Predicted lean body mass, fat mass, and all cause and cause specific mortality in men: Prospective us cohort study
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of predicted lean body mass, fat mass, and body mass index (BMI) with all cause and cause specific mortality in men. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Health professionals in the United States PARTICIPANTS: 38 006 men (aged 40-75 years) from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, followed up for death (1987-2012). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All cause and cause specific mortality. RESULTS: Using validated anthropometric prediction equations previously developed from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, lean body mass and fat mass were estimated for all participants. During a mean of 21.4 years of follow-up, 12 356 deaths were identified. A J shaped association was consistently observed between BMI and all cause mortality. Multivariable adjusted Cox models including predicted fat mass and lean body mass showed a strong positive monotonic association between predicted fat mass and all cause mortality. Compared with those in the lowest fifth of predicted fat mass, men in the highest fifth had a hazard ratio of 1.35 (95% confidence interval 1.26 to 1.46) for mortality from all causes. In contrast, a U shaped association was found between predicted lean body mass and all cause mortality. Compared with those in the lowest fifth of predicted lean body mass, men in the second to fourth fifths had 8-10% lower risk of mortality from all causes. In the restricted cubic spline models, the risk of all cause mortality was relatively flat until 21 kg of predicted fat mass and increased rapidly afterwards, with a hazard ratio of 1.22 (1.18 to 1.26) per standard deviation. For predicted lean body mass, a large reduction of the risk was seen within the lower range until 56 kg, with a hazard ratio of 0.87 (0.82 to 0.92) per standard deviation, which increased thereafter (P for non-linearity <0.001). For cause specific mortality, men in the highest fifth of predicted fat mass had hazard ratios of 1.67 (1.47 to 1.89) for cardiovascular disease, 1.24 (1.09 to 1.43) for cancer, and 1.26 (0.97 to 1.64) for respiratory disease. On the other hand, a U shaped association was found between predicted lean body mass and mortality from cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, a strong inverse association existed between predicted lean body mass and mortality from respiratory disease (P for trend <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The shape of the association between BMI and mortality was determined by the relation between two body components (lean body mass and fat mass) and mortality. This finding suggests that the "obesity paradox" controversy may be largely explained by low lean body mass, rather than low fat mass, in the lower range of BMI.
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Excess body fat increases all-cause and disease-cause mortality, and low lean mass is associated with higher death rates.
“Body composition analyses have also reported that excess body fat increases all-cause and disease-cause mortality, and people with low lean mass have been found to have higher death rates (4, 5).”
From The role of obesity in sarcopenia and the optimal body composition to prevent against sarcopenia and obesity (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
In a large cohort of men, increment of fat mass was associated with mortality, which may be associated with the high prevalence of sarcopenia.
“In a large cohort of men, increment of fat mass was associated with mortality, which may be associated with the high prevalence of sarcopenia (4).”
From The role of obesity in sarcopenia and the optimal body composition to prevent against sarcopenia and obesity (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
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- Authors
- Lee, D. H., Keum, N., Hu, F. B., Orav, E. J., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., & Giovannucci, E. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Giovannucci, Edward L
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2018-07-03
- Volume
- 362
- Pages
- k2575
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- PMC
- PMC6028901
- OpenAlex
- W2810529814
- Cited by
- 486
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 21.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation
- National Research Foundation of Korea (2018R1A4A1022589, NRF-2018R1A4A1022589)
- Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea (NRF-2018R1A4A1022589)
- National Institutes of Health (UM1-CA167552, CA-167552)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL035464)
- National Cancer Institute (R03CA223619, UM1CA167552)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Keywords
- fat mass, body mass index, all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cancer mortality, respiratory mortality, anthropometric equations, men, Health Professionals Follow-up Study, obesity paradox, body composition, nonlinear relationship, sex differences in mortality
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Body Composition, Follow-Up Studies, Health Personnel, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Prospective Studies, United States, Body Mass Index
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