Mendelian randomization: prospects, potentials, and limitations

Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies

(2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11911-8 · Cited by 10,266 · see citing works

The proof and measurement of association between two things.

Spearman, C. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq191 · Cited by 7,777 · see citing works

Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease with Pravastatin in Men with Hypercholesterolemia

Shepherd, J., Cobbe, S. M., Ford, I., Isles, C. G., Lorimer, A. R., Macfarlane, P. W., McKillop, J. H., & Packard, C. J. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199511163332001 · Cited by 7,449 · see citing works

‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?*

Davey Smith, G., & Ebrahim, S. (2003) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070 · Cited by 5,882 · see citing works

Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease

Hugot, J.-P., Chamaillard, M., Zouali, H., Lesage, S., Cézard, J.-P., Belaiche, J., Almer, S., Tysk, C., O'Morain, C. A., Gassull, M., et al. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35079107 · Cited by 5,591 · see citing works

A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease

Ogura, Y., Bonen, D. K., Inohara, N., Nicolae, D. L., Chen, F. F., Ramos, R., Britton, H., Moran, T., Karaliuskas, R., Duerr, R. H., et al. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35079114 · Cited by 5,030 · see citing works

Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease

Collins, R., Peto, R., MacMahon, S., Godwin, J., Qizilbash, N., Collins, R., MacMahon, S., Hebert, P., Eberlein, K. A., Taylor, J. O., et al. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90944-z · Cited by 4,491 · see citing works

Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease *1Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias

MACMAHON, S. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90878-9 · Cited by 4,253 · see citing works

Prevention of the First Occurrence of Neural-Tube Defects by Periconceptional Vitamin Supplementation

Czeizel, A. E., & Dudás, I. (1992) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199212243272602 · Cited by 3,200 · see citing works

Prevention of neural tube defects: Results of the Medical Research Council vitamin study

Wald, N., Sneddon, J., Densem, J. W., Frost, C. D., & Stone, R. (1992) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/0020-7292(92)90076-u · Cited by 2,364 · see citing works

Homocysteine and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke: A Meta-analysis

Homocysteine Studies Collaboration (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.16.2015 · Cited by 2,059 · see citing works

Limitations of the Application of Fourfold Table Analysis to Hospital Data

Berkson, J. (1946) · Biometrics Bulletin · doi:10.2307/3002000 · Cited by 1,810 · see citing works

Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly U.S. adults

Thun, M. J., Peto, R., Lopez, A. D., Monaco, J. H., Henley, S. J., Heath, C. W., & Doll, R. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199712113372401 · Cited by 1,313 · see citing works

Problems of reporting genetic associations with complex outcomes

Colhoun, H. M., McKeigue, P., & Smith, G. D. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12715-8 · Cited by 1,203 · see citing works

Molecular genetics of the LDL receptor gene in familial hypercholesterolemia

Hobbs, H. H., Brown, M. S., & Goldstein, J. L. (1992) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.1380010602 · Cited by 1,161 · see citing works

Genetic associations with human longevity at the APOE and ACE loci

Schächter, F., Faure-Delanef, L., Guénot, F., Rouger, H., Froguel, P., Lesueur-Ginot, L., & Cohen, D. (1994) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0194-29 · Cited by 1,095 · see citing works

5, 10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene Variants and Congenital Anomalies: A HuGE Review

Botto, L. D., & Yang, Q. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010290 · Cited by 1,045 · see citing works

MTHFR 677C→T Polymorphism and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease

Klerk, M., Verhoef, P., Clarke, R., Blom, H. J., Kok, F. J., & Schouten, E. G. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.16.2023 · Cited by 932 · see citing works

Influence of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms on tuberculosis among Gujarati Asians in west London: a case-control study

Wilkinson, R. J., Llewelyn, M., Toossi, Z., Patel, P., Pasvol, G., Lalvani, A., Wright, D. J., Latif, M., & Davidson, R. N. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)02301-6 · Cited by 768 · see citing works

Colorectal cancer risk, chronic illnesses, operations and medications: case control results from the Melbourne Colorectal Cancer Study

Kune, G. A., Kune, S., & Watson, L. F. (2007) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dym193 · Cited by 654 · see citing works

BACTERIA AND qTIOLOGY OF CANCER OF LARGE BOWEL

Hill, M. J. (1971) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(71)90837-3 · Cited by 635 · see citing works

Association between a specific apolipoprotein B mutation and familial defective apolipoprotein B-100.

SORIA, L. F., Ludwig, E. H., Clarke, H. R. G., Vega, G. L., Grundy, S. M., & McCarthy, B. J. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.2.587 · Cited by 632 · see citing works

RISKS OF ISCHÆMIC HEART-DISEASE IN FAMILIAL HYPERLIPOPROTEINÆMIC STATES

Slack, J. (1969) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(69)90930-1 · Cited by 625 · see citing works

Mutations in the glucokinase gene of the fetus result in reduced birth weight

Hattersley, A. T., Beards, F., Ballantyne, E., Appleton, M., Harvey, R., & Ellard, S. (1998) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/953 · Cited by 592 · see citing works

Vitamin D3, gamma interferon, and control of proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human monocytes.

Rook, G. A. W., Steele, J. K., Fraher, L. J., Barker, S. C., Karmali, R., O'Riordan, J. L. H., & Stanford, J. L. (1986) · PubMed Central · Cited by 529 · see citing works

Epidemiological methods for studying genes and environmental factors in complex diseases

Clayton, D. G., & McKeigue, P. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06418-2 · Cited by 469 · see citing works

Tuberculosis and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Africans and Variation in the Vitamin D Receptor Gene

Bellamy, R., Ruwende, C., Corrah, T., Mcadam, K. P. W. J., Thursz, M. R., Whittle, H., & Hill, A. V. S. (1999) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/314614 · Cited by 436 · see citing works

Point: population stratification: a problem for case-control studies of candidate-gene associations?

Thomas, D. C., & Witte, J. S. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 391 · see citing works

Lipoproteins and blood pressure as biological pathways for effect of moderate alcohol consumption on coronary heart disease.

Langer, R. D., Criqui, M. H., & REED, D. M. (1992) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.85.3.910 · Cited by 384 · see citing works

Primary bile acid malabsorption caused by mutations in the ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter gene (SLC10A2).

Oelkers, P. M., Kirby, L. C., Heubi, J. E., & Dawson, P. A. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci119355 · Cited by 379 · see citing works

APOUPOPROTEIN E ISOFORMS, SERUM CHOLESTEROL, AND CANCER

Katan, M. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92972-7 · Cited by 371 · see citing works

Stroke and Alcohol Consumption

Gill, J. S., Zezulka, A. V., Shipley, M. J., Gill, S. K., & Beevers, D. G. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198610233151701 · Cited by 334 · see citing works

Molecular Epidemiology of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Variants

Zmuda, J. M., Cauley, J. A., & Ferrell, R. E. (2000) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a018033 · Cited by 326 · see citing works

Genetic Variation in Alcohol Dehydrogenase and the Beneficial Effect of Moderate Alcohol Consumption on Myocardial Infarction

Hines, L. M., Stampfer, M. J., Ma, J., Gaziano, J. M., Ridker, P. M., Hankinson, S. E., Sacks, F. M., Rimm, E. B., & Hunter, D. J. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200102223440802 · Cited by 304 · see citing works

The Effect of Cessation and Resumption of Moderate Alcohol Intake on Serum High-Density-Lipoprotein Subfractions

Haskell, W. L., Camargo, C. A., Williams, P. T., VRANIZAN, K. M., Krauss, R. M., Lindgren, F. T., & Wood, P. D. (1984) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198403293101301 · Cited by 304 · see citing works

Exploiting the Vascular Protective Effects of High-Density Lipoprotein and its Apolipoproteins

Shah, P. K., Kaul, S., Nilsson, J. Å., & Cercek, B. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc4501.098468 · Cited by 298 · see citing works

Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) mRNA and VDR Protein Levels in Relation to Vitamin D Status, Insulin Secretory Capacity, and VDR Genotype in Bangladeshi Asians

Ogunkolade, B.-W., Boucher, B. J., Prahl, J. M., Bustin, S. A., Burrin, J. M., Noonan, K., North, B. V., Mannan, N., McDermott, M., DeLuca, H. F., et al. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.7.2294 · Cited by 286 · see citing works

How independent are “independent” effects? relative risk estimation when correlated exposures are measured imprecisely

Phillips, A. N., & Smith, G. D. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(91)90155-3 · Cited by 275 · see citing works

Acetaldehyde Metabolism in Different Aldehyde Dehydrogenase‐2 Genotypes

Enomoto, N., Takase, S., Yasuhara, M., & Takada, A. (1991) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00532.x · Cited by 270 · see citing works

APOE genotype as a risk factor for ischemic cerebrovascular disease

McCarron, M. O., DeLong, D. M., & Alberts, M. J. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.6.1308 · Cited by 267 · see citing works

Alcohol consumption and mortality from all causes, coronary heart disease, and stroke: results from a prospective cohort study of Scottish men with 21 years of follow up

Hart, C., Smith, G. D., Hole, D. J., & Hawthorne, V. M. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1725 · Cited by 264 · see citing works

Childhood social circumstances and psychosocial and behavioural factors as determinants of plasma fibrinogen

Brunner, E. J., Marmot, M. G., Canner, R., Beksinska, M., Smith, G. D., & O'Brien, J. R. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90147-6 · Cited by 260 · see citing works

Cholesterol and Alzheimer’s disease

Simons, M., Keller, P., DICHGANS, J., & Schulz, J. B. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.6.1089 · Cited by 258 · see citing works

Counterpoint: bias from population stratification is not a major threat to the validity of conclusions from epidemiological studies of common polymorphisms and cancer.

Wacholder, S., Rothman, N., & Caporaso, N. E. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 255 · see citing works

Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100: a review, including some comparisons with familial hypercholesterolaemia

Myant, N. B. (1993) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(93)90171-p · Cited by 232 · see citing works

Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases and glutathione S-transferase M1 and drinking, smoking, and diet in Japanese men with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Yokoyama, A. (2002) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/23.11.1851 · Cited by 232 · see citing works

Ultraviolet radiation and autoimmune disease: insights from epidemiological research

Ponsonby, A., McMichael, A. J., & van der Mei, I. A. F. (2002) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00257-3 · Cited by 225 · see citing works

Commentary: The concept of 'Mendelian Randomization'

Thomas, D. C. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh048 · Cited by 217 · see citing works

Alcohol consumption—A risk factor for hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic stroke

Gill, J. S., Shipley, M. J., Tsementzis, S. A., Hornby, R. S., Gill, S. K., Hitchcock, E. R., & Beevers, D. G. (1991) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(91)90610-a · Cited by 212 · see citing works

Association of Mutations in the Apolipoprotein B Gene with Hypercholesterolemia and the Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease

Tybjærg‐Hansen, A., Steffensen, R., Meinertz, H., Schnohr, P., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199805283382203 · Cited by 191 · see citing works

Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with multiple sclerosis in Japanese

Fukazawa, T., Yabe, I., Kikuchi, S., et al. (1999) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(99)00112-4 · Cited by 179 · see citing works

Milk, coronary heart disease and mortality

Ness, A., Smith, G. D., & Hart, C. (2001) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.55.6.379 · Cited by 177 · see citing works

Genetic Polymorphisms of Alcohol and Aldehyde Dehydrogenases and Risk for Esophageal and Head and Neck Cancers

Yokoyama, A. (2003) · Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1093/jjco/hyg026 · Cited by 168 · see citing works

Polymorphism of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase genes and alcoholic cirrhosis in Chinese patients.

Chao, Y., Liou, S., Chung, Y.-Y., Tang, H. S., Hsu, C., Li, T., & Yin, S. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 167 · see citing works

Genetic Predisposition for Adult Lactose Intolerance and Relation to Diet, Bone Density, and Bone Fractures

Obermayer-Pietsch, B. M., Bonelli, C. M., Walter, D., Kühn, R., Fahrleitner‐Pammer, A., Berghold, A., Goessler, W., Stepan, V. M., Dobnig, H., Leb, G., et al. (2004) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.0301207 · Cited by 166 · see citing works

Apolipoprotein E Alleles, Dyslipidemia,and Coronary Heart Disease

Zhi, Y. (2001) · 南京医科大学学报：英文版 · Cited by 166 · see citing works

Serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in untreated tuberculosis.

Davies, P. D. O., Brown, R. C., & Woodhead, J. S. (1985) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.40.3.187 · Cited by 157 · see citing works

A possible link between vitamin d deficiency and impaired host defence to mycobacterium tuberculosis

Davies, P. D. O. (1985) · Tubercle · doi:10.1016/0041-3879(85)90068-6 · Cited by 149 · see citing works

Osteoporosis, Intestinal Lactase Deficiency and Low Dietary Calcium Intake

Birge, S. J., Keutmann, H. T., Cuatrecasas, P., & Whedon, G. D. (1967) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm196702232760805 · Cited by 147 · see citing works

Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100: a single mutation that causes hypercholesterolemia and premature coronary artery disease

TYBJARGHANSEN, A., & Humphries, S. E. (1992) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(92)90056-m · Cited by 146 · see citing works

Apolipoprotein E4: an allele associated with many diseases

Smith, J. D. (2000) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890009011761 · Cited by 146 · see citing works

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Gene Is a Risk Factor for Myocardial Infarction in Japanese Men.

Takagi, S., Iwai, N., Yamauchi, R., Kojima, S., Yasuno, S., Baba, T., Terashima, M., Tsutsumi, Y., Suzuki, S., Morii, I., et al. (2002) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1291/hypres.25.677 · Cited by 144 · see citing works

Helicobacter pylori infection and early onset myocardial infarction: case-control and sibling pairs study

Danesh, J., Youngman, L. D., Clark, S., Parish, S., Peto, R., & Collins, R. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7218.1157 · Cited by 142 · see citing works

Seasonality of tuberculosis: the reverse of other respiratory diseases in the UK.

Douglas, A. S., Strachan, D. P., & Maxwell, J. D. (1996) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.51.9.944 · Cited by 140 · see citing works

Faecal unconjugated bile acids in patients with colorectal cancer or polyps.

Imray, C., Radley, S. C., Davis, A., Barker, G., Hendrickse, C. W., Donovan, I. A., Lawson, A. M., Baker, P. R., & Neoptolemos, J. P. (1992) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.33.9.1239 · Cited by 140 · see citing works

Alcohol, cardiovascular risk factors and mortality: the Chicago experience.

Dyer, A. R., Stamler, J., Paul, O., Berkson, D. M., Shekelle, R. B., Lepper, M. H., McKean, H. E., Lindberg, H. A., Garside, D., & Tokich, T. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 138 · see citing works

Lactase Deficiency: Prevalence in Osteoporosis

Newcomer, A. D., HODGSON, S. F., McGILL, D. B., & THOMAS, P. J. (1978) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-89-2-218 · Cited by 135 · see citing works

Effects of Age, Sex, and Ethnicity on the Association Between Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Alzheimer Disease: A Meta-analysis

Farrer, L. A. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550160069041 · Cited by 124 · see citing works

Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and risk for colorectal adenomas

Sandler, R. S., Galanko, J. C., Murray, S. C., Helm, J. F., & Woosley, J. T. (1998) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70526-8 · Cited by 122 · see citing works

The Role of Vitamin D in Tuberculosis

Rook, G. A. W. (1988) · American Review of Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1164/ajrccm/138.4.768 · Cited by 120 · see citing works

How the gut senses its content

Didierlaurent, A. M., Sirard, J., Kraehenbühl, J.-P., & Neutra, M. R. (2002) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1462-5822.2002.00177.x · Cited by 119 · see citing works

Paraoxonase (PON1) polymorphisms in farmers attributing ill health to sheep dip

Cherry, N., Mackness, M., Durrington, P. N., Povery, A., Dippnall, M., Smith, T., & Mackness, B. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07847-9 · Cited by 114 · see citing works

Incubation period of coronary heart disease.

Rose, G. (1982) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.284.6329.1600 · Cited by 108 · see citing works

Metabolic epidemiology of colorectal cancer.

Mj, H. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 107 · see citing works

A study of vitamin d levels in indonesian patients with untreated pulmonary tuberculosis

Grange, J. M., Davies, P. D. O., Brown, R. C., Woodhead, J. S., & Kardjito, T. (1985) · Tubercle · doi:10.1016/0041-3879(85)90035-2 · Cited by 106 · see citing works

Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism Affects Onset Pattern of Type 1 Diabetes

Motohashi, Y., Yamada, S., Yanagawa, T., et al. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021881 · Cited by 106 · see citing works

ALCOHOL, CORONARY DISEASE, AND HYPERTENSION

Klatsky, A. L. (1996) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev.med.47.1.149 · Cited by 101 · see citing works

The role of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in bone biology

Uitterlinden, A. G., Fang, Y., Bergink, A. P., et al. (2002) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(02)00274-5 · Cited by 93 · see citing works

Rapid characterization of the variable length polythymidine tract in the cystic fibrosis (CFTR) gene: Association of the 5T allele with selected CFTR mutations and its incidence in atypical sinopulmonary disease

Friedman, K. J., Heim, R. A., Knowles, M. R., & Silverman, L. M. (1997) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1997)10:2 · Cited by 89 · see citing works

Does lactose intolerance predispose to low bone density? A population-based study of perimenopausal finnish women

Honkanen, R., Pulkkinen, P., Järvinen, R., Kröger, H., Lindstedt, K. A., Tuppurainen, M., & Uusitupa, M. I. J. (1996) · Bone · doi:10.1016/8756-3282(96)00107-x · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Commentary: Mendelian randomization, 18 years on

Katan, M. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh023 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

Confounding, ascertainment bias, and the blind quest for a genetic ‘fountain of youth’

Terwilliger, J. D., & Weiss, K. M. (2003) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890310015181 · Cited by 81 · see citing works

Vegetarian diet as a risk factor for tuberculosis in immigrant south London Asians.

Strachan, D. P., Powell, K. J., Thaker, A., et al. (1995) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.50.2.175 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

Prostaglandin H synthase 2 variant (Val511Ala) in African Americans may reduce the risk for colorectal neoplasia.

Lin, H. J., Lakkides, K. M., Keku, T. O., Reddy, S. T., Louie, A. D., Kau, I. H., Zhou, H., Gim, J. S. Y., Ma, H. L., Matthies, C. F., et al. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Commentary: Mendelian randomization--an update on its use to evaluate allogeneic stem cell transplantation in leukaemia

Wheatley, K. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyg313 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Increased prevalence of lactose malabsorption in Crohn's disease patients at low risk for lactose malabsorption based on ethnic origin.

Mishkin, B., Yalovsky, M. A., & Mishkin, S. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 73 · see citing works

Maternal diabetes alters birth weight in glucokinase-deficient (MODY2) kindred but has no influence on adult weight, height, insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity

Velho, G., Hattersley, A. T., & Froguel, P. (2000) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051490 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Alcohol and hypertension: epidemiologic and experimental considerations. The Lipid Research Clinics Program.

Wallace, R. B., Lynch, C. F., Pomrehn, P. R., Criqui, M. H., & HEISS, G. M. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 69 · see citing works

Bile Acid Concentrations, Cytotoxicity, and pH of Fecal Water from Patients with Colorectal Adenomas

de Kok, T. M. C. M., van Faassen, A., Glinghammar, B., Pachen, D. M. F. A., Rafter, J. J., Baeten, C. G. M. I., Engels, L. G. J. B., & Kleinjans, J. C. S. (1999) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1023/a:1026644418142 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

Commentary: Development of Mendelian randomization: from hypothesis test to 'Mendelian deconfounding'

Tobin, M. D. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh016 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

Cholesterol and coronary heart disease: screening and treatment

Ebrahim, S. B. J., Smith, G. D., McCabe, C. J., Payne, N., Pickin, M., Sheldon, T., Lampe, F. C., Sampson, F. C., Ward, S. E., & Wannamthee, G. (1998) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/qshc.7.4.232 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and colorectal cancer: gender-specific modulation of risk and prognosis

Watson, M. A., Gay, L. J., Stebbings, W., Speakman, C., Bingham, S. A., & Loktionov, A. (2003) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20020329 · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Are we really dying for a tan?

Ness, A., Frankel, S. J., Gunnell, D., et al. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7202.114 · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Hypothesis Is Lactose a Dietary Risk Factor for Ischaemic Heart Disease?

Segall, J. J. (1980) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/9.3.271 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Plasma fibrinogen and fibrinogen genotypes in 4685 cases of myocardial infarction and in 6002 controls: Test of causality by "Mendelian randomisation"

Youngman, L. D., Keavney, B. D., Palmer, A. J., Parish, S., Clark, S. L., Danesh, J., Délepine, M., Lathrop, M. G., Peto, R., & Collins, R. (2000) · Circulation · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Inflation in epidemiology: “The proof and measurement of association between two things” revisited

Smith, G. D., & Phillips, A. N. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7047.1659 · Cited by 58 · see citing works

Alcohol and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol:a randomized controlled trial

Burr, M. L., FEHILY, A. M., Butland, B. K., Bolton, C. H., & Eastham, R. D. (1986) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19860087 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Genetic epidemiological studies of coronary heart disease

Keavney, B. D. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.4.730 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

The C/C_ 13910 and G/G_ 22018 Genotypes for Adult-type Hypolactasia are not Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Büning, C., Ockenga, J., Krüger, S., Jurga, J., Baier, P., Dignass, A. U., Vogel, A., Strassburg, C., Weltrich, R., Genschel, J., et al. (2003) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1080/00365520310000555a · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Fibrinogen, C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease: does Mendelian randomization suggest the associations are non-causal?

Smith, G. D., Harbord, R. M., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2004) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hch025 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Fecal bile acid excretion pattern in colonic cancer patients

Breuer, N. F., Dommes, P., Jaekel, S., & Goebell, H. (1985) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01309516 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Milk, butter, and heart disease.

Shaper, A. G., Wannamethee, S. G., & Walker, M. (1991) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.302.6779.785 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Triglyceride as a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease in British men: effect of adjusting for measurement error

Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Pfluger, D. H., Altpeter, E., & Elwood, P. C. (1999) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(98)00300-1 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Alcohol, the heart, and health.

Shaper, A. G. (1993) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.83.6.799 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Evidence of gene-environment interaction in development of tuberculosis

Bellamy, R. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)00426-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

An association between genetic polymorphisms in the ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter gene and the risk of colorectal adenomas.

Wang, W., Xue, S., Ingles, S. A., Chen, Q., Diep, A. T., Frankl, H. D., Stolz, A., & Haile, R. W. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Commentary: Mendelian randomization and gene-environment interaction

Brennan, P. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh033 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Commentary: Reflections on alcohol and coronary heart disease

Marmot, M. G. (2001) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/30.4.729 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Commentary: Katan's remarkable foresight: genes and causality 18 years on

Keavney, B. D. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh056 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Inflammatory bowel disease: dogmas and heresies

Fiocchi, C. (2002) · Digestive and Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/s1590-8658(02)80153-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Commentary: Could abstinence from alcohol be hazardous to your health?

Klatsky, A. L. (2001) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/30.4.739 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Commentary: Alcohol, coronary heart disease and public health: which evidence-based policy

Bovet, P., & Paccaud, F. (2001) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/30.4.734 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Coronary artery disease : genes, drugs, and the agricultural connection

Færgeman, O. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Commentary: The unresolved mystery of birth-cohort phenomena in gastroenterology

Sonnenberg, A., Cucino, C., & Bauerfeind, P. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.1.23 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Milk, coronary disease and mortality

Elwood, P. C. (2001) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.55.6.375 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Lactose absorption and milk drinking habits in Estonians with myocardial infarction

Lember, M., & Tamm, A. O. (1988) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.296.6615.95 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Commentary: Alcohol and coronary heart disease—laying the foundation for future work

Rimm, E. B. (2001) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/30.4.738 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Vitamin D deficiency and tuberculosis

de González, A. B., Green, J., & Newton, R. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)73409-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Consistent Estimation in Mendelian Randomization with Some Invalid Instruments Using a Weighted Median Estimator

Bowden, J., Davey Smith, G., Haycock, P. C., & Burgess, S. (2016) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21965 · Cited by 8,922 · see citing works

Mendelian Randomization Analysis With Multiple Genetic Variants Using Summarized Data

Burgess, S., Butterworth, A., & Thompson, S. G. (2013) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21758 · Cited by 6,050 · see citing works

Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies

Davey Smith, G., & Hemani, G. (2014) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu328 · Cited by 4,677 · see citing works

Mendelian randomization: Using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology

Lawlor, D. A., Harbord, R. M., Sterne, J. A. C., Timpson, N., & Davey Smith, G. (2008) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3034 · Cited by 4,618 · see citing works

Interpreting findings from Mendelian randomization using the MR-Egger method.

Burgess, S., & Thompson, S. G. (2017) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0255-x · Cited by 4,571 · see citing works

Avoiding bias from weak instruments in Mendelian randomization studies

Burgess, S., Thompson, S. G., & CRP CHD Genetics Collaboration (2011) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyr036 · Cited by 3,952 · see citing works

Orienting the causal relationship between imprecisely measured traits using GWAS summary data.

Hemani, G., Tilling, K., & Davey Smith, G. (2017) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007081 · Cited by 2,607 · see citing works

Mendelian randomization

Sanderson, E., Glymour, M. M., Holmes, M. V., Kang, H., Morrison, J., Munafò, M. R., Palmer, T., Schooling, C. M., Wallace, C., Zhao, Q., et al. (2022) · Nature Reviews Methods Primers · doi:10.1038/s43586-021-00092-5 · Cited by 2,229 · see citing works

Sensitivity Analyses for Robust Causal Inference from Mendelian Randomization Analyses with Multiple Genetic Variants

Burgess, S., Bowden, J., Fall, T., Ingelsson, E., & Thompson, S. G. (2017) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000559 · Cited by 2,017 · see citing works

Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status

Nordestgaard, B. G., Chapman, M. J., Ray, K., Borén, J., Andreotti, F., Watts, G. F., Ginsberg, H., Amarenco, P., Catapano, A., Descamps, O. S., et al. (2010) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq386 · Cited by 1,807 · see citing works

Using published data in Mendelian randomization: a blueprint for efficient identification of causal risk factors

EPIC- InterAct Consortium, Burgess, S., Scott, R. A., Timpson, N. J., Davey Smith, G., & Thompson, S. G. (2015) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-015-0011-z · Cited by 1,803 · see citing works

Detecting pleiotropy in Mendelian randomisation studies with summary data and a continuous outcome

Greco M, F. D., Minelli, C., Sheehan, N. A., & Thompson, J. R. (2015) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.6522 · Cited by 1,700 · see citing works

Multivariable Mendelian randomization: the use of pleiotropic genetic variants to estimate causal effects.

Burgess, S., & Thompson, S. G. (2015) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwu283 · Cited by 1,605 · see citing works

Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease

Nordestgaard, B. G., & Varbo, A. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61177-6 · Cited by 1,419 · see citing works

Genetically Elevated Lipoprotein(a) and Increased Risk of Myocardial Infarction

Kamstrup, P. R. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.801 · Cited by 1,357 · see citing works

Detection and interpretation of shared genetic influences on 42 human traits

Pickrell, J. K., Berisa, T., Liu, J. Z., Ségurel, L., Tung, J. Y., & Hinds, D. A. (2016) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3570 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works

Using multiple genetic variants as instrumental variables for modifiable risk factors

Palmer, T. M., Lawlor, D. A., Harbord, R. M., Sheehan, N. A., Tobias, J. H., Timpson, N. J., Smith, G. D., & Sterne, J. A. (2012) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280210394459 · Cited by 1,289 · see citing works

Combining information on multiple instrumental variables in Mendelian randomization: comparison of allele score and summarized data methods

Burgess, S., Dudbridge, F., & Thompson, S. G. (2016) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.6835 · Cited by 1,153 · see citing works

A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders

Firth, J., Solmi, M., Wootton, R. E., Vancampfort, D., Schuch, F. B., Hoare, E., Gilbody, S., Torous, J., Teasdale, S. B., Jackson, S. E., et al. (2020) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20773 · Cited by 1,148 · see citing works

Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: New Insights From Epidemiology, Genetics, and Biology

Nordestgaard, B. G. (2016) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.115.306249 · Cited by 1,116 · see citing works

Evaluating the relationship between circulating lipoprotein lipids and apolipoproteins with risk of coronary heart disease: A multivariable Mendelian randomisation analysis

Richardson, T. G., Sanderson, E., Palmer, T. M., Ala-Korpela, M., Ference, B. A., Davey Smith, G., & Holmes, M. V. (2020) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003062 · Cited by 843 · see citing works

Mendelian randomization as an instrumental variable approach to causal inference

Didelez, V., & Sheehan, N. (2007) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280206077743 · Cited by 923 · see citing works

Common variants associated with plasma triglycerides and risk for coronary artery disease

Do, R., Willer, C. J., Schmidt, E. M., Sengupta, S., Gao, C., Peloso, G. M., Gustafsson, S., Kanoni, S., Ganna, A., Chen, J., et al. (2013) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2795 · Cited by 862 · see citing works

Two-sample Mendelian randomization: avoiding the downsides of a powerful, widely applicable but potentially fallible technique.

Hartwig, F. P., Davies, N. M., Hemani, G., & Davey Smith, G. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyx028 · Cited by 860 · see citing works

Genetically elevated C-reactive protein and ischemic vascular disease

Zacho, J., Tybjærg-Hansen, A., Jensen, J. S., Grande, P., Sillesen, H., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0707402 · Cited by 839 · see citing works

Mendelian Randomization: Concepts and Scope

Richmond, R. C., & Davey Smith, G. (2022) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a040501 · Cited by 841 · see citing works

Genome-wide association analyses of chronotype in 697,828 individuals provides insights into circadian rhythms

Jones, S. E., Lane, J. M., Wood, A. R., van Hees, V. T., Tyrrell, J., Beaumont, R. N., Jeffries, A. R., Dashti, H. S., Hillsdon, M., Ruth, K. S., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08259-7 · Cited by 691 · see citing works

A robust and efficient method for Mendelian randomization with hundreds of genetic variants

Burgess, S., Foley, C. N., Allara, E., Staley, J. R., & Howson, J. M. M. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-14156-4 · Cited by 681 · see citing works

Mendelian randomization in cardiometabolic disease: challenges in evaluating causality

Holmes, M. V., Ala-Korpela, M., & Smith, G. D. (2017) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.78 · Cited by 679 · see citing works

Long-Term Interleukin-6 Levels and Subsequent Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: Two New Prospective Studies and a Systematic Review

Danesh, J., Kaptoge, S., Mann, A. G., Sarwar, N., Wood, A., Angleman, S. B., Wensley, F., Higgins, J. P. T., Lennon, L., Eiriksdottir, G., et al. (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050078 · Cited by 676 · see citing works

Adiposity and cancer risk: new mechanistic insights from epidemiology

Renehan, A. G., Zwahlen, M., & Egger, M. (2015) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3967 · Cited by 654 · see citing works

Meta-analysis methods for genome-wide association studies and beyond

Evangelou, E., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2013) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3472 · Cited by 596 · see citing works

Psychological and social sequelae of cannabis and other illicit drug use by young people: a systematic review of longitudinal, general population studies

Macleod, J., Oakes, R., Copello, A., Crome, I., Egger, M., Hickman, M., Oppenkowski, T., Stokes-Lampard, H., & Smith, G. D. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16200-4 · Cited by 639 · see citing works

Lipoprotein(a) as a cause of cardiovascular disease: insights from epidemiology, genetics, and biology

Nordestgaard, B. G., & Langsted, A. (2016) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r071233 · Cited by 575 · see citing works

What can mendelian randomisation tell us about modifiable behavioural and environmental exposures?

Smith, G. D., & Ebrahim, S. (2005) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7499.1076 · Cited by 545 · see citing works

Methodological Challenges in Mendelian Randomization

VanderWeele, T. J., Tchetgen Tchetgen, E. J., Cornelis, M., & Kraft, P. (2014) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000081 · Cited by 555 · see citing works

COSMOS-E: Guidance on conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies of etiology

Dekkers, O. M., Vandenbroucke, J. P., Cevallos, M., Renehan, A. G., Altman, D. G., & Egger, M. (2019) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002742 · Cited by 525 · see citing works

Network Mendelian randomization: using genetic variants as instrumental variables to investigate mediation in causal pathways.

Burgess, S., Daniel, R. M., Butterworth, A. S., Thompson, S. G., & the EPIC-InterAct Consortium (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyu176 · Cited by 543 · see citing works

Association of Loss-of-Function Mutations in the <emph type="ital">ABCA1</emph> Gene With High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease

Frikke-Schmidt, R. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.299.21.2524 · Cited by 464 · see citing works

Instrumental Variables: Application and Limitations

Martens, E. P., Pestman, W. R., de Boer, A., Belitser, S. V., & Klungel, O. H. (2006) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000215160.88317.cb · Cited by 464 · see citing works

Use of allele scores as instrumental variables for Mendelian randomization

Burgess, S., & Thompson, S. G. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyt093 · Cited by 452 · see citing works

Genome‐wide mapping of plasma protein QTLs identifies putatively causal genes and pathways for cardiovascular disease

Yao, C., Chen, G., Song, C., Keefe, J., Mendelson, M., Huan, T., Sun, B. B., Laser, A., Maranville, J. C., Wu, H., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05512-x · Cited by 431 · see citing works

Bias in causal estimates from Mendelian randomization studies with weak instruments

Burgess, S., & Thompson, S. G. (2011) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4197 · Cited by 421 · see citing works

Association of disrupted circadian rhythmicity with mood disorders, subjective wellbeing, and cognitive function: a cross-sectional study of 91 105 participants from the UK Biobank

Lyall, L. M., Wyse, C. A., Graham, N., Ferguson, A., Lyall, D. M., Cullen, B., Celis Morales, C. A., Biello, S. M., Mackay, D., Ward, J., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30139-1 · Cited by 418 · see citing works

Selecting instruments for Mendelian randomization in the wake of genome-wide association studies.

Swerdlow, D. I., Kuchenbaecker, K. B., Shah, S., Sofat, R., Holmes, M. V., White, J., Mindell, J. S., Kivimaki, M., Brunner, E. J., Whittaker, J. C., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw088 · Cited by 387 · see citing works

HDL-targeted therapies: progress, failures and future

Kingwell, B. A., Chapman, M. J., Kontush, A., & Miller, N. E. (2014) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd4279 · Cited by 354 · see citing works

Using Mendelian Randomization to Improve the Design of Randomized Trials

Ference, B. A., Holmes, M. V., & Smith, G. D. (2021) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a040980 · Cited by 338 · see citing works

Big Data in Public Health: Terminology, Machine Learning, and Privacy

Mooney, S. J., & Pejaver, V. (2018) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-014208 · Cited by 325 · see citing works

Maternal obesity during pregnancy and cardiovascular development and disease in the offspring

Gaillard, R. (2015) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-015-0085-7 · Cited by 322 · see citing works

Environmental epigenetics: prospects for studying epigenetic mediation of exposure–response relationships

Cortessis, V. K., Thomas, D. C., Levine, A. J., Breton, C. V., Mack, T. M., Siegmund, K. D., Haile, R. W., & Laird, P. W. (2012) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-012-1189-8 · Cited by 319 · see citing works

C-reactive protein levels and body mass index: elucidating direction of causation through reciprocal Mendelian randomization

Timpson, N. J., Nordestgaard, B. G., Harbord, R. M., Zacho, J., Frayling, T. M., Tybjærg-Hansen, A., & Davey Smith, G. (2011) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.137 · Cited by 310 · see citing works

Use of Mendelian randomisation to assess potential benefit of clinical intervention.

Burgess, S., Butterworth, A., Malarstig, A., & Thompson, S. G. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e7325 · Cited by 292 · see citing works

Credible Mendelian Randomization Studies: Approaches for Evaluating the Instrumental Variable Assumptions

Glymour, M. M., Tchetgen Tchetgen, E. J., & Robins, J. M. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr323 · Cited by 292 · see citing works

Mendel’s laws, Mendelian randomization and causal inference in observational data: substantive and nomenclatural issues

Davey Smith, G., Holmes, M. V., Davies, N. M., & Ebrahim, S. (2020) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00622-7 · Cited by 287 · see citing works

Association of plasma uric acid with ischaemic heart disease and blood pressure: mendelian randomisation analysis of two large cohorts

Palmer, T. M., Nordestgaard, B. G., Benn, M., Tybjaerg-Hansen, A., Davey Smith, G., Lawlor, D. A., & Timpson, N. J. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f4262 · Cited by 282 · see citing works

Instrumental Variables Estimation With Some Invalid Instruments and its Application to Mendelian Randomization.

Kang, H., Zhang, A., Cai, T. T., & Small, D. S. (2016) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.2014.994705 · Cited by 265 · see citing works

Erythrocyte membrane phospholipid fatty acids, desaturase activity, and dietary fatty acids in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)–Potsdam Study

Kröger, J., Zietemann, V., Enzenbach, C., Weikert, C., Jansen, E. H., Döring, F., Joost, H.-G., Boeing, H., & Schulze, M. B. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.005447 · Cited by 270 · see citing works

Clinical utility of inflammatory markers and advanced lipoprotein testing: Advice from an expert panel of lipid specialists

Davidson, M. H., Ballantyne, C. M., Jacobson, T. A., Bittner, V. A., Braun, L. T., Brown, A. S., Brown, W. V., Cromwell, W. C., Goldberg, R. B., McKenney, J. M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2011.07.005 · Cited by 262 · see citing works

Assessing Intrauterine Influences on Offspring Health Outcomes: Can Epidemiological Studies Yield Robust Findings?

Smith, G. D. (2008) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00191.x · Cited by 257 · see citing works

At risk or not at risk? A meta‐analysis of the prognostic accuracy of psychometric interviews for psychosis prediction

Fusar‐Poli, P., Cappucciati, M., Rutigliano, G., Schultze‐Lutter, F., Bonoldi, I., Borgwardt, S., Riecher‐Rössler, A., Addington, J., Perkins, D., Woods, S. W., et al. (2015) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20250 · Cited by 234 · see citing works

Investigating the Causal Relationship of C-Reactive Protein with 32 Complex Somatic and Psychiatric Outcomes: A Large-Scale Cross-Consortium Mendelian Randomization Study

Prins, B. P., Abbasi, A., Wong, A., Vaez, A., Nolte, I., Franceschini, N., Stuart, P. E., Guterriez Achury, J., Mistry, V., Bradfield, J. P., et al. (2016) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001976 · Cited by 199 · see citing works

Assessing Causality in the Association between Child Adiposity and Physical Activity Levels: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis

Richmond, R. C., Davey Smith, G., Ness, A. R., den Hoed, M., McMahon, G., & Timpson, N. J. (2014) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001618 · Cited by 167 · see citing works

VLDL Cholesterol Accounts for One-Half of the Risk of Myocardial Infarction Associated With apoB-Containing Lipoproteins

Balling, M., Afzal, S., Varbo, A., Langsted, A., Davey Smith, G., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.610 · Cited by 175 · see citing works

Mendelian randomization in health research: Using appropriate genetic variants and avoiding biased estimates

Taylor, A. E., Davies, N. M., Ware, J. J., VanderWeele, T., Smith, G. D., & Munafò, M. R. (2014) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2013.12.002 · Cited by 166 · see citing works

Use of genetic markers and gene-diet interactions for interrogating population-level causal influences of diet on health

Davey Smith, G. (2011) · Genes & Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s12263-010-0181-y · Cited by 134 · see citing works

Pleiotropy-robust Mendelian randomization.

van Kippersluis, H., & Rietveld, C. A. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyx002 · Cited by 125 · see citing works

Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: a mendelian randomisation study

Voight, B. F., Peloso, G. M., Orho-Melander, M., Frikke-Schmidt, R., Barbalic, M., Jensen, M. K., Hindy, G., Hólm, H., Ding, E. L., Johnson, T., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60312-2 · Cited by 148 · see citing works

Are Mendelian randomization investigations immune from bias due to reverse causation?

Burgess, S., Swanson, S. A., & Labrecque, J. A. (2021) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-021-00726-8 · Cited by 106 · see citing works

Intimate Relationships and Depression: Searching for Causation in the Sea of Association

Whisman, M. A., Sbarra, D. A., & Beach, S. R. H. (2021) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-103323 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Causal relationship between obesity and serum testosterone status in men: A bi-directional mendelian randomization analysis

Eriksson, J., Haring, R., Grarup, N., Vandenput, L., Wallaschofski, H., Lorentzen, E., Hansen, T., Mellström, D., Pedersen, O., Nauck, M., et al. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176277 · Cited by 101 · see citing works

Use of Multivariable Mendelian Randomization to Address Biases Due to Competing Risk Before Recruitment

Schooling, C. M., Lopez, P. M., Yang, Z., Zhao, J. V., Au Yeung, S. L., & Huang, J. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.610852 · Cited by 102 · see citing works

Repurposing antihypertensive drugs for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: a Mendelian Randomization study

Walker, V. M., Kehoe, P. G., Martin, R. M., & Davies, N. M. (2018) · doi:10.1101/486878 · Cited by 96

Genetic variation in the ABCA1 gene, HDL cholesterol, and risk of ischemic heart disease in the general population

Frikke-Schmidt, R. (2010) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.06.005 · Cited by 94 · see citing works

Improving bias and coverage in instrumental variable analysis with weak instruments for continuous and binary outcomes

Burgess, S., & Thompson, S. G. (2012) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4498 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

The CHRNA5–A3–B4 Gene Cluster and Smoking: From Discovery to Therapeutics

Lassi, G., Taylor, A. E., Timpson, N. J., Kenny, P. J., Mather, R. J., Eisen, T., & Munafò, M. R. (2016) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.10.005 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

Cardiovascular effects of bariatric surgery

Beamish, A. J., Olbers, T., Kelly, A. S., & Inge, T. H. (2016) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2016.162 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

Low lipoprotein(a) levels and risk of disease in a large, contemporary, general population study

Langsted, A., Nordestgaard, B. G., & Kamstrup, P. R. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1085 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

The causal role of smoking in anxiety and depression: a Mendelian randomization analysis of the HUNT study

Bjørngaard, J. H., Gunnell, D., Elvestad, M. B., Smith, G. D., Skorpen, F., Krokan, H., Vatten, L., & Romundstad, P. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712001274 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Tobacco smoking is causally associated with antipsychotic medication use and schizophrenia, but not with antidepressant medication use or depression

Wium-Andersen, M. K., Orsted, D. D., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv090 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Interpretation of mendelian randomization using one measure of an exposure that varies over time

Morris, T. T., Heron, J., Sanderson, E., Smith, G. D., & Tilling, K. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.18.21266515 · Cited by 58 · see citing works

Paradoxical Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Thyroid Hormone Levels: A Study Using Mendelian Randomization

Taylor, P. N., Richmond, R., Davies, N., Sayers, A., Stevenson, K., Woltersdorf, W., Taylor, A., Groom, A., Northstone, K., Ring, S., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-3505 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Disease consequences of higher adiposity uncoupled from its adverse metabolic effects using Mendelian randomisation

Martin, S., Tyrrell, J., Thomas, E. L., Bown, M. J., Wood, A. R., Beaumont, R. N., Tsoi, L. C., Stuart, P. E., Elder, J. T., Law, P., et al. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.72452 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

A meta-analysis of the associations between common variation in the PDE8B gene and thyroid hormone parameters, including assessment of longitudinal stability of associations over time and effect of thyroid hormone replacement

Taylor, P. N., Panicker, V., Sayers, A., Shields, B., Iqbal, A., Bremner, A. P., Beilby, J. P., Leedman, P. J., Hattersley, A. T., Vaidya, B., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-10-0938 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene polymorphism, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis using a Mendelian randomization approach

Wu, Z., Lou, Y., Qiu, X., Liu, Y., Lu, L., Chen, Q., & Jin, W. (2014) · BMC Medical Genetics · doi:10.1186/s12881-014-0118-1 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Maternal cardiovascular disorders before and during pregnancy and offspring cardiovascular risk across the life course

Gaillard, R., & Jaddoe, V. W. V. (2023) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-023-00869-z · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Serum cholesterol, apolipoprotein E genotype and depressive symptoms in elderly European men: The FINE study

Giltay, E. J., van Reedt Dortland, A. K. B., Nissinen, A., Giampaoli, S., van Veen, T., Zitman, F. G., Bots, S., & Kromhout, D. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.004 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Alcohol consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation: Observational and genetic estimates of association

Tolstrup, J. S., Wium-Andersen, M. K., Ørsted, D. D., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2016) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487316641804 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Constrained instruments and their application to Mendelian randomization with pleiotropy

Jiang, L., Oualkacha, K., Didelez, V., Ciampi, A., Rosa‐Neto, P., Benedet, A. L., Mathotaarachchi, S., Richards, J. B., Greenwood, C. M. T., & Initiative, A. F. T. A. D. N. (2019) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.22184 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Maternal adiposity and perinatal and offspring outcomes: an umbrella review

Yang, Z., Feng, G., Gao, X., Yan, X., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Li, S., Jiang, Y., Zhao, S., Zhao, H., et al. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01994-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Nicotine inhalation and suicide: clinical correlates and behavioral mechanisms

Swann, A. C., Graham, D. P., Wilkinson, A. V., & Kosten, T. R. (2021) · The American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.13171 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Capitalizing on Mendelian randomization to assess the effects of treatments

Smith, G. D. (2007) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.100.9.432 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Serum Triglycerides and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Insights from Clinical and Genetic Studies

Tada, H., Nohara, A., & Kawashiri, M. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10111789 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

Re: “Multivariable Mendelian Randomization: The Use of Pleiotropic Genetic Variants to Estimate Causal Effects”

Burgess, S., Dudbridge, F., & Thompson, S. G. (2015) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwv017 · Cited by 945 · see citing works

Multivariable Mendelian randomization: the use of pleiotropic genetic variants to estimate causal effects.

Burgess, S., & Thompson, S. G. (2015) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwu283 · Cited by 1,605 · see citing works

Mendelian randomization as a tool for causal inference in human nutrition and metabolism

Larsson, S. C. (2020) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000721 · Cited by 67 · see citing works

Mendelian Randomization: How Genetics Is Pushing the Boundaries of Epidemiology to Identify New Causes of Heart Disease

Thanassoulis, G. (2012) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2012.09.014 · Cited by 21 · see citing works