The DOI matches its Crossref record; 160 of the 163 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of decreased sodium intake on blood pressure, related cardiovascular diseases, and potential adverse effects such as changes in blood lipids, catecholamine levels, and renal function. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, the Latin American and Caribbean health science literature database, and the reference lists of previous reviews. STUDY SELECTION: Randomised controlled trials and prospective cohort studies in non-acutely ill adults and children assessing the relations between sodium intake and blood pressure, renal function, blood lipids, and catecholamine levels, and in non-acutely ill adults all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and coronary heart disease. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS: Potential studies were screened independently and in duplicate and study characteristics and outcomes extracted. When possible we conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the effect of lower sodium intake using the inverse variance method and a random effects model. We present results as mean differences or risk ratios, with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: We included 14 cohort studies and five randomised controlled trials reporting all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, stroke, or coronary heart disease; and 37 randomised controlled trials measuring blood pressure, renal function, blood lipids, and catecholamine levels in adults. Nine controlled trials and one cohort study in children reporting on blood pressure were also included. In adults a reduction in sodium intake significantly reduced resting systolic blood pressure by 3.39 mm Hg (95% confidence interval 2.46 to 4.31) and resting diastolic blood pressure by 1.54 mm Hg (0.98 to 2.11). When sodium intake was <2 g/day versus ≥ 2 g/day, systolic blood pressure was reduced by 3.47 mm Hg (0.76 to 6.18) and diastolic blood pressure by 1.81 mm Hg (0.54 to 3.08). Decreased sodium intake had no significant adverse effect on blood lipids, catecholamine levels, or renal function in adults (P>0.05). There were insufficient randomised controlled trials to assess the effects of reduced sodium intake on mortality and morbidity. The associations in cohort studies between sodium intake and all cause mortality, incident fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease, and coronary heart disease were non-significant (P>0.05). Increased sodium intake was associated with an increased risk of stroke (risk ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval 1.08 to 1.43), stroke mortality (1.63, 1.27 to 2.10), and coronary heart disease mortality (1.32, 1.13 to 1.53). In children, a reduction in sodium intake significantly reduced systolic blood pressure by 0.84 mm Hg (0.25 to 1.43) and diastolic blood pressure by 0.87 mm Hg (0.14 to 1.60). CONCLUSIONS: High quality evidence in non-acutely ill adults shows that reduced sodium intake reduces blood pressure and has no adverse effect on blood lipids, catecholamine levels, or renal function, and moderate quality evidence in children shows that a reduction in sodium intake reduces blood pressure. Lower sodium intake is also associated with a reduced risk of stroke and fatal coronary heart disease in adults. The totality of evidence suggests that most people will likely benefit from reducing sodium intake.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Nearly all observational studies demonstrate a positive association between very high sodium intakes (e.g., 4000+ mg/d) and CVD events, in particular stroke.305-307”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [305]
In the citing paper
“In meta-analyses of longitudinal studies, high sodium intakes associate with incident total stroke, stroke mortality, and CHD mortality (Figure 7).305-307”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [306]
In the citing paper
“In meta-analyses of prospective observational studies, the lowest mean intakes associated with lower risk of CVD events ranged from 1787 to 2391 mg/d.305”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [305]
In the citing paper
“Nearly all observational studies demonstrate a positive association between very high sodium intakes (e.g., 4000+ mg/d) and CVD events, in particular stroke.305-307”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [306]
In the citing paper
“In meta-analyses of longitudinal studies, high sodium intakes associate with incident total stroke, stroke mortality, and CHD mortality (Figure 7).305-307”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [305]
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses of CVD event trials did not report a significant reduction in CVD with lower sodium intake, but the included trials were underpowered to detect moderate risk reductions (258).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [258]
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses of CVD event trials did not report a significant reduction in CVD with lower sodium intake, but the included trials were underpowered to detect moderate risk reductions (258).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [258]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
Taylor, R. S., Ashton, K. E., Moxham, T., Hooper, L., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009217.pub2 · Cited by 311
Self-citationRetractedReduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
Taylor, R. S., Ashton, K. E., Moxham, T., Hooper, L., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009217 · Cited by 223
Self-citationRetractedMeasuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164
GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G. E., Kunz, R., Falck-Ytter, Y., Alonso-Coello, P., & Schünemann, H. J. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.ad · Cited by 23,305
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gotzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2700 · Cited by 17,648
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136 · Cited by 10,349
Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010.
Alwan, A. (2011) · Cited by 8,494
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 163 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [36]Stamler J, Elliott P, Chan Q, for the INTERMAP Research Group. Intermap appendix tables. J Hum Hyper 2003; 17: 665-758.
- [39]Swift PA, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, MacGregor GA. A double blind randomised control trial of modest salt reduction in black people with normal blood pressure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 657A.
- [41]Miller JA, Wong F, Dionne J. Dietary sodium modulates renal vasomotor tone in normal humans. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993; 4: 583.
- [105]Tunstall-Pedoe H, Woodward M, Tavandale R, Brook R, McCluskey MK. Comparison of the prediction by 27 different factors of coronary heart disease and death in men and women of the Scottish heart health study: cohort study. BMJ 1997; 315: 722-9. 9314758 PMC2127508
- [115]Howe PR, Jureidini KF, Smith RM. Sodium and blood pressure in children—a short-term dietary intervention study. Proc Nutr Soc Aust 1985; 10: 121-4.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Blaha, M. J., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., Deo, R., de Ferranti, S. D., Floyd, J., Fornage, M., Gillespie, C., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000485 · Cited by 12,591
2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
Williams, B., Mancia, G., Spiering, W., Agabiti Rosei, E., Azizi, M., Burnier, M., Clement, D. L., Coca, A., de Simone, G., Dominiczak, A., et al. (2018) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339 · Cited by 10,286
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Dennison Himmelfarb, C., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S., Jamerson, K. A., Jones, D. W., et al. (2018) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hyp.0000000000000065 · Cited by 7,391
Heart disease and stroke statistics-2018 update: a report from the american heart association
Benjamin, E. J., Virani, S. S., Callaway, C. W., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Delling, F. N., Deo, R., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000558 · Cited by 7,146
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E. J., Go, A. S., Arnett, D. K., Blaha, M. J., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., de Ferranti, S., Després, J.-P., Fullerton, H. J., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000350 · Cited by 6,596
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Dennison Himmelfarb, C., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S., Jamerson, K. A., Jones, D. W., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.006 · Cited by 6,616
Arnett, D. K., Blumenthal, R. S., Albert, M. A., Buroker, A. B., Goldberger, Z. D., Hahn, E. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., Khera, A., Lloyd-Jones, D., McEvoy, J. W., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000678 · Cited by 4,536
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Dennison Himmelfarb, C., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S., Jamerson, K. A., Jones, D. W., et al. (2018) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hyp.0000000000000066 · Cited by 4,347
Flynn, J. T., Kaelber, D. C., Baker-Smith, C. M., Blowey, D., Carroll, A. E., Daniels, S. R., de Ferranti, S. D., Dionne, J. M., Falkner, B., Flinn, S. K., et al. (2017) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-1904 · Cited by 3,651
Williams, B., Mancia, G., Spiering, W., Agabiti Rosei, E., Azizi, M., Burnier, M., Clement, D. L., Coca, A., de Simone, G., Dominiczak, A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000001940 · Cited by 2,885
Mozaffarian, D. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018585 · Cited by 2,216
“In meta-analyses of prospective observational studies, the lowest mean intakes associated with lower risk of CVD events ranged from 1787 to 2391 mg/d.(305) Together, these findings support the recommended target intakes in current national and international dietary guidelines, which range from 1200 to 2400 mg/d.”
2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Arnett, D. K., Blumenthal, R. S., Albert, M. A., Buroker, A. B., Goldberger, Z. D., Hahn, E. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., Khera, A., Lloyd-Jones, D., McEvoy, J. W., et al. (2019) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.010 · Cited by 1,896
The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2019)
Umemura, S., Arima, H., Arima, S., Asayama, K., Dohi, Y., Hirooka, Y., Horio, T., Hoshide, S., Ikeda, S., Ishimitsu, T., et al. (2019) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-019-0284-9 · Cited by 1,880
Virani, S. S., Newby, L. K., Arnold, S. V., Bittner, V., Brewer, L. C., Demeter, S. H., Dixon, D. L., Fearon, W. F., Hess, B., Johnson, H. M., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001168 · Cited by 1,598
Global Sodium Consumption and Death from Cardiovascular Causes
Mozaffarian, D., Fahimi, S., Singh, G. M., Micha, R., Khatibzadeh, S., Engell, R. E., Lim, S., Danaei, G., Ezzati, M., & Powles, J. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1304127 · Cited by 1,218
2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Executive Summary
Arnett, D. K., Blumenthal, R. S., Albert, M. A., Buroker, A. B., Goldberger, Z. D., Hahn, E. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., Khera, A., Lloyd-Jones, D., McEvoy, J. W., et al. (2019) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.009 · Cited by 1,193
Oparil, S., Acelajado, M. C., Bakris, G. L., Berlowitz, D. R., Cífková, R., Dominiczak, A. F., Grassi, G., Jordan, J., Poulter, N. R., Rodgers, A., et al. (2018) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2018.14 · Cited by 1,167
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Dennison Himmelfarb, C., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S., Jamerson, K. A., Jones, D. W., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000596 · Cited by 1,127
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S. S., Jamerson, K., Jones, D. W., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000597 · Cited by 1,005
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S. S., Jamerson, K., Jones, D. W., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Society of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.jash.2018.06.010 · Cited by 948
Powles, J., Fahimi, S., Micha, R., Khatibzadeh, S., Shi, P., Ezzati, M., Engell, R. E., Lim, S. S., Danaei, G., Mozaffarian, D., et al. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003733 · Cited by 940
Olsen, M. H., Angell, S. Y., Asma, S., Boutouyrie, P., Burger, D. E., Chirinos, J. A., Damasceno, A. A. M., Delles, C., Gimenez‐Roqueplo, A., Hering, D., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31134-5 · Cited by 970
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S. S., Jamerson, K., Jones, D. W., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.005 · Cited by 947
Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Events
O'Donnell, M., Mente, A., Rangarajan, S., McQueen, M. J., Wang, X., Liu, L., Yan, H., Lee, S. F., Mony, P., Devanath, A., et al. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1311889 · Cited by 886
Effect of salt substitution on cardiovascular events and death
Neal, B., Wu, Y., Feng, X., Zhang, R., Zhang, Y., Shi, J., Zhang, J., Tian, M., Huang, L., Li, Z., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2105675 · Cited by 742
Self-citationSodium Intake and Hypertension
Grillo, A., Salvi, L., Coruzzi, P., Salvi, P., & Parati, G. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11091970 · Cited by 819
Poulter, N. R., Prabhakaran, D., & Caulfield, M. J. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61468-9 · Cited by 730
Daskalopoulou, S. S., Rabi, D. M., Zarnke, K. B., Dasgupta, K., Nerenberg, K. A., Cloutier, L., Gelfer, M., Lamarre-Cliché, M., Milot, A., Bolli, P., et al. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2015.02.016 · Cited by 690
Epidemiology and risk of cardiovascular disease in populations with chronic kidney disease
Matsushita, K., Ballew, S. H., Wang, A. Y.-M., Kalyesubula, R., Schäeffner, E., & Agarwal, R. (2022) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-022-00616-6 · Cited by 728
Graudal, N. A., Hubeck-Graudal, T., & Jurgens, G. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004022.pub4 · Cited by 620
Salt Reduction to Prevent Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease
He, F. J., Tan, M., Ma, Y., & MacGregor, G. A. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.055 · Cited by 589
Virani, S. S., Newby, L. K., Arnold, S. V., Bittner, V., Brewer, L. C., Demeter, S. H., Dixon, D. L., Fearon, W. F., Hess, B., Johnson, H. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.003 · Cited by 596
Prevention and Control of Hypertension
Carey, R. M., Muntner, P., Bosworth, H. B., & Whelton, P. K. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.008 · Cited by 665
(2019) · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000677 · Cited by 4,501
Arterial hypertension in adults. Clinical guidelines 2020
Kobalava, Z. D., Конради, А. О., Nedogoda, S. V., Shlyakhto, E. V., Arutyunov, G. P., Баранова, Е. И., Барбараш, О. Л., Бойцов, С. А., Вавилова, Т. В., Вадимовна, В. С., et al. (2020) · Russian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3-3786 · Cited by 609
Salt reduction strategies in processed meat products – A review
Inguglia, E. S., Zhang, Z., Tiwari, B. K., Kerry, J. P., & Burgess, C. M. (2016) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2016.10.016 · Cited by 508
Anand, S. S., Hawkes, C., de Souza, R. J., Mente, A., Dehghan, M., Nugent, R., Zulyniak, M. A., Weis, T., Bernstein, A. M., Krauss, R. M., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.050 · Cited by 507
“Meta-analyses of CVD event trials did not report a significant reduction in CVD with lower sodium intake, but the included trials were underpowered to detect moderate risk reductions (258).”
BackgroundHypertension in older adults: Assessment, management, and challenges
Oliveros, E., Patel, H. N., Kyung, S., Fugar, S. S., Goldberg, A. B., Madan, N., & Williams, K. A., Sr. (2019) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.23303 · Cited by 624
Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Elijovich, F., Weinberger, M. H., Anderson, C. A. M., Appel, L. J., Bursztyn, M., Cook, N. R., Dart, R. A., Newton-Cheh, C. H., Sacks, F. M., & Laffer, C. L. (2016) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hyp.0000000000000047 · Cited by 482
Micha, R., Shulkin, M., Peñalvo, J. L., Khatibzadeh, S., Singh, G. M., Rao, M., Fahimi, S., Powles, J. W., & Mozaffarian, D. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175149 · Cited by 507
Salt reduction in the United Kingdom: a successful experiment in public health
He, F. J., Brinsden, H. C., & MacGregor, G. A. (2014) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/jhh.2013.105 · Cited by 456
Whelton, P. K., Appel, L. J., Sacco, R. L., Anderson, C. A. M., Antman, E. M., Campbell, N., Dunbar, S. B., Frohlich, E. D., Hall, J. E., Jessup, M., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318279acbf · Cited by 463
Trieu, K., Neal, B., Hawkes, C., Dunford, E., Campbell, N., Rodriguez-Fernandez, R., Legetic, B., McLaren, L., Barberio, A., & Webster, J. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130247 · Cited by 451
Prevention of stroke: a global perspective
Pandian, J. D., Gall, S., Kate, M. P., Silva, G. S., Akinyemi, R., Ovbiagele, B. I., Lavados, P. M., Gandhi, D. B. C., & Thrift, A. G. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31269-8 · Cited by 467
He, F. J., Pombo-Rodrigues, S., & MacGregor, G. A. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004549 · Cited by 436
Graudal, N., Jürgens, G., Baslund, B., & Alderman, M. H. (2014) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpu028 · Cited by 407
Saneei, P., Salehi-Abargouei, A., Esmaillzadeh, A., & Azadbakht, L. (2014) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.06.008 · Cited by 419
The 2015 Dutch food-based dietary guidelines
Kromhout, D., Spaaij, C. J. K., de Goede, J., & Weggemans, R. M. (2016) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.52 · Cited by 416
The JPHC Study: Design and Some Findings on the Typical Japanese Diet
Tsugane, S., & Sawada, N. (2014) · Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1093/jjco/hyu096 · Cited by 392
Schwingshackl, L., Knüppel, S., Schwedhelm, C., Hoffmann, G., Missbach, B., Stelmach-Mardas, M., Dietrich, S., Eichelmann, F., Kontopanteils, E., Iqbal, K., et al. (2016) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.116.013052 · Cited by 360
Sodium-to-potassium ratio and blood pressure, hypertension, and related factors
Perez, V., & Chang, E. T. (2014) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.114.006783 · Cited by 334
Measuring Population Sodium Intake: A Review of Methods
McLean, R. M. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6114651 · Cited by 346
Farquhar, W. B., Edwards, D. G., Jurkovitz, C. T., & Weintraub, W. S. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.039 · Cited by 348
Contributions of risk factors and medical care to cardiovascular mortality trends
Ezzati, M., Obermeyer, Z., Tzoulaki, I., Mayosi, B. M., Elliott, P., & Leon, D. A. (2015) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2015.82 · Cited by 338
Self-citationJones, D. W., Ferdinand, K. C., Taler, S. J., Johnson, H. M., Shimbo, D., Abdalla, M., Altieri, M. M., Bansal, N., Bello, N. A., Bress, A. P., et al. (2025) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hyp.0000000000000249 · Cited by 424
Cobb, L. K., Anderson, C. A. M., Elliott, P., Hu, F. B., Liu, K., Neaton, J. D., Whelton, P. K., Woodward, M., & Appel, L. J. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000015 · Cited by 300
Self-citation24-Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Cardiovascular Risk
Ma, Y., He, F. J., Sun, Q., Yuan, C., Kieneker, L. M., Curhan, G. C., MacGregor, G. A., Bakker, S. J. L., Campbell, N. R. C., Wang, M., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2109794 · Cited by 307
Blood Pressure Effects of Sodium Reduction
Filippini, T., Malavolti, M., Whelton, P. K., Naska, A., Orsini, N., & Vinceti, M. (2021) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.120.050371 · Cited by 323
Bowry, A., Lewey, J., Dugani, S. B., & Choudhry, N. K. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2015.06.028 · Cited by 307
Cardiovascular disease and hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: burden, risk and interventions
Cappuccio, F. P., & Miller, M. A. (2016) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-016-1423-9 · Cited by 291
Self-citationImpact of Salt Intake on the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hypertension
Rust, P., & Ekmekçioğlu, C. (2016) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/5584_2016_147 · Cited by 310
Systematic review of dietary salt reduction policies: Evidence for an effectiveness hierarchy?
Hyseni, L., Elliott-Green, A., Lloyd‐Williams, F., Kypridemos, C., O’Flaherty, M., McGill, R., Orton, L., Bromley, H., Cappuccio, F. P., & Capewell, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177535 · Cited by 288
Self-citationEffects of Sodium Reduction and the DASH Diet in Relation to Baseline Blood Pressure
Juraschek, S. P., Miller, E. R., Weaver, C. M., & Appel, L. J. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.011 · Cited by 293
Novel Umami Ingredients: Umami Peptides and Their Taste
Zhang, Y., Venkitasamy, C., Pan, Z., Liu, W., & Zhao, L. (2016) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.13576 · Cited by 273
Dasgupta, K., Quinn, R. R., Zarnke, K. B., Rabi, D. M., Ravani, P., Daskalopoulou, S. S., Rabkin, S. W., Trudeau, L., Feldman, R. D., Cloutier, L., et al. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2014.02.002 · Cited by 270
Freedman, L. S., Commins, J. M., Moler, J. E., Willett, W. C., Tinker, L. F., Subar, A. F., Spiegelman, D. L., Rhodes, D., Potischman, N. A., Neuhouser, M. L., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwu325 · Cited by 262
George, S. M., Ballard-Barbash, R. R., Manson, J. E., Reedy, J., Shikany, J. M., Subar, A. F., Tinker, L. F., Vitolins, M. Z., & Neuhouser, M. L. (2014) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwu173 · Cited by 267
Lower Levels of Sodium Intake and Reduced Cardiovascular Risk
Cook, N. R., Appel, L. J., & Whelton, P. K. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.006032 · Cited by 256
Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention
Cook, N. R., Appel, L. J., & Whelton, P. K. (2016) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.07.745 · Cited by 228
Binia, A., Jaeger, J., Hu, Y., Singh, A., & Zimmermann, D. (2015) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000000611 · Cited by 245
Bernaerts, T. M. M., Gheysen, L., Kyomugasho, C., Jamsazzadeh Kermani, Z., Vandionant, S., Foubert, I., Hendrickx, M. E., & Van Loey, A. M. (2018) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2018.03.017 · Cited by 235
Santos, J. A., Tekle, D., Rosewarne, E., Flexner, N., Cobb, L. K., Al‐Jawaldeh, A., Kim, W. J., Breda, J., Whiting, S., Campbell, N. R. C., et al. (2021) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmab008 · Cited by 243
Jones, D. W., Ferdinand, K. C., Taler, S. J., Johnson, H. M., Shimbo, D., Abdalla, M., Altieri, M. M., Bansal, N., Bello, N. A., Bress, A. P., et al. (2025) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001356 · Cited by 335
Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
Taylor, R. S., Ashton, K. E., Moxham, T., Hooper, L., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009217 · Cited by 223
Self-citationRetractedWang, Y., Yeh, T., Shih, M., Tu, Y., & Chien, K. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12102934 · Cited by 246
2024 Clinical practice guidelines for Hypertension in adults
Кобалава, Ж. Д., Конради, А. О., Nedogoda, S. V., Shlyakhto, E. V., Arutyunov, G. P., Баранова, Е. И., Барбараш, О. Л., Bobkova, N. V., Boytsov, S. A., Bubnova, M. G., et al. (2024) · Russian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2024-6117 · Cited by 274
Dietary Sodium and Cardiovascular Disease Risk — Measurement Matters
Cogswell, M. E., Mugavero, K., Bowman, B. A., & Frieden, T. R. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsb1607161 · Cited by 211
Sodium Intake and Cardiovascular Health
O’Donnell, M., Mente, A., & Yusuf, S. (2015) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.303771 · Cited by 208
Dietary reference values for sodium
EFSA Panel on Nutrition, N. F. A. F. A. (., Turck, D., Castenmiller, J. J. M., Henauw, S. D., Hirsch‐Ernst, K. I., Kearney, J., Knutsen, H. K., Maciuk, A., Mangelsdorf, I., McArdle, H. J., et al. (2019) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5778 · Cited by 218
Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease
McMahon, E., Campbell, K., Bauer, J., & Mudge, D. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010070.pub2 · Cited by 198
The impact of excessive salt intake on human health
Hunter, R. W., Dhaun, N., & Bailey, M. A. (2022) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-021-00533-0 · Cited by 215
He, F. J., Wu, Y., Feng, X.-X., Ma, J., Ma, Y., Wang, H., Zhang, J., Yuan, J. J., Lin, C.-P., Nowson, C. A., et al. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h770 · Cited by 189
Salt and cardiovascular disease: insufficient evidence to recommend low sodium intake
O'Donnell, M. J., Mente, A., Alderman, M. H., Brady, A. J. B., Díaz, R., Gupta, R., López-Jaramillo, P. A., Luft, F. C., Lüscher, T. F., Mancia, G., et al. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa586 · Cited by 199
Dietary fibre for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Hartley, L., May, M. D., Loveman, E., Colquitt, J. L., & Rees, K. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011472.pub2 · Cited by 187
Dietary Approaches to Prevent Hypertension
Bazzano, L., Green, T., Harrison, T. N., & Reynolds, K. (2013) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-013-0390-z · Cited by 182
Estimated 24-Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion in US Adults
Cogswell, M. E., Loria, C. M., Terry, A. L., Zhao, L., Wang, C., Chen, T.-C., Wright, J. D., Pfeiffer, C. M., Merritt, R. K., Moy, C. S., et al. (2018) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2018.1156 · Cited by 172
Strazzullo, P., & Leclercq, C. (2014) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.113.005215 · Cited by 173
Healthy processed meat products – Regulatory, reformulation and consumer challenges
Grasso, S., Brunton, N. P., Lyng, J. G., Lalor, F., & Monahan, F. J. (2014) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2014.06.006 · Cited by 175
Schwingshackl, L., Chaimani, A., Schwedhelm, C., Toledo, E., Pünsch, M., HOFFMANN, G. E., & Boeing, H. (2018) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1463967 · Cited by 168
Leyvraz, M., Chatelan, A., da Costa, B. R., Taffé, P., Paradis, G., Bovet, P., Bochud, M., & Chioléro, A. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy121 · Cited by 165
Interventions for improving modifiable risk factor control in the secondary prevention of stroke
Bridgwood, B. M., Lager, K. E., Mistri, A. K., Khunti, K., Wilson, A., & Modi, P. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009103.pub3 · Cited by 156
Jayedi, A., Ghomashi, F., Zargar, M. S., & Shab‐Bidar, S. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.05.017 · Cited by 158
Role of salt intake in prevention of cardiovascular disease: controversies and challenges
He, F. J., & MacGregor, G. A. (2018) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-018-0004-1 · Cited by 157
Salt intakes in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-regression
Oyebode, O. O., Oti, S. O., Chen, Y., & Lilford, R. J. (2016) · Population Health Metrics · doi:10.1186/s12963-015-0068-7 · Cited by 153
Dietary Factors and Risks of Cardiovascular Diseases: An Umbrella Review
Chareonrungrueangchai, K., Wongkawinwoot, K., Anothaisintawee, T., & Reutrakul, S. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12041088 · Cited by 173
Nanri, A., Mizoue, T., Shimazu, T., Ishihara, J., Takachi, R., Noda, M., Iso, H., Sasazuki, S., Sawada, N., & Tsugane, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174848 · Cited by 151
Beusecum, J. P. V., Barbaro, N. R., McDowell, Z., Aden, L. A., Xiao, L., Pandey, A. K., Itani, H. A., Himmel, L. E., Harrison, D. G., & Kirabo, A. (2019) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12761 · Cited by 144
Use of Urine Biomarkers to Assess Sodium Intake: Challenges and Opportunities
Cogswell, M. E., Maalouf, J., Elliott, P., Loria, C. M., Patel, S., & Bowman, B. A. (2015) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034322 · Cited by 145
Self-citationPrevalence of Excess Sodium Intake in the United States — NHANES, 2009–2012
Jackson, S. L., King, S. M. C., Zhao, L., & Cogswell, M. E. (2016) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6452a1 · Cited by 140
Sodium Intake and Health: What Should We Recommend Based on the Current Evidence?
Mente, A., O'Donnell, M. J., & Yusuf, S. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13093232 · Cited by 149
Metadata
- Authors
- Aburto, N. J., Ziolkovska, A., Hooper, L., Elliott, P., Cappuccio, F. P., & Meerpohl, J. J.
- Affiliations
- World Health Organization (CH)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- University Medical Center Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Aburto, N. J.
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2013-04-03
- Volume
- 346
- Issue
- apr03 3
- Pages
- f1326-f1326
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4816261
- OpenAlex
- W2167945952
- Cited by
- 1,242
- References
- 163
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 115 · 2019: 128 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 99 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 39
- FWCI
- 12.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10136)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32DK007734)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- low sodium intake, dietary sodium reduction, blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, stroke, coronary artery disease, all-cause mortality, serum lipids, catecholamines, renal function, children, hypertension prevention, salt reduction interventions, sodium reduction
- MeSH terms
- Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Catecholamines, Diet, Sodium-Restricted, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Kidney, Male, Prospective Studies, Public Health, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Lipid Metabolism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
