What can mendelian randomisation tell us about modifiable behavioural and environmental exposures?

‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?*

Davey Smith, G., & Ebrahim, S. (2003) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070 · Cited by 5,882

Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis

Wald, D. S., Law, M., & Morris, J. K. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1202 · Cited by 1,945

A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%

Wald, N., & Law, M. R. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7404.1419 · Cited by 1,565

Mendelian randomization: prospects, potentials, and limitations

Smith, G. D. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh132 · Cited by 1,222

Problems of reporting genetic associations with complex outcomes

Colhoun, H. M., McKeigue, P., & Smith, G. D. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12715-8 · Cited by 1,203

5, 10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene Variants and Congenital Anomalies: A HuGE Review

Botto, L. D., & Yang, Q. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010290 · Cited by 1,045

Epidemiological methods for studying genes and environmental factors in complex diseases

Clayton, D. G., & McKeigue, P. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06418-2 · Cited by 469

Those confounded vitamins: what can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomised trial evidence?

Lawlor, D. A., Smith, G. D., Bruckdorfer, K. R., Kundu, D., & Ebrahim, S. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16260-0 · Cited by 438

Rise and fall of modern medicine

Fanu, J. L. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)75559-8 · Cited by 298

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Gene Is a Risk Factor for Myocardial Infarction in Japanese Men.

Takagi, S., Iwai, N., Yamauchi, R., Kojima, S., Yasuno, S., Baba, T., Terashima, M., Tsutsumi, Y., Suzuki, S., Morii, I., et al. (2002) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1291/hypres.25.677 · Cited by 144

Causal association of modifiable factors with cardiometabolic multimorbidity: an exposome-wide Mendelian randomization investigation

Li, D., Lin, J., Yang, H., Zhou, L., Li, Y., Xu, Z., Sun, L. N., Zhang, X., Xu, W., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-025-02790-w · Cited by 35

Sleep Duration and Stroke: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Lü, H., Wu, P.-F., Li, R., Zhang, W., & Huang, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00976 · Cited by 27

Mendelian randomization analysis to assess a causal effect of haptoglobin on macroangiopathy in Chinese type 2 diabetes patients

Wang, S., Wang, J., Zhang, R., Wang, T., Yan, D., He, Z., Jiang, F., Hu, C., & Jia, W. (2018) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-018-0662-7 · Cited by 26

The mathematical limits of genetic prediction for complex chronic disease

Keyes, K. M., Smith, G. D., Koenen, K. C., & Galea, S. (2015) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2014-204983 · Cited by 27

Lung function, COPD and cognitive function: a multivariable and two sample Mendelian randomization study

Higbee, D., Granell, R., Hemani, G., Smith, G. D., & Dodd, J. W. (2021) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12890-021-01611-6 · Cited by 26

Mendelian randomization analysis revealed a gut microbiota–mammary axis in breast cancer

Zhang, S., Zhang, W., Ren, H., Xue, R., Wang, Z., Wang, Z., & Lv, Q. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1193725 · Cited by 26

The role of allelic variation in estrogen receptor genes and major depression in the Nurses Health Study

Keyes, K. M., Agnew‐Blais, J. C., Roberts, A. L., Hamilton, A. D., Vivo, I. D., Ranu, H., & Koenen, K. C. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1087-1 · Cited by 26

Assessing the Associations of Blood Metabolites With Osteoporosis: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Liu, L., Wen, Y. F., Zhang, L., Xu, P., Liang, X., Du, Y., Li, P., He, A., Fan, Q., Hao, J., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01719 · Cited by 26

Association of educational attainment with esophageal cancer, Barrett's esophagus, and gastroesophageal reflux disease, and the mediating role of modifiable risk factors: A Mendelian randomization study

Zhang, X., Yang, X., Zhang, T., Yin, X., Man, J., & Lü, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1022367 · Cited by 28

Body fat and dairy product intake in lactase persistent and non-persistent children and adolescents

Almon, R., Patterson, E., Nilsson, T. K., Engfeldt, P., & Sjöstróm, M. (2010) · Food & Nutrition Research · doi:10.3402/fnr.v54i0.5141 · Cited by 25

A Platform for the Remote Conduct of Gene-Environment Interaction Studies

Gallacher, J., Collins, R., Elliott, P., Palmer, S., Burton, P. R., Mitchell, C., John, G., & Lyons, R. A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054331 · Cited by 25

Obesity, inflammatory markers and cardiovascular disease: distinguishing causality from confounding

Franks, P. W. (2006) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1002059 · Cited by 29

Association between systemic sclerosis and risk of lung cancer: results from a pool of cohort studies and Mendelian randomization analysis

Peng, H., Wu, X., Wen, Y., Li, C., Lin, J., Li, J., Xiong, S., Zhong, R., Liang, H., Cheng, B., et al. (2020) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102633 · Cited by 25

Breast-Feeding Modifies the Association of PPARγ2 Polymorphism Pro12Ala With Growth in Early Life

Mook‐Kanamori, D. O., Steegers, E. A. P., Uitterlinden, A. G., Moll, H. A., van Duijn, C. M., Albert Hofman, D., & Jaddoe, V. W. V. (2009) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db08-1311 · Cited by 24

The causal effect of red blood cell folate on genome-wide methylation in cord blood: a Mendelian randomization approach

Binder, A. M., & Michels, K. B. (2013) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-14-353 · Cited by 25

Causal Effect of Blood Pressure on Bone Mineral Density and Fracture: A Mendelian Randomization Study

He, B., Yin, L., Zhang, M., Lyu, Q., Quan, Z., & Ou, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.716681 · Cited by 24

Elucidation of a Causal Relationship Between Platelet Count and Hypertension: A Bi-Directional Mendelian Randomization Study

Chiu, P.-C., Chattopadhyay, A. S., Wu, M.-C., Hsiao, T., Lin, C., & Lu, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.743075 · Cited by 24

Personality and Emotion

Reisenzein, R., Hildebrandt, A., & Weber, H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.009 · Cited by 26

Five Major Psychiatric Disorders and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study

Wei, T., Guo, Z., Wang, Z., Li, C., Zhu, W., Zheng, Y., Yin, Y., Mi, Y., Xia, X., Hou, H., et al. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220010 · Cited by 24

Association of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study

Lin, C., Li, C., Liu, C.-S., Liao, L.-N., Yang, C., Lin, C., Yang, S.-Y., & Li, T. (2023) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-003197 · Cited by 27

The association of the paraoxonase ( PON1) Q192R polymorphism with depression in older women: findings from the British Women’s Heart and Health Study: Table 1

Lawlor, D. A., Day, I. N. M., Gaunt, T. R., Hinks, L. J., Timpson, N. J., Ebrahim, S. B. J., & Smith, G. D. (2006) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2006.049247 · Cited by 23

Negative effect of vitamin D on kidney function: a Mendelian randomization study

Teumer, A., Gambaro, G., Corre, T., Bochud, M., Vollenweider, P., Guessous, I., Kleber, M. E., Delgado, G. E., Pilz, S., März, W., et al. (2018) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfy074 · Cited by 23

A General Approach to Sensitivity Analysis for Mendelian Randomization

Zhang, W., & Ghosh, D. (2020) · Statistics in Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12561-020-09280-5 · Cited by 22

Effects of increased body mass index on employment status: a Mendelian randomisation study

Campbell, D., Green, M., Davies, N. M., Demou, E., Ward, J., Howe, L. D., Harrison, S., Johnston, K. J. A., Strawbridge, R. J., Popham, F., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-021-00846-x · Cited by 22

Association of cannabis use disorder with cardiovascular diseases: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Chen, M., Lu, Y., Chen, X., Wang, Z., & Ma, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.966707 · Cited by 24

Association of Circulating Branched-Chain Amino Acids with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Xu, H. Y., Wang, X., Geng, G., Xu, X., Liu, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, L., & Li, Y. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15071580 · Cited by 22

The causal relationship between 41 inflammatory cytokines and hypothyroidism: bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Lai, R., Yin, B., Feng, Z., Deng, X., Lv, X., Zhong, Y., & Peng, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1332383 · Cited by 25

Beyond the Single SNP: Emerging Developments in Mendelian Randomization in the “Omics” Era

Brion, M., Benyamin, B., Visscher, P. M., & Smith, G. D. (2014) · Current Epidemiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40471-014-0024-2 · Cited by 22

A Combined Proteomics and Mendelian Randomization Approach to Investigate the Effects of Aspirin-Targeted Proteins on Colorectal Cancer

Nounu, A., Greenhough, A., Heesom, K. J., Richmond, R. C., Zheng, J., Weinstein, S. J., Albanes, D., Baron, J. A., Hopper, J. L., Figueiredo, J. C., et al. (2021) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1176 · Cited by 23

Polymorphisms in coagulation factors and the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events in men after a first myocardial infarction

Krabben, M. D. V. D., Rosendaal, F. R., van der Bom, J. G., & Doggen, C. J. M. (2008) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.02930.x · Cited by 22

Prenatal alcohol exposure and childhood balance ability: findings from a UK birth cohort study

Humphriss, R. L., Hall, A. J., May, M., Zuccolo, L., & Macleod, J. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002718 · Cited by 21

Suggestive Evidence for Causal Effect of Leptin Levels on Risk for Anorexia Nervosa: Results of a Mendelian Randomization Study

Peters, T., Antel, J., Naaresh, R., Laabs, B., Föcker, M., Albers, N., Bühlmeier, J., Hinney, A., Libuda, L., & Hebebrand, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.733606 · Cited by 21

Causal relationships between potential risk factors and chronic rhinosinusitis: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Zhang, Z., Li, G., Yu, L., Jiang, J., Li, R., Zhou, S., & Jiang, Y. (2022) · European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology · doi:10.1007/s00405-022-07798-6 · Cited by 21

Mendelian Randomization Analysis of the Effect of Maternal Homocysteine During Pregnancy, as Represented by Maternal MTHFR C677T Genotype, on Birth Weight

Lee, H. A., Park, E. A., Cho, S. J., Kim, H. S., Kim, Y. J., Lee, H., Gwak, H. S., Kim, K. N., Chang, N., Ha, E., et al. (2013) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20120219 · Cited by 21

Susceptibility to HIV Infection—Disentangling Host Genetics and Host Behavior

Telenti, A., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/498535 · Cited by 21

Is chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS/ME) heritable in children, and if so, why does it matter?

Crawley, E. M., & Smith, G. D. (2007) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2006.110502 · Cited by 21

Psychiatric traits and intracerebral hemorrhage: A Mendelian randomization study

Wang, Q., Qi, Y., Li, Y., Yan, Z., Wang, X., Ma, Q., Tang, C., Liu, X., Wei, M., & Zhang, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1049432 · Cited by 19

Evaluation of an Association of Blood Homocysteine Levels With Gastric Cancer Risk From 27 Case–Control Studies

Xu, W., Cheng, Y., & Zhu, H. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000003700 · Cited by 21

DMRdb: a disease-centric Mendelian randomization database for systematically assessing causal relationships of diseases with genes, proteins, CpG sites, metabolites and other diseases

Zheng, X., Tian, Z., Che, X., Zhang, X., Xiang, Y., Ge, Z., Zhai, Z., Ma, Q., & Pan, J. (2024) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkae853 · Cited by 22

Causal roles of circulating adiponectin in osteoporosis and cancers

He, B., Zhao, J., Zhang, M., Yin, L., Quan, Z., Ou, Y., & Huang, W. (2021) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2021.116266 · Cited by 20

Integrated multiomics approach identifies calcium and integrin-binding protein-2 as a novel gene for pulse wave velocity

Mangino, M., Cecelja, M., Menni, C., Tsai, P.-C., Yuan, W., Small, K. S., Bell, J. T., Mitchell, G. F., Chowienczyk, P., & Spector, T. D. (2015) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000000732 · Cited by 19

Psychiatric disorders and cardiovascular diseases: A mendelian randomization study

Sui, X., Liu, T., Liang, Y., & Zhang, B. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20754 · Cited by 17

Low‐to‐moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy and child development – moving beyond observational studies

Gray, R. (2013) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.12211 · Cited by 18

Role of cigarette smoking in the development of ischemic stroke and its subtypes: a Mendelian randomization study

Qian, Y., Ye, D., Wu, D., Chen, F., Zeng, Z., Ye, L.-H., Zhu, R., Zhang, Z., & Mao, Y. (2019) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s215933 · Cited by 18

Determining Causation from Observational Studies: A Challenge for Modern Neuroepidemiology

Jelinek, G. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00265 · Cited by 17

Assessment of the relationships between genetic determinants of thyroid functions and bipolar disorder: A mendelian randomization study

Chen, G., Lv, H., Zhang, X., Gao, Y., Liu, X., Gu, C., Xue, R., Wang, Q., Chen, M., Zhai, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.101 · Cited by 18

Association between leptin and NAFLD: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Guo, Z., Chen, H., Zao, X., Hongbo, D. U., Guo, Y., Jin, Q., Kong, D., Li, X., Zhang, T., Yun, Z., et al. (2023) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01147-x · Cited by 19

Candidate-gene analysis of white matter hyperintensities on neuroimaging

Tran, T., Cotlarciuc, I., Yadav, S., Hasan, N., Bentley, P., Levi, C. R., Worrall, B. B., Meschia, J. F., Rost, N. S., & Sharma, P. (2015) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-309685 · Cited by 17

Missing Data Methods in Mendelian Randomization Studies With Multiple Instruments

Burgess, S., Seaman, S. R., Lawlor, D. A., Casas, J. P., & Thompson, S. G. (2011) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr235 · Cited by 17

Ranking evidence in substance use and addiction

Reddon, H., Kerr, T. H., & Milloy, M. (2020) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102840 · Cited by 20

Genetic evidence for vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: choice of variants is critical

Burgess, S., & Gill, D. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab870 · Cited by 17

Association of C-Reactive Protein Genetic Polymorphisms With Late Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Cipriani, V., Hogg, R. E., Sofat, R., Moore, A. T., Webster, A. R., Yates, J. R. W., FLETCHER, A. E., & for the European Eye (EUREYE) Study Group (2017) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.2191 · Cited by 16

Reporting methodological issues of the mendelian randomization studies in health and medical research: a systematic review

Islam, S. N., Ahammed, T., Anjum, A., Albalawi, O., & Uddin, M. J. (2022) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-022-01504-0 · Cited by 15

Platelet indices and blood pressure: a multivariable mendelian randomization study

Xu, Y., & Guo, Y. (2023) · Thrombosis Journal · doi:10.1186/s12959-023-00475-6 · Cited by 17

Methods for meta-analysis of individual participant data from Mendelian randomisation studies with binary outcomes

Burgess, S., & Thompson, S. G. (2012) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280212451882 · Cited by 17

Recognition of scared faces and the serotonin transporter gene in young children: the Generation R Study

Székely, E., Herba, C. M., Arp, P., Uitterlinden, A. G., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Albert Hofman, D., Verhulst, F. C., Hudziak, J. J., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02423.x · Cited by 18

Education, intelligence, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A Mendelian randomization study

Zhang, L., Tang, L., Xia, K., Huang, T., & Fan, D. (2020) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.51156 · Cited by 16

Brain structure and problematic alcohol use: a test of plausible causation using latent causal variable analysis

Hatoum, A. S., Johnson, E. C., Arpana Agrawal, A., & Bogdan, R. (2021) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-021-00482-z · Cited by 16

Personality and the Self

Robinson, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.031 · Cited by 18

Systematic Influence of Circulating Bilirubin Levels on Osteoporosis

Zhao, J., Zhang, M., Quan, Z., Deng, L., Li, Y., & He, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.719920 · Cited by 15

The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Consensus and Controversy

McCrae, R. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.013 · Cited by 20

Is hyperhomocysteinemia a causal factor for heart failure? The impact of the functional variants of MTHFR and PON1 on ischemic and non-ischemic etiology

Strauss, E., Supiński, W., Radziemski, A., Oszkinis, G., Pawlak, A. L., & Głuszek, J. (2016) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.213 · Cited by 15

A Novel Method for Mendelian Randomization Analyses With Pleiotropy and Linkage Disequilibrium in Genetic Variants From Individual Data

Wang, Y., Li, T., Fu, L., Yang, S., & Hu, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.634394 · Cited by 15

Pharmacogenetics in Randomized Controlled Trials: Considerations for Trial Design

van der Baan, F. H., Klungel, O. H., Egberts, T. C. G., Leufkens, H. G. M., Grobbee, D. E., Roes, K. C. B., & Knol, M. J. (2011) · Pharmacogenomics · doi:10.2217/pgs.11.95 · Cited by 15

Type 2 diabetes gene TCF7L2polymorphism is not associated with fetal and postnatal growth in two birth cohort studies

Mook‐Kanamori, D. O., Kort, S. W. K. D., van Duijn, C. M., Uitterlinden, A. G., Albert Hofman, D., Moll, H. A., Steegers, E. A. P., Hokken‐Koelega, A. C. S., & Jaddoe, V. W. V. (2009) · BMC Medical Genetics · doi:10.1186/1471-2350-10-67 · Cited by 15

Bringing chronic disease epidemiology and infectious disease epidemiology back together

Choi, B. C. K., MORRISON, H. I., Wong, T., Wu, J., & Yan, Y.-P. (2007) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2006.057752 · Cited by 14

Generating Large-Scale Longitudinal Data Resources for Aging Research

Gallacher, J., & Hofer, S. M. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr047 · Cited by 15

Genetic Liability to Cannabis Use Disorder and COVID-19 Hospitalization

Hatoum, A. S., Morrison, C. L., Colbert, S. M. C., Winiger, E. A., Johnson, E. C., Arpana Agrawal, A., & Bogdan, R. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.06.005 · Cited by 12

A causal relationship between antioxidants, minerals and vitamins and metabolic syndrome traits: a Mendelian randomization study

Li, J., & Song, F. (2023) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-023-01174-y · Cited by 13

Blood Eosinophil Count and Metabolic, Cardiac and Pulmonary Outcomes: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Amini, M., Vonk, J. M., Abbasi, A., Prins, B. P., Bruinenberg, M., Franke, L., van der Harst, P., Navis, G. J., Koppelman, G. H., Wolffenbuttel, B. H. R., et al. (2018) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2018.6 · Cited by 12

Genetic Markers of Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion Are Associated With Spontaneous Postnatal Growth and Response to Growth Hormone Treatment in Short SGA Children: the North European SGA Study (NESGAS)

Jensen, R. B., Thankamony, A., Day, F. R., Scott, R. A., Langenberg, C., Kirk, J. M. W., Donaldson, M., Ivarsson, S. A., Söder, O., Roche, E. F., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3469 · Cited by 13

Comparative effectiveness research methodology using secondary data: A starting user’s guide

Sun, M., & Lipsitz, S. R. (2017) · Urologic Oncology Seminars and Original Investigations · doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.10.011 · Cited by 13

Personality at work

Burch, G. S. J., & Anderson, N. R. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.046 · Cited by 13

High-Volume ???-Omics??? Technologies and the Future of Molecular Epidemiology

Thomas, D. C. (2006) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000229950.29674.68 · Cited by 13

What are the next steps for research on work stress and coronary heart disease

Mika Kivimaki, B., Vahtera, J., Elovainio, M. J., Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L., Virtanen, M., Hintsanen, M., Väänänen, A., Singh‐Manoux, A., & Ferrie, J. E. (2008) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 13

‘Natural Experiments’ as a Means of Testing Causal Inferences

Rutter, M. L. (2012) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781119945710.ch18 · Cited by 13

Risk factors for cardiovascular events and incident hospital-treated diabetes in the population

Khalili, P. (2012) · Örebro University Library (Örebro University) · Cited by 13

The causal relationship between depression and obstructive sleep apnea: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Wang, X., Song, S., Dong, N., Lv, R., He, Y., Zhao, Y., & Yue, H. (2024) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111620 · Cited by 12

Association of branched chain amino acids related variant rs1440581 with risk of incident diabetes and longitudinal changes in insulin resistance in Chinese

Xuan, L., Hou, Y., Wang, T., Li, M., Zhao, Z., Lu, J., Xu, Y., Chen, Y., Qi, L., Wang, W., et al. (2018) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-018-1165-4 · Cited by 12

Transcriptome analysis combined with Mendelian randomization screening for biomarkers causally associated with diabetic retinopathy

Liu, J., Li, J., Tang, Y., Zhou, K., Zhao, X., Zhang, J., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1410066 · Cited by 11

Characterisation of the genetic relationship between the domains of sleep and circadian‐related behaviours with substance use phenotypes

Hatoum, A. S., Winiger, E. A., Morrison, C. L., Johnson, E. C., & Arpana Agrawal, A. (2022) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13184 · Cited by 13

Endometriosis and epithelial ovarian cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis

Wang, L., Li, X., Wang, Y., Li, G., Dai, S.-Z., Cao, M., Meng, Z. H., & Ren, S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-49276-x · Cited by 11

Salicylic Acid and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study

Nounu, A., Richmond, R. C., Stewart, I. D., Surendran, P., Wareham, N. J., Butterworth, A. S., Weinstein, S. J., Albanes, D., Baron, J. A., Hopper, J. L., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13114164 · Cited by 12

Evolutionary Personality Psychology

Lewis, D. M. G., Al-Shawaf, L., & Buss, D. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.022 · Cited by 11

Mendelian randomisation studies of type 2 diabetes: future prospects

Sandhu, M. S., Debenham, S. L., Barroso, I., & Loos, R. J. F. (2007) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0903-x · Cited by 11

Gene–environment studies: any advantage over environmental studies?

Bermejo, J. L., & Hemminki, K. (2007) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgm068 · Cited by 11

Theoretical underpinning for the use of intergenerational studies in life course epidemiology

Lawlor, D. A., Leary, S. D., & Smith, G. D. (2009) · Family matters · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231034.003.0002 · Cited by 11

Genetic liability between COVID-19 and heart failure: evidence from a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Wang, H., Guo, Z., Zheng, Y., & Chen, B. (2022) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-022-02702-w · Cited by 12

Relationship between Sjogren's syndrome and gastroesophageal reflux: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Liu, J., Li, J., Yuan, G., Cao, T., & He, X. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-65512-4 · Cited by 10

Using a Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study Based on Genome-Wide Association Studies to Assess and Demonstrate the Causal Effects of Allergic Rhinitis on Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases and Lung Function

Zhang, Z., Li, G., Yu, L., Jiang, J., Zhou, S., & Jiang, Y. (2023) · International Archives of Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1159/000528350 · Cited by 9

Antioxidants and respiratory disease: the uric acid paradox

Shaheen, S. O. (2014) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205751 · Cited by 10

Development of Personality across the Life Span

Atherton, O. E., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.017 · Cited by 15

Causal Association of Cardiac Function by Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Frailty Index: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Zhang, H., Hao, M., Hu, Z., Li, Y., Hu, X., Jiang, X., Liu, Z., Sun, X., & Wang, X. (2022) · Phenomics · doi:10.1007/s43657-022-00072-z · Cited by 10

Investigating the role of insulin in increased adiposity: Bi-directional Mendelian randomization studyPreprint

Richmond, R. C., Wade, K. H., Corbin, L. J., Bowden, J., Hemani, G., Timpson, N. J., & Smith, G. D. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/155739 · Cited by 11

Shorter telomere length increases the risk of lymphocyte immunodeficiency: A Mendelian randomization study

Wang, B., Xiong, Y., Ren, L., Zhang, J., & Zhang, S. (2024) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.1251 · Cited by 8

Disentangling the effects of nicotine versus non‐nicotine constituents of tobacco smoke on major depressive disorder: A multivariable Mendelian randomisation study

Burke, C., Taylor, G. M. J., Freeman, T. P., Sallis, H., Wootton, R. E., Munafo, M. R., Dardani, C., & Khouja, J. N. (2025) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70001 · Cited by 10

Relationship between tobacco smoking and metabolic syndrome: a Mendelian randomization analysis

Lin, C., Li, C., Liu, C.-S., Lin, C., Yang, S.-Y., & Lin, C. (2025) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-025-01910-7 · Cited by 12

Proteogenomic signature of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia risk in individuals with major depressive disorder

Diniz, B. S., Chen, Z., Steffens, D. C., Pilling, L. C., Nikolova, Y. S., Clifford, K. P., Fortinsky, R. H., Kuchel, G. A., & Kuo, C. (2025) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-025-00460-0 · Cited by 15

Causal relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism: a bidirectional two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study

Lai, R., Deng, X., Lv, X., Liu, Q., Zhou, K., & Peng, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1256208 · Cited by 9

Genetically predicted mood swings increased risk of cardiovascular disease: Evidence from a Mendelian randomization analysis

Liu, Z., Wang, H., Yang, Z., Lu, Y., Wang, J., & Zou, C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.076 · Cited by 12

Mendelian randomisation empowers epidemiology

(2005) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7499.0-d

Mendelian Randomization for Strengthening Causal Inference in Observational Studies

Smith, G. D. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610383505 · Cited by 186

‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?*

Davey Smith, G., & Ebrahim, S. (2003) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070 · Cited by 5,882

Mendelian Randomization in the Era of Genomewide Association Studies

Abou‐Sleiman, P. M., & Grant, S. F. A. (2010) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2009.141564 · Cited by 123

Mendelian randomization: can genetic epidemiology help redress the failures of observational epidemiology?

Ebrahim, S., & Davey Smith, G. (2008) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-007-0448-6 · Cited by 410