The DOI matches its Crossref record; 160 of the 163 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of decreased sodium intake on blood pressure, related cardiovascular diseases, and potential adverse effects such as changes in blood lipids, catecholamine levels, and renal function. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, the Latin American and Caribbean health science literature database, and the reference lists of previous reviews. STUDY SELECTION: Randomised controlled trials and prospective cohort studies in non-acutely ill adults and children assessing the relations between sodium intake and blood pressure, renal function, blood lipids, and catecholamine levels, and in non-acutely ill adults all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and coronary heart disease. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS: Potential studies were screened independently and in duplicate and study characteristics and outcomes extracted. When possible we conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the effect of lower sodium intake using the inverse variance method and a random effects model. We present results as mean differences or risk ratios, with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: We included 14 cohort studies and five randomised controlled trials reporting all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, stroke, or coronary heart disease; and 37 randomised controlled trials measuring blood pressure, renal function, blood lipids, and catecholamine levels in adults. Nine controlled trials and one cohort study in children reporting on blood pressure were also included. In adults a reduction in sodium intake significantly reduced resting systolic blood pressure by 3.39 mm Hg (95% confidence interval 2.46 to 4.31) and resting diastolic blood pressure by 1.54 mm Hg (0.98 to 2.11). When sodium intake was <2 g/day versus ≥ 2 g/day, systolic blood pressure was reduced by 3.47 mm Hg (0.76 to 6.18) and diastolic blood pressure by 1.81 mm Hg (0.54 to 3.08). Decreased sodium intake had no significant adverse effect on blood lipids, catecholamine levels, or renal function in adults (P>0.05). There were insufficient randomised controlled trials to assess the effects of reduced sodium intake on mortality and morbidity. The associations in cohort studies between sodium intake and all cause mortality, incident fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease, and coronary heart disease were non-significant (P>0.05). Increased sodium intake was associated with an increased risk of stroke (risk ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval 1.08 to 1.43), stroke mortality (1.63, 1.27 to 2.10), and coronary heart disease mortality (1.32, 1.13 to 1.53). In children, a reduction in sodium intake significantly reduced systolic blood pressure by 0.84 mm Hg (0.25 to 1.43) and diastolic blood pressure by 0.87 mm Hg (0.14 to 1.60). CONCLUSIONS: High quality evidence in non-acutely ill adults shows that reduced sodium intake reduces blood pressure and has no adverse effect on blood lipids, catecholamine levels, or renal function, and moderate quality evidence in children shows that a reduction in sodium intake reduces blood pressure. Lower sodium intake is also associated with a reduced risk of stroke and fatal coronary heart disease in adults. The totality of evidence suggests that most people will likely benefit from reducing sodium intake.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Nearly all observational studies demonstrate a positive association between very high sodium intakes (e.g., 4000+ mg/d) and CVD events, in particular stroke.305-307”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [305]
In the citing paper
“In meta-analyses of longitudinal studies, high sodium intakes associate with incident total stroke, stroke mortality, and CHD mortality (Figure 7).305-307”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [306]
In the citing paper
“In meta-analyses of prospective observational studies, the lowest mean intakes associated with lower risk of CVD events ranged from 1787 to 2391 mg/d.305”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [305]
In the citing paper
“Nearly all observational studies demonstrate a positive association between very high sodium intakes (e.g., 4000+ mg/d) and CVD events, in particular stroke.305-307”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [306]
In the citing paper
“In meta-analyses of longitudinal studies, high sodium intakes associate with incident total stroke, stroke mortality, and CHD mortality (Figure 7).305-307”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [305]
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses of CVD event trials did not report a significant reduction in CVD with lower sodium intake, but the included trials were underpowered to detect moderate risk reductions (258).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [258]
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses of CVD event trials did not report a significant reduction in CVD with lower sodium intake, but the included trials were underpowered to detect moderate risk reductions (258).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [258]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
Taylor, R. S., Ashton, K. E., Moxham, T., Hooper, L., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009217.pub2 · Cited by 311
Self-citationRetractedReduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
Taylor, R. S., Ashton, K. E., Moxham, T., Hooper, L., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009217 · Cited by 223
Self-citationRetractedMeasuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164
GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G. E., Kunz, R., Falck-Ytter, Y., Alonso-Coello, P., & Schünemann, H. J. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.ad · Cited by 23,305
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gotzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2700 · Cited by 17,648
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136 · Cited by 10,349
Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010.
Alwan, A. (2011) · Cited by 8,494
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 163 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [36]Stamler J, Elliott P, Chan Q, for the INTERMAP Research Group. Intermap appendix tables. J Hum Hyper 2003; 17: 665-758.
- [39]Swift PA, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, MacGregor GA. A double blind randomised control trial of modest salt reduction in black people with normal blood pressure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 657A.
- [41]Miller JA, Wong F, Dionne J. Dietary sodium modulates renal vasomotor tone in normal humans. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993; 4: 583.
- [105]Tunstall-Pedoe H, Woodward M, Tavandale R, Brook R, McCluskey MK. Comparison of the prediction by 27 different factors of coronary heart disease and death in men and women of the Scottish heart health study: cohort study. BMJ 1997; 315: 722-9. 9314758 PMC2127508
- [115]Howe PR, Jureidini KF, Smith RM. Sodium and blood pressure in children—a short-term dietary intervention study. Proc Nutr Soc Aust 1985; 10: 121-4.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,000
Campbell, N. R. C., He, F. J., Tan, M., Cappuccio, F. P., Neal, B. C., Woodward, M., Cogswell, M. E., McLean, R. M., Arcand, J., MacGregor, G. A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.13551 · Cited by 136
Self-citationOmega-6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Hooper, L., Al-Khudairy, L., Abdelhamid, A. S., Rees, K., Brainard, J. S., Brown, T. J., Ajabnoor, S. M., O'Brien, A. T., Winstanley, L. E., Donaldson, D. H., et al. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011094.pub3 · Cited by 136
Self-citationChen, X., Tume, R. K., Xiong, Y. L., Xu, X., Zhou, G., Chen, C., & Nishiumi, T. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2017.1347557 · Cited by 133
World Heart Federation Roadmap for Hypertension – A 2021 Update
Jeemon, P., Séverin, T., Amodeo, C., Balabanova, D., Campbell, N. R. C., Gaiță, D. I., Kario, K., Khan, T., Melifonwu, R., Moran, A. E., et al. (2021) · Global Heart · doi:10.5334/gh.1066 · Cited by 153
Hypertensive heart disease: risk factors, complications and mechanisms
Masenga, S. K., & Kirabo, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1205475 · Cited by 178
Omega-6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Hooper, L., Al-Khudairy, L., Abdelhamid, A. S., Rees, K., Brainard, J. S., Brown, T. J., Ajabnoor, S. M., O'Brien, A. T., Winstanley, L. E., Donaldson, D. H., et al. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011094.pub4 · Cited by 133
Salt Intake from Processed Meat Products: Benefits, Risks and Evolving Practices
Petit, G., Jury, V., de Lamballerie, M., Duranton, F., Pottier, L., & Martin, J. (2019) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12478 · Cited by 136
Salt reduction: Moving from consumer awareness to action
Zandstra, E. H., Lion, R., & Newson, R. S. (2015) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.03.005 · Cited by 129
John, K. A., Cogswell, M. E., Campbell, N. R. C., Nowson, C. A., Legetić, B., Hennis, A. J. M., & Patel, S. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.12763 · Cited by 129
Roadmap to achieve 25% hypertension control in Africa by 2025
Dzudié, A., Rayner, B. L., Ojji, D. B., Schutte, A. E., Twagirumukiza, M., Damasceno, A. A. M., Seringe Abdou, B. A., Kane, A. D., Kramoh, E. K., Kacou, J. B., et al. (2017) · Cardiovascular journal of South Africa/Cardiovascular journal of Southern Africa · doi:10.5830/cvja-2017-040 · Cited by 135
Webb, M., Fahimi, S., Singh, G. M., Khatibzadeh, S., Micha, R., Powles, J. W., & Mozaffarian, D. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i6699 · Cited by 128
Rosenzweig, J. L., Bakris, G. L., Berglund, L., Hivert, M., Horton, E. S., Kalyani, R. R., Murad, M. H., & Vergès, B. L. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2019-01338 · Cited by 133
Graudal, N. A., Hubeck‐Graudal, T., & Jűrgens, G. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004022.pub5 · Cited by 130
Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
Adler, A. J., Taylor, F. C., Martin, N., Gottlieb, S. H., Taylor, R. S., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009217.pub3 · Cited by 128
O'Donnell, M. J., Mente, A., Rangarajan, S., McQueen, M., O’Leary, N., Yin, L., Liu, X., Swaminathan, S., Khatib, R., Rosengren, A., et al. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l772 · Cited by 129
Roadmap to Achieve 25% Hypertension Control in Africa by 2025
Dzudie, A., Rayner, B., Ojji, D., Schutte, A. E., Twagirumukiza, M., Damasceno, A., Ba, S. A., Kane, A., Kramoh, E., Anzouan Kacou, J. B., et al. (2018) · Global Heart · doi:10.1016/j.gheart.2017.06.001 · Cited by 119
Zheng, J., Han, Y., Ge, G., Zhao, M., & Sun, W. (2019) · Food Hydrocolloids · doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.05.003 · Cited by 123
Akbari, A., Clase, C. M., Acott, P., Battistella, M., Bello, A. K., Feltmate, P., Grill, A. K., Karsanji, M., Komenda, P. V. J., Madore, F., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.10.013 · Cited by 125
Paula, T. P., Viana, L. V., Neto, A. T. Z., Leitão, C. B., Gross, J. L., & Azevedo, M. J. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.12597 · Cited by 115
Effect of Salt Reduction on Consumer Acceptance and Sensory Quality of Food
Hoppu, U., Hopia, A., Pohjanheimo, T. A., Rotola-Pukkila, M., Mäkinen, S., Pihlanto, A., & Sandell, M. A. (2017) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods6120103 · Cited by 116
Nutrition and Healthy Ageing: Calorie Restriction or Polyphenol-Rich “MediterrAsian” Diet?
Pallauf, K., Giller, K., Huebbe, P., & Rimbach, G. H. (2013) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2013/707421 · Cited by 116
The Influence of Dietary Salt Beyond Blood Pressure
Robinson, A. T., Edwards, D. G., & Farquhar, W. B. (2019) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-019-0948-5 · Cited by 113
Stamler, J., Chan, Q. M., Daviglus, M. L., Dyer, A. R., Horn, L. V., Garside, D. B., Miura, K., Wu, Y., Ueshima, H., Zhao, L., et al. (2018) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09928 · Cited by 116
Self-citationSodium sources in the Japanese diet: difference between generations and sexes
Asakura, K., Uechi, K., Masayasu, S., & Sasaki, S. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015003249 · Cited by 110
Scheelbeek, P., Chowdhury, M. A. H., Haines, A., Alam, D. S., Hoque, M. A., Butler, A. P., Khan, A. E., Mojumder, S. K., Blangiardo, M., Elliott, P., et al. (2017) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp659 · Cited by 117
Self-citationThe Science of Salt: Updating the evidence on global estimates of salt intake
Thout, S. R., Santos, J. A., McKenzie, B. L., Trieu, K., Johnson, C., McLean, R. M., Arcand, J., Campbell, N. R. C., & Webster, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.13546 · Cited by 108
Iwahori, T., Miura, K., & Ueshima, H. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9070700 · Cited by 111
The effect of drinking water salinity on blood pressure in young adults of coastal Bangladesh
Talukder, M. R., Rutherford, S., Phung, D. T., Islam, M. Z., & Chu, C. M.-Y. (2016) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.074 · Cited by 113
Adding lysine and yeast extract improves sensory properties of low sodium salted meat
Vidal, V. A. S., Santana, J. B., Paglarini, C. D. S., da Silva, M. A. A. P., Freitas, M. Q., Esmerino, E. A., da Cruz, A. G., & Pollonio, M. A. R. (2019) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107911 · Cited by 108
Cardiac ketone body metabolism
Kadir, A. A., Clarke, K., & Evans, R. D. (2020) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165739 · Cited by 114
Engberink, R. O., van den Hoek, T. C., van Noordenne, N. D., van den Born, B. H., Sengers, H. P., & Vogt, L. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.117.029028 · Cited by 106
Chen, Y. P., Wang, M., Blank, I., Xu, J., & Chung, H. Y. (2021) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03431 · Cited by 105
Casey, D. E., Thomas, R. J., Bhalla, V., Commodore-Mensah, Y. Y., Heidenreich, P. A., Kolte, D. S., Muntner, P., Smith, S. C., Spertus, J. A., Windle, J. R., et al. (2019) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/hcq.0000000000000057 · Cited by 102
Reducing the sodium content without modifying the quality of beef burgers by adding micronized salt
Rios-Mera, J. D., Saldaña, E., Cruzado-Bravo, M. L. M., Patinho, I., Selani, M. M., Valentin, D., & Contreras-Castillo, C. J. (2019) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2019.03.044 · Cited by 103
Processed meat: the real villain?
Rohrmann, S., & Linseisen, J. (2015) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665115004255 · Cited by 109
Dietary Salt Intake and Gastric Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Wu, B., Yang, D., Yang, S., & Zhang, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.801228 · Cited by 105
Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease
McMahon, E., Campbell, K. L., Bauer, J. D., Mudge, D. W., & Kelly, J. T. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010070.pub3 · Cited by 101
Nj, A., Abudou, M., Candeias, & Wu, T. (2014) · Cited by 100
MARCHI, M. D., Penasa, M., Zidi, A., & Manuelian, C. L. (2018) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2018-15202 · Cited by 99
Neuropeptide signaling remodels chemosensory circuit composition in Caenorhabditis elegans
Leinwand, S. G., & Chalasani, S. H. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3511 · Cited by 103
Kovesdy, C. P., Appel, L. J., Grams, M. E., Gutekunst, L., McCullough, P. A., Palmer, B. F., Pitt, B., Sica, D. A., & Townsend, R. R. (2017) · Journal of the American Society of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.jash.2017.09.011 · Cited by 103
Zhou, L., Stamler, J., Chan, Q. M., Horn, L. V., Daviglus, M. L., Dyer, A. R., Miura, K., Okuda, N., Wu, Y., Ueshima, H., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz067 · Cited by 98
Self-citationCardiovascular and other effects of salt consumption
Cappuccio, F. P. (2013) · Kidney International Supplements · doi:10.1038/kisup.2013.65 · Cited by 98
Self-citationKey Challenges for the Commercial Expansion of Ingredients from Algae into Human Food Products
Hosseinkhani, N., McCauley, J. I., & Ralph, P. J. (2022) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2022.102696 · Cited by 98
2017 ACC/AHA Blood Pressure Treatment Guideline Recommendations and Cardiovascular Risk
Colantonio, L. D., Booth, J. N., Bress, A. P., Whelton, P. K., Shimbo, D., Levitan, E. B., Howard, G., Safford, M. M., & Muntner, P. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.05.074 · Cited by 99
Effect of dietary sodium restriction on arterial stiffness
D’Elia, L., Galletti, F., Fata, E. L., Sabino, P., & Strazzullo, P. (2017) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000001604 · Cited by 97
Kieneker, L. M., Bakker, S. J. L., de Boer, R. A., Navis, G. J., Gansevoort, R. T., & Joosten, M. M. (2016) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.07.012 · Cited by 93
Poggio, R., Gutierrez, L., Matta, M. G., Elorriaga, N., Irazola, V., & Rubinstein, A. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980014000949 · Cited by 92
Mancia, G., Oparil, S., Whelton, P. K., McKee, M., Dominiczak, A. F., Luft, F. C., AlHabib, K. F., Lanas, F. T., Damasceno, A. A. M., Prabhakaran, D., et al. (2016) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw549 · Cited by 95
Kovesdy, C. P., Appel, L. J., Grams, M. E., Gutekunst, L., McCullough, P. A., Palmer, B. F., Pitt, B., Sica, D. A., & Townsend, R. R. (2017) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.09.003 · Cited by 95
Longitudinal Change of Perceived Salt Intake and Stroke Risk in a Chinese Population
Li, Y., Huang, Z., Jin, C., Xing, A., Liu, Y., Huangfu, C., Lichtenstein, A. H., Tucker, K. L., Wu, S., & Gao, X. (2018) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.117.020277 · Cited by 92
Cardiovascular risk assessment in low-resource settings
Modesti, P. A., Agostoni, P., Agyemang, C. O., Basu, S., Bénétos, A., Cappuccio, F. P., Ceriello, A., Prato, S. D., Kalyesubula, R., O'Brien, E. T., et al. (2014) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000000125 · Cited by 91
Self-citationCappuccio, F. P., de Beer, M., & Strazzullo, P. (2018) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2018.11.010 · Cited by 91
Self-citationPrimordial Prevention of High Blood Pressure in Childhood
Falkner, B. E., & Lurbe, E. (2020) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14059 · Cited by 92
High Sodium Intake Is Associated With Self-Reported Rheumatoid Arthritis
Salgado, E., Bes‐Rastrollo, M., de Irala, J., Carmona, L., & Gómez-Reino, J. J. (2015) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000000924 · Cited by 94
Sodium, Potassium, Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Disease in Humans
Whelton, P. K. (2014) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-014-0465-5 · Cited by 91
Reduced‐sodium cheeses: Implications of reducing sodium chloride on cheese quality and safety
Bansal, V., & Mishra, S. K. (2020) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12524 · Cited by 88
Parati, G., Lackland, D. T., Campbell, N. R. C., Owolabi, M. O., Bavuma, C. M., Beheiry, H., Dzudié, A., Ibrahim, M. M., Aroussy, W. A. E., Singh, S. K., et al. (2022) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18884 · Cited by 90
Processed and unprocessed red meat consumption and hypertension in women , ,
Lajous, M., Bijon, A., Fagherazzi, G., Rossignol, E., Boutron‐Ruault, M., & Clavel‐Chapelon, F. (2014) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.080598 · Cited by 93
Sodium Intake Among Persons Aged ≥2 Years — United States, 2013–2014
Quader, Z. S., Zhao, L., Gillespie, C., Cogswell, M. E., Terry, A. L., Moshfegh, A. J., & Rhodes, D. G. (2017) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6612a3 · Cited by 87
Sodium and health—concordance and controversy
Cook, N. R., He, F. J., MacGregor, G. A., & Graudal, N. A. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m2440 · Cited by 94
Proximate compositions, mineral contents and fatty acid compositions of native Amazonian fruits
Berto, A., da Silva, A. F., Visentainer, J. V., Matsushita, M., & de Souza, N. E. (2015) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2015.08.018 · Cited by 86
Scheelbeek, P., Khan, A. E., Mojumder, S. K., Elliott, P., & Vineis, P. (2016) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07743 · Cited by 90
Self-citationKim, H., & Andrade, F. C. D. (2016) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.09.009 · Cited by 93
Haytowitz, D. B., & Pehrsson, P. R. (2016) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.082 · Cited by 85
Neves, M. F., Cunha, A. R., Cunha, M. R., Gismondi, R. A., & Oigman, W. (2018) · High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention · doi:10.1007/s40292-018-0252-5 · Cited by 86
Sodium Intake as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor: A Narrative Review
Jaques, D. A., Wuerzner, G., & Ponte, B. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13093177 · Cited by 95
Shridhar, K., Dhillon, P. K., Bowen, L., Kinra, S., Bharathi, A. V., Prabhakaran, D., Reddy, K. S., Ebrahim, S. B. J., & for the Indian Migration Study group (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110586 · Cited by 84
Whole grain cereals for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Kelly, S. A., Hartley, L., Loveman, E., Colquitt, J. L., Jones, H. M., Al-Khudairy, L., Clar, C., Germanò, R., Lunn, H. R., Frost, G. S., et al. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005051.pub3 · Cited by 84
Welsh, C. E., Welsh, P. I., Jhund, P. S., Delles, C., Celis-Morales, C. A., Lewsey, J. D., Gray, S. R., Lyall, D. M., Iliodromiti, S., Gill, J. M. R., et al. (2019) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12726 · Cited by 85
Xu, A., Ma, J., Guo, X., Wang, L., Wu, J., Zhang, J., Bai, Y., Xu, J., Lu, Z., Xu, Z., et al. (2020) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0904 · Cited by 83
Casella, G., Majeed, W., Mackenzie, I. S., MacDonald, T. M., & Wei, L. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f6954 · Cited by 84
Yan, Z., Zhang, X., Li, C., Jiao, S., & Dong, W. (2017) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487316686441 · Cited by 82
Neal, B. C., Tian, M., Li, N., Elliott, P., Yan, L. L., Labarthe, D. R., Huang, L., Yin, X., Hao, Z., Stepien, S., et al. (2017) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2017.02.033 · Cited by 81
Self-citationKwok, C. S., Gulati, M., Michos, E. D., Potts, J. E., Wu, P., Watson, L., Loke, Y. K., Mallen, C. D., & Mamas, M. A. (2019) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487319843667 · Cited by 83
Dietary patterns, dietary nutrients and cardiovascular disease
Nestel, P. J., & Mori, T. A. (2022) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/j.rcm2301017 · Cited by 95
He, J., Zhang, Y.-H., Ma, N., Zhang, X., Liu, M., & Fu, W.-M. (2016) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2016.08.058 · Cited by 81
Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
Clar, C., Al-Khudairy, L., Loveman, E., Kelly, S. A., Hartley, L., Flowers, N., Germanò, R., Frost, G. S., & Rees, K. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004467.pub3 · Cited by 82
Termannsen, A., Clemmensen, K. K. B., Thomsen, J. M., Nørgaard, O., Díaz, L. J., Torekov, S. S., Quist, J. S., & Færch, K. (2022) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13462 · Cited by 78
Religious dietary rules and their potential nutritional and health consequences
Chouraqui, J.-P., Turck, D., Briend, A., Darmaun, D., Bocquet, A., Feillet, F., Frelut, M., Girardet, J.-P., Guimber, D., Hankard, R., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa182 · Cited by 78
Campanozzi, A., Avallone, S., Barbato, A., Iacone, R., Russo, O., FILIPPO, G. D., D'Angelo, G., Pensabene, L., Malamisura, B., Cecere, G., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121183 · Cited by 81
Campbell, N. R. C., Whelton, P. K., Orías, M., Wainford, R. D., Cappuccio, F. P., Ide, N., Neal, B. C., Cohn, J., Cobb, L. K., Webster, J. L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/s41371-022-00690-0 · Cited by 81
Self-citationAsakura, K., Uechi, K., Sasaki, Y., Masayasu, S., & Sasaki, S. (2014) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114514001779 · Cited by 78
Wong, M., Arcand, J., Leung, A. A. C., Thout, S. R., Campbell, N. R. C., & Webster, J. L. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.12970 · Cited by 76
Smartphone technology facilitates dietary change in healthy adults
Ipjian, M. L., & Johnston, C. S. (2016) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2016.08.003 · Cited by 76
Sodium and Its Role in Cardiovascular Disease – The Debate Continues
Kong, Y. W., Baqar, S., Jerums, G., & Ekinci, E. I. (2016) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2016.00164 · Cited by 77
Microbiological Safety and Shelf-Life of Low-Salt Meat Products—A Review
Barcenilla, C., Álvarez‐Ordóñez, A., López, M., Alvseike, O. A., & Maradona, M. P. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11152331 · Cited by 87
Innovative Approaches to Hypertension Control in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Vedanthan, R., Bernabé‐Ortiz, A., Herasme, O. I., Joshi, R., López-Jaramillo, P. A., Thrift, A. G., Webster, J. L., Webster, R. J., Yeates, K., Gyamfi, J., et al. (2016) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2016.08.010 · Cited by 72
Tabara, Y., Takahashi, Y., Kumagai, K., Setoh, K., Kawaguchi, T., Takahashi, M., Muraoka, Y., Tsujikawa, A., Gotoh, N., Terao, C., et al. (2015) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000000734 · Cited by 75
Dietary Impact of Adding Potassium Chloride to Foods as a Sodium Reduction Technique
van Buren, L., Dötsch‐Klerk, M., Seewi, G., & Newson, R. S. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8040235 · Cited by 73
Nutriome–metabolome relationships provide insights into dietary intake and metabolism
Posma, J. M., García‐Pérez, I., Frost, G. S., Aljuraiban, G. S., Chan, Q. M., Horn, L. V., Daviglus, M. L., Stamler, J., Holmes, E. C., Elliott, P., et al. (2020) · Nature Food · doi:10.1038/s43016-020-0093-y · Cited by 70
Self-citationRole of the Vascular Wall in Sodium Homeostasis and Salt Sensitivity
Engberink, R. O., Rorije, N. M. G., van der Heide, J. J. H., van den Born, B. H., & Vogt, L. (2014) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2014050430 · Cited by 69
Sodium and Sugar in Complementary Infant and Toddler Foods Sold in the United States
Cogswell, M. E., Gunn, J. P., Yuan, K., Park, S., & Merritt, R. K. (2015) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3251 · Cited by 74
Salt reduction in China: a state-of-the-art review
Shao, S., Hua, Y., Yang, Y., Liu, X., Fan, J., Zhang, A., Xiang, J., Li, M., & Yan, L. L. (2017) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s75918 · Cited by 71
Chen, W., Zhang, S., Hu, X., Chen, F., & Li, D. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15234898 · Cited by 80
Salt and essential hypertension: pathophysiology and implications for treatment
Garfinkle, M. A. (2017) · Journal of the American Society of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.jash.2017.04.006 · Cited by 73
Yoon, C.-Y., Noh, J., Lee, J., Kee, Y. K., Seo, C., Lee, M., Cha, M.-U., Kim, H., Park, S., Yun, H., et al. (2017) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2017.09.016 · Cited by 72
Wielgosz, A. T., Robinson, C., Mao, Y., Jiang, Y., Campbell, N. R. C., Muthuri, S. K., & MORRISON, H. I. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.12716 · Cited by 69
Anderson, C. A. M., Cobb, L. K., Miller, E. R., Woodward, M., Hottenstein, A. W., Chang, A. R., Mongraw‐Chaffin, M., White, K. N., Charleston, J. B., Tanaka, T., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.100750 · Cited by 72
Dietary fibre for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Hartley, L., May, M. D., & Rees, K. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011472 · Cited by 70
Metadata
- Authors
- Aburto, N. J., Ziolkovska, A., Hooper, L., Elliott, P., Cappuccio, F. P., & Meerpohl, J. J.
- Affiliations
- World Health Organization (CH)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- University Medical Center Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Aburto, N. J.
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2013-04-03
- Volume
- 346
- Issue
- apr03 3
- Pages
- f1326-f1326
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4816261
- OpenAlex
- W2167945952
- Cited by
- 1,242
- References
- 163
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 115 · 2019: 128 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 99 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 39
- FWCI
- 12.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10136)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32DK007734)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- low sodium intake, dietary sodium reduction, blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, stroke, coronary artery disease, all-cause mortality, serum lipids, catecholamines, renal function, children, hypertension prevention, salt reduction interventions, sodium reduction
- MeSH terms
- Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Catecholamines, Diet, Sodium-Restricted, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Kidney, Male, Prospective Studies, Public Health, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Lipid Metabolism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
