.303401 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Impact of Genetic Diversity on the Biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Strains
Niemann, S., Merker, M., Kohl, T. A., & Supply, P. (2016) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.tbtb2-0022-2016 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“encoding loci detected in their genomes (36, 37, 84, 85), this strong geographical restriction suggests the potential existence of an environmental reservoir for”
BackgroundESX-1-Independent Horizontal Gene Transfer by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Strains
Madacki, J., Orgeur, M., Fiol, G. M., Frigui, W., Ma, L., & Brosch, R. (2021) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00965-21 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“tuberculosis is preserved remains an important point of discussion (22, 26, 40) given the strong impact of HGT on the emergence of drug resistance and virulence in many other human pathogens (2).”
BackgroundAntimicrobial drug resistance mechanisms among Mollicutes
Chernova, O. A., Chernov, V. M., Mouzykantov, A. A., Baranova, N. B., Edelstein, I. A., & Aminov, R. I. (2020) · International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents · doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106253 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Patterns and Processes of Mycobacterium bovis Evolution Revealed by Phylogenomic Analyses
Patané, J. S. L., Martins, J., Castelão, A. B. C., Nishibe, C., Montera, L., Bigi, F., Zumárraga, M. J., Cataldi, Á., Júnior, A. A. F., Roxo, E., et al. (2017) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evx022 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“ClonalFrameML: efficient inference of recom- bination in whole bacterial genomes.”
MethodInfluentialDordet‐Frisoni, E., Vandecasteele, C., Contarin, R., Sagné, E., Baranowski, É., Klopp, C., Nouvel, L., & Citti, C. (2022) · Microbial Genomics · doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000829 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Grohmann, E., Keller, W., & Muth, G. (2017) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75241-9_5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Potential Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Neonatal Brain Development and Adverse Health Outcomes
Tzitiridou‐Chatzopoulou, M., Kountouras, J., & Ζουρνατζίδου, Γ. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11050552 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The biomass of the endometrium microbiota is finite in quantity [13].”
BackgroundGharbi, R., Khanna, V., Frigui, W., Mhenni, B., Brosch, R., & Mardassi, H. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91737-8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Clark, R. R., Lapierre, P., Lasek-Nesselquist, E., Gray, T. A., & Derbyshire, K. M. (2022) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00213-22 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationVasileva, D. P., Streich, J., Burdick, L. H., Klingeman, D. M., Chhetri, H. B., Brelsford, C. M., Ellis, J. C., Close, D. M., Jacobson, D., & Michener, J. K. (2022) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkac025 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Type VII Secretion: A Highly Versatile Secretion System
Ates, L. S., Houben, E. N. G., & Bitter, W. (2016) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555819286.ch13 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Horizontal Gene Transfer and Genome Evolution in the Phylum Actinobacteria
Park, C. J., Smith, J. T., & Andam, C. P. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21862-1_5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Transmission in the Origins of Bacterial Diversity, From Ecotypes to Phyla
Cohan, F. M. (2019) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555819743.ch18 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Devi, R. V., Sathya, S. S., & Coumar, M. S. (2020) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106655 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Generalized Fitch graphs: Edge-labeled graphs that are explained by edge-labeled trees
Hellmuth, M. (2019) · Discrete Applied Mathematics · doi:10.1016/j.dam.2019.06.015 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
ESX/Type VII Secretion Systems-An Important Way Out for Mycobacterial Proteins
Vaziri, F., & Brosch, R. (2019) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781683670285.ch28 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zriba, S., Lim, Z. L., Snider, M., Niroula, N., Hardouin, M., & Chen, J. M. (2025) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.01131-25 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Benchmarking pangenome dynamics and horizontal gene transfer in Mycobacterium marinum evolution
Shahed, K., Islam, S. I., Sangsawad, P., Jung, W., Permpoonpattana, P., & Linh, N. V. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1537826 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Quantifying and Characterizing Distributive Conjugal Transfer in Mycobacterium smegmatis
Clark, R. R., Gray, T. A., & Derbyshire, K. M. (2019) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9877-7_9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationConjugative transfer of naturally occurring plasmid in Mycolicibacterium sp
Morgado, S. M., & Vicente, A. C. P. (2022) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1093/femsle/fnac035 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Plasmid-mediated drug resistance in mycobacteria: the tip of the iceberg?
Derbyshire, K. M., & Salfinger, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.00628-23 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Adding to the variety, these functions are not always conserved between species, ESX-1 and ESX-4 are required for distributive conjugal transfer in the non-pathogen, Mycobacterium smegmatis (19, 20).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCanestrari, J. G., Gordon, E. C., Bruce, S. A., Lasek‐Nesselquist, E., Schultz, S. R., Marietta, H. A., Biegas, K. J., Swarts, B. M., Champion, M. M., Derbyshire, K. M., et al. (2025) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/mmi.70030 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond H37Rv: Mycobacterium tuberculosis pangenome structure and applications
Negrete-Paz, A. M., Vázquez‐Marrufo, G., & Vázquez‐Garcidueñas, M. S. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1695567 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Unlike many bacteria with open pangenomes maintained by active horizontal gene transfer, Mtb displays minimal to no evidence of such events, lacks plasmids, and exhibits a strong clonal population structure (Derbyshire and Gray, 2014).”
Golichenari, B., Yari, S., Tasbiti, A. H., Behravan, J., Vaziri, F., & Ghazvini, K. (2022) · Enzyme and Microbial Technology · doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Overlooked Broad-Host-Range Vector Particles in the Environment
Chiura, H. X. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3411-5_7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cold Cas: reevaluating the occurrence of CRISPR/Cas systems in Mycobacteriaceae
Brenner, E. P., & Sreevatsan, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1204838 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…discussed since before Illumina sequencing became prevalent and whole genome sequences were rare (Marri et al., 2006), with one argument for this closeness being an apparent dearth of horizontal gene transfer, at least as seen in MTBC organisms (Sreevatsan et al., 1997; Derbyshire and Gray, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialImpact of Genetic Diversity on the Biology ofMycobacterium tuberculosisComplex Strains
Niemann, S., Merker, M., Kohl, T. A., & Supply, P. (2017) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555819569.ch21 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Brierley, S., MacKenzie, L., Telfer, S., Bown, K. J., Goodhead, I., & Birtles, R. J. (2026) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.007095 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“However, when the F-plasmid integrates into the host chromosome, as has occurred in B. bennetti sp. nov., the strain becomes an Hfr (high-frequency recombination) donor [41–43].”
Alternative Ways to Exchange DNA: Unconventional Conjugation Among Bacteria
Blesa, A., & Berenguer, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21862-1_2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Herrera, N., Odermatt, P. D., Voorhies, M., Nakagawa, R. M., Sil, A., Chang, F., & Rosenberg, O. S. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.10.17.464699 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In the absence of ESX-1, conjugation is less regulated in the donor strain; any given donor strain is prepared for rapid DNA transfer to an acceptor strain (Derbyshire and Gray, 2014; Gray et al., 2016).”
BackgroundHorizontal Gene Transfer in Microbial Evolution
Gogarten, J. P., & Papke, R. T. (2018) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b22230-36
Burdick, L. H., Streich, J., Vasileva, D. P., Klingeman, D. M., Chhetri, H. B., Ellis, J. C., Close, D. M., Jacobson, D., & Michener, J. K. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.328625
Redman, R. M., Maughan, T. D., Smith, C. B., Crossno, P. F., & Granger, D. L. (2023) · IDCases · doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01801
Encapsulated Phage Cocktail: The Destined Environmental Biocontrol Agent For Pathogenic Leptospira
Fang, K., & Nor, N. S. M. (2024) · Malaysian Applied Biology · doi:10.55230/mabjournal.v53i2.2885
竹井, 祥. (2023) · Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.5983/nl2008jsce.49.177_1_61
Characterizing the function of the SigM regulon in mycobacterium smegmatis
Montgomery, S. (2020) · doi:10.54014/ewz3-j70f
Dynamique des génomes du genre Streptomyces
Lorenzi, J.-N. (2020) · doi:10.70675/e7c5bbaaz782ez4c4az8e20z316346c872ad
Zhou, Q., Huang, Z., Li, H., Xiong, J., Chen, M., Liu, Y., Liu, W., Yao, Y., Gonzalez, R., Li, Y., et al. (2026) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms14051139
- Authors
- Derbyshire, K. M., & Gray, T. A.
- Affiliations
- New York State Department of Health (US)
- Venue
- Microbiology Spectrum
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2014-01-17
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- MGM2-0022
- ISSN
- 2165-0497 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4259119
- OpenAlex
- W2064043452
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 3.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Microbiology Spectrum (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R56AI080694, R01AI042308)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- horizontal gene transfer, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, conjugation, genome mosaicism, ESX-1
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