The role of obesity in sarcopenia and the optimal body composition to prevent against sarcopenia and obesity
Open accessAbstract
Background: Elderly people with low lean and high fat mass, are diagnosed with sarcopenic obesity (SO), and often have poor clinical outcomes. This study aimed to explore the relationship between obesity and sarcopenia, and the optimal proportion of fat and muscle for old individuals. Methods: Participants aged 60 years or above were instructed to perform bioelectrical impedance analysis to obtain the muscle and fat indicators, and handgrip strength was also performed. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to predicted appendicular skeletal muscle mass and function. Body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BF%) were used to define obesity. The association of muscle and fat indicators were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Pearson Chi-Square test was utilized to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) on the risk of sarcopenia according to obesity status. Results: 1637 old subjects (74.8 ± 7.8 years) participated in this study. Not only fat mass, but also muscle indicators were positively correlated to BMI and body weight (p < 0.05). Absolute muscle and fat mass in different positions had positive associations (p < 0.05). Muscle mass and strength were negatively related to appendicular fat mass percentage (p < 0.05). When defined by BMI (OR = 0.69, 95% CI [0.56, 0.86]; p = 0.001), obesity was a protective factor for sarcopenia, whilst it was a risk factor when using BF% (OR = 1.38, 95% CI [1.13, 1.69]; p = 0.002) as the definition. The risk of sarcopenia reduced with the increase of BMI in both genders. It was increased with raised BF% in males but displayed a U-shaped curve for females. BF% 26.0–34.6% in old females and lower than 23.9% in old males are recommended for sarcopenia and obesity prevention. Conclusion: Skeletal muscle mass had strong positive relationship with absolute fat mass but negative associations with the percentage of appendicular fat mass. Obesity was a risk factor of sarcopenia when defined by BF% instead of BMI. The management of BF% can accurately help elderly people prevent against both sarcopenia and obesity.
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TL;DR
In a cross-sectional study of 1,637 Chinese adults aged ≥60 years, obesity was protective against sarcopenia when defined by BMI but a risk factor when defined by body fat percentage (BF%). The authors recommend maintaining BF% 26.0–34.6% in older females and <23.9% in older males to prevent both sarcopenia and obesity.
Key findings
- Among 1,637 participants (74.8 ± 7.8 years; 83.6% female), BMI-defined obesity was associated with lower sarcopenia risk (total OR = 0.69, 95% CI [0.56, 0.86]; p = 0.001), while BF%-defined obesity was associated with higher risk (total OR = 1.38, 95% CI [1.13, 1.69]; p = 0.002).
- Sarcopenic obesity prevalence was higher when obesity was defined by BF% (25% in males, 17.3% in females, 18.6% total) than by BMI ≥25 kg/m² (14.2% in males, 11.8% in females, 12.2% total).
- Muscle mass and strength were positively correlated with BMI and absolute fat mass, but negatively related to appendicular fat mass percentage (p < 0.05); trunk fat mass percentage was negatively related to handgrip strength only in males.
- Recommended BF% ranges to minimize sarcopenia risk were 26.0–34.6% in older females and <23.9% in older males; BMI <18.5 kg/m² increased sarcopenia risk in females, and BMI 25–29.5 kg/m² was protective in males (p = 0.02).
Methods
- Cross-sectional study of community-dwelling or outpatient Chinese adults aged ≥60 years recruited at Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, from 2019 to 2021; exclusions included severe foot deformity preventing BIA and inability to communicate/understand instructions.
- Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (InBody 120), with appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) predicted from BIA-derived skeletal muscle mass index and demographics; handgrip strength was measured by dynamometer. Sarcopenia was defined by AWGS 2019 cut-offs (ASMI <7.0 kg/m² and HGS <28 kg in males; ASMI <5.4 kg/m² and HGS <18 kg in females). Obesity was defined as BMI ≥25 kg/m² or BF% >27% in males and >35% in females.
- Analyses included Pearson correlation, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests, Pearson Chi-square for odds ratios, and linear regression for annual decline rates of ASMI and HGS.
Limitations
- Stated: sarcopenia was diagnosed using only ASMI and HGS without physical performance measures such as 6-metre walk, SPPB, or 5-time chair stand test; ASMI was estimated by a prediction model, which may introduce error; the male sample was smaller, possibly causing false-negative results; blood samples and comorbidity information were not collected; and the cross-sectional design shows relative risk rather than causality.
- Evident from the text: the study population was recruited from a single Hong Kong hospital/community setting and was predominantly female (83.6%), which may limit generalizability to other populations or to males.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 34 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
In males, the odds ratio for sarcopenia was linearly raised over BF% 23.8%.
“BF% and the risk of sarcopenia displayed a U-shaped curve in female, but the OR was lineally raised in male over 23.8% ( Figure 4B ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Other indicators in male without obesity declined more than male with obesity.
“Other indicators in male without obesity declined more than male with obesity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
BMI- and BF%-defined obesity had opposite roles in sarcopenia.
“BMI- and BF% defined obesity had opposite roles in sarcopenia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In females, BF% 26.0-30.9% and 31.0-34.6% groups had significant protective effects against sarcopenia compared to the lowest BF% group (p < 0.05).
“The significant protective effects were found in BF% 26.0–30.9% and 31.0–34.6% groups compared to the lowest BF% group in female (p < 0.05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
When defined by BMI, obesity was a protective factor for sarcopenia (OR = 0.69, 95% CI [0.56, 0.86]; p = 0.001).
“When defined by BMI (OR = 0.69, 95% CI [0.56, 0.86]; p = 0.001), obesity was a protective factor for sarcopenia”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Absolute muscle and fat mass in different positions had positive associations (p < 0.05).
“Absolute muscle and fat mass in different positions had positive associations (p < 0.05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
BMI <18.5 increased the risk of sarcopenia in females (p = 0.05).
“BMI <18.5 increased the risk of sarcopenia in female (p = 0.05).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“For instance, lower BMI (<18.5 kg/m2) dramatically increased the sarcopenia risk in females instead of males.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
- Findingown data
For females, individuals with obesity had a steeper slope of ASMI (β: -0.017 vs. -0.006) and HGS (β: -0.238 vs. -0.206) decline when defined by BMI.
“For females, individuals with obesity had a steeper slope of ASMI (β: -0.017 vs. -0.006) and HGS (β: -0.238 vs. -0.206) decline when defined by BMI.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Higher TFM% was associated with reduced SMM and HGS (p < 0.05).
“Higher TFM% was associated with reduced SMM and HGS (p < 0.05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Appendicular fat mass percentage was inversely related to ASMI and HGS when analyzed the whole cohort.
“Appendicular fat mass percentage was inversely related to ASMI and HGS when analyzed the whole cohort.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A weak but significantly positive correlation between BF% and age was found in the elderly.
“A weak but significantly positive correlation between BF% and age was found in the elderly.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The highest percentage of arm and leg fat mass was found in SO (p < 0.05).
“The highest percentage of arm and leg fat mass was found in SO (p < 0.05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Muscle mass and strength were negatively related to appendicular fat mass percentage (p < 0.05).
“Muscle mass and strength were negatively related to appendicular fat mass percentage (p < 0.05).”
- Also stated in: § The associations of fat and muscle indicators · plain
“The percentage of fat mass in arms and legs were inversely correlated with SMM, SMI, and ASMI (p < 0.05).”
- Also stated in: § The associations of fat and muscle indicators · plain
“ASMI and HGS were both negatively related to the percentage of fat mass in limbs (p < 0.05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § The associations of fat and muscle indicators · plain
- Findingown data
There were no significant differences of ASMI and HGS between the two sarcopenic groups when obesity was defined by BF% (p > 0.05).
“There were no significant differences of ASMI and HGS between the two sarcopenic groups when obesity was defined by BF% (p > 0.05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Not only fat mass, but also muscle indicators were positively correlated to BMI and body weight (p < 0.05).
“Not only fat mass, but also muscle indicators were positively correlated to BMI and body weight (p < 0.05).”
- Also stated in: § The associations of fat and muscle indicators · plain
“Body weight, BMI, absolute fat mass, and WHR had similar trends to be positively associated with almost all muscle and fat parameters instead of fat-free mass percentage (p < 0.05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § The associations of fat and muscle indicators · plain
- Findingown data
The mean difference between predicted and actual ASMI was 0.04 ± 0.25 kg/m2 in the validation group.
“The mean difference between predicted and actual value was 0.04 ± 0.25 kg/m2 in the validation group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Higher WHR in females was positively related to muscle mass and strength indicators.
“higher WHR in females was positively related to muscle mass and strength indicators.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Age (≥60 years) was not related to BMI, WHR, and fat mass in different body positions (p > 0.05).
“After analyzing data from the whole cohort (both genders), the Pearson’s correlations ( Figure 1A ) showed that age (≥ 60 years) was not related to BMI, WHR, and fat mass in different body positions (p > 0.05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In males, the BMI 25-29.5 group had a significant effect of sarcopenia prevention (p = 0.02).
“The significant effect of sarcopenia prevention was found in BMI 25–29.5 group in male (p = 0.02), and BMI ≥ 30 in female (p = 0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The inverse association between TFM% and HGS was only found in males rather than females.
“The inverse association between TFM% and HGS was only found in males rather than females.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
When defined by BF%, obesity was a risk factor for sarcopenia (OR = 1.38, 95% CI [1.13, 1.69]; p = 0.002).
“whilst it was a risk factor when using BF% (OR = 1.38, 95% CI [1.13, 1.69]; p = 0.002) as the definition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
More SO patients were detected when obesity was defined by BF% (25% in male, 17.3% in female, and 18.6% in total) than when defined by BMI (14.2% in male, 11.8% in female, and 12.2% in total).
“More SO patients were detected when obesity was defined by BF% (25% in male, 17.3% in female, and 18.6% in total). If BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 was used to define obesity, the prevalence of SO was 14.2% in male, 11.8% in female, and 12.2% in total.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The final prediction model for DXA-measured ASMI based on BIA SMI, age, and BMI has R2 = 0.862.
“The final prediction model is: ASMI (DXA) = 0.378 + 0.662 * (BIA SMI) – 0.003 * (Age) – 0.032 * (BMI); R2 = 0.862.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In females, BF% and the risk of sarcopenia displayed a U-shaped curve.
“BF% and the risk of sarcopenia displayed a U-shaped curve in female, but the OR was lineally raised in male over 23.8% ( Figure 4B ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
With increasing BMI, there is a trend of reduced risk of sarcopenia in both males and females.
“With the increase of BMI, a trend of reduced risks of sarcopenia were found in both male and female ( Figure 4A ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Faster decline of ASMI in BMI-defined male with obesity was identified (β: -0.041 vs. -0.037).
“Faster decline of ASMI in BMI-defined male with obesity was identified (β: -0.041 vs. -0.037).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In females, BMI ≥30 had a significant effect of sarcopenia prevention (p = 0.001).
“The significant effect of sarcopenia prevention was found in BMI 25–29.5 group in male (p = 0.02), and BMI ≥ 30 in female (p = 0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The risk of sarcopenia reduced with the increase of BMI in both genders.
“The risk of sarcopenia reduced with the increase of BMI in both genders.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Appendicular fat mass percentage was inversely relevant to muscle mass in both genders.
“As for the fat distribution, appendicular fat mass percentage was inversely relevant to muscle mass in both genders, and trunk fat mass percentage was negatively related to muscle strength only in males.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Trunk fat mass percentage was negatively related to muscle strength only in males.
“As for the fat distribution, appendicular fat mass percentage was inversely relevant to muscle mass in both genders, and trunk fat mass percentage was negatively related to muscle strength only in males.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Males with the highest interval of BF% had three times greater risk of sarcopenia than the lowest subgroup.
“Males with the highest interval of BF% had three times greater risk of sarcopenia than the lowest subgroup.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In our study, SO was more prevalent in males than females.
“In our study, SO was more prevalent in males than females, and when obesity was defined by BF% than BMI.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
If defined by BF%, ASMI became comparable between simple sarcopenic and SO patients due to the shrunken discrepancies of BMI among groups.
“If defined by BF%, ASMI became comparable between simple sarcopenic and SO patients due to the shrunken discrepancies of BMI among groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The muscle decline in males was not as sensitive to obesity as in females.
“Nevertheless, the muscle decline in males was not as sensitive to obesity as in females.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In our study, obesity defined by BF% was a risk factor of sarcopenia.
“In our study, we observed that obesity defined by BF% was a risk factor of sarcopenia which was consistent with pre-clinical findings.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Obesity is a protective factor of sarcopenia when defined by BMI but is a risk factor when defined by BF%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Without a large change of body composition, the increase of BMI is usually accompanied with both fat and muscle mass in adults.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
Our study revealed that muscle mass and strength elevated along with BMI and absolute fat mass increment.
“Our study revealed that muscle mass and strength elevated along with BMI and absolute fat mass increment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
When obesity was defined by BMI, it was a protective factor of sarcopenia.
“When obesity was defined by BMI, we found that it was a protective factor of sarcopenia despite the various metabolic problems that can occur (34).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Obesity is a protective factor of sarcopenia when defined by BMI but is a risk factor when defined by BF%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [34] Lechleitner, 2008, Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in the elderly–a mini-review, Gerontology source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: Without a large change of body composition, the increase of BMI is usually accompanied with both fat and muscle mass in adults.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
AFM% and LFM% were significantly higher in SO.
“AFM% and LFM% were significantly higher in SO and may be biomarkers of this disease.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The prevalence of SO in Chinese old people was higher if obesity was defined by BF% than BMI.
“The prevalence of SO in Chinese old people was higher if obesity was defined by BF% than BMI.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
We identified a range of BF% to prevent both sarcopenia and obesity in females.
“Hence, we identified a range of BF% to prevent both sarcopenia and obesity in females.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In most cases, SO patients had different demographic features when diagnosed by different obesity definitions.
“In most cases, SO patients had different demographic features when diagnosed by different obesity definitions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In our study, SO was more prevalent when obesity was defined by BF% than BMI.
“In our study, SO was more prevalent in males than females, and when obesity was defined by BF% than BMI.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A trend showed that BF% less than 23.9% in males was better for sarcopenia prevention.
“A trend showed that BF% less than 23.9% in males was better for sarcopenia prevention.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The lowest incidence of sarcopenia was found in females with the BF% 26.0-34.6%, and BMI over 18.5 kg/m2.
“The lowest incidence of sarcopenia was found in females with the BF% 26.0–34.6%, and BMI over 18.5 kg/m2.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Fat deposition in limbs can be a potential diagnostic indicator of sarcopenia.
“Therefore, the fat deposition in limbs can be a potential diagnostic indicator of sarcopenia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
BIA-measured muscle mass index (InBody 120) is 2.89 ± 0.38 kg/m2 higher than DXA-measured.
“We previously found that the value of muscle mass index detected by BIA (InBody 120) was 2.89 ± 0.38 kg/m2 higher than measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Horizon, Hologic, Marlborough, MA, USA), which was considered the gold standard (18).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Cheng, 2021, Diagnosis of sarcopenia by evaluating skeletal muscle mass by adjusted bioimpedance analysis validated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Lower BMI is commonly found in people with sarcopenia.
“It is known that lower BMI is commonly found in people with sarcopenia (12).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] Khongsri, 2016, The prevalence of sarcopenia and related factors in a community-dwelling elders Thai population, Osteoporos Sarcopenia source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In-vitro studies showed that the coculture of mature adipocytes and skeletal muscle progenitor cells led to a reduction of nuclei number in myosin heavy chain (MHC)-positive myotubes.
“In-vitro studies showed that the coculture of mature adipocytes and skeletal muscle progenitor cells led to a reduction of nuclei number in myosin heavy chain (MHC)-positive myotubes (29).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] Takegahara, 2014, Myotube formation is affected by adipogenic lineage cells in a cell-to-Cell contact-independent manner, Exp Cell Res source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Previous studies showed that females with central obesity but not males had lower prevalence of sarcopenia.
“Previous studies also showed that females with central obesity but not males had lower prevalence of sarcopenia (28).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] Choi, 2022, Central obesity is associated with lower prevalence of sarcopenia in older women, but not in men: A cross-sectional study, BMC Geriatr source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
For old people, a lower BMI has become a predictor of sarcopenia.
“For old people, a lower BMI has become a predictor of sarcopenia (12).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] Khongsri, 2016, The prevalence of sarcopenia and related factors in a community-dwelling elders Thai population, Osteoporos Sarcopenia source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Central obesity was associated with the development of metabolic complications and adverse clinical outcomes.
“Central obesity was associated with the development of metabolic complications and adverse clinical outcomes (27).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] Sniderman, 2007, Why might south asians be so susceptible to central obesity and its atherogenic consequences? the adipose tissue overflow hypothesis, Int J Epidemiol source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
There is a well-known paradox that obesity is related to a lower risk of mortality.
“There is a well-known paradox that obesity is related to a lower risk of mortality (31).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] Donini, 2020, Obesity or bmi paradox? beneath the tip of the iceberg, Front Nutr source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
There were greater adverse effects of fat accumulation and central obesity on the muscle of males.
“This finding indicated there were greater adverse effects of fat accumulation and central obesity on the muscle of males.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The management of BF% can accurately help elderly people prevent against both sarcopenia and obesity.
“The management of BF% can accurately help elderly people prevent against both sarcopenia and obesity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The observed associations between BF% and sarcopenia are causal, such that managing BF% can prevent sarcopenia and obesity.
- Interpretationcitation
Fat deposition in extremities may play a role of muscle loss and dysfunction in sarcopenic patients via paracrine of adipokines and cytokines.
“Fat deposition in extremities may play a role of muscle loss and dysfunction in sarcopenic patients via paracrine of adipokines and cytokines.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
When obesity was defined by BF%, obesity became related to higher death rate.
“When obesity was defined by BF%, obesity became related to higher death rate (14).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] Padwal, 2016, Relationship among body fat percentage, body mass index, and all-cause mortality: A cohort study, Ann Intern Med source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Muscle disorders are associated with high risk of mortality.
“Since muscle disorders are associated with high risk of mortality, the reservation of muscle mass and strength is important (9).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] Liu, 2017, Sarcopenia as a predictor of all-cause mortality among community-dwelling older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Maturitas source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Similar to previous findings, in the elderly female group with obesity, a faster decline of muscle mass and strength with aging was observed.
“Similar to previous findings, in the elderly female group with obesity, a faster decline of muscle mass and strength with aging was observed (38).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [38] Koster, 2011, Does the amount of fat mass predict age-related loss of lean mass, muscle strength, and muscle quality in older adults, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
When defined by BMI, SO could be diagnosed dominantly by muscle function test since their muscle mass was large.
“When defined by BMI, SO could be diagnosed dominantly by muscle function test since their muscle mass was large.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The lowest BMI and BF% resulted in low estrogen levels in menopausal female.
“The lowest BMI and BF% resulted in low estrogen levels in menopausal female (42).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [42] Oh, 2017, Anthropometric measures and serum estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women: The women's health initiative observational study, Breast Cancer Res source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The increasing trend of obesity is faster in males compared to females.
“It is necessary to control the adiposity levels in old males due to the faster increasing trend of obesity compared to females (44).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [44] Kim, 2020, Males with obesity and overweight, J Obes Metab Syndr source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The excess accumulation of fat also affects muscle phenotypes metabolically.
“The excess accumulation of fat also affects muscle phenotypes metabolically (17).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17] Batsis, 2018, Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: Aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies, Nat Rev Endocrinol source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
BMI was not as sensitive as BF% to simultaneously identify metabolic and sarcopenic risks.
“BMI was not as sensitive as BF% to simultaneously identify metabolic and sarcopenic risks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Without a large change of body composition, the increase of BMI is usually accompanied with both fat and muscle mass in adults.
- May combine two claims. 36
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 11
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataSMM in both genders was negatively related to percentage of appendicular fat mass (p < 0.05), but positively associated with BF% in females.
“SMM in both genders was negatively related to percentage of appendicular fat mass (p < 0.05), but positively associated with BF% in females.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn males, the risk of sarcopenia was comparable in the first four BF% groups, but significantly higher in the fifth group with BF% > 31.5 (p < 0.01).
“Nevertheless, the risk of sarcopenia was comparable in the first four BF% groups, but significantly higher in the fifth group with BF% > 31.5 (p < 0.01) in male.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataHigher fat mass percentage in whole and partial body, fat mass index, and lower weight, height, fat-free mass in partial body, percentage of FFM, SMM, SMI, ASMI, and handgrip strength were related to increased age (p < 0.05).
“Higher fat mass percentage in the whole and partial body, fat mass index, and lower weight, height, fat-free mass (FFM) in partial body, percentage of FFM, SMM, SMI, ASMI, and handgrip strength were related to increased age (p < 0.05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataTFM% was positively related to SMI (p < 0.001), but not ASMI (p > 0.05).
“TFM% was positively related to SMI (p < 0.001), but not ASMI (p > 0.05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataWHR was similar or higher in the healthy group compared to only sarcopenic group, as well as in only obese group compared to sarcopenic obesity group.
“WHR was similar or higher in the healthy group compared to only sarcopenic group, as well as in only obese group compared to sarcopenic obesity group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAlthough BFM was similar between obese status-matched sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic groups, lower SMM was shown in the former groups.
“Although BFM was similar between obese status-matched sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic groups, lower SMM was shown in the former groups ( Figures 1B, C ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn females, SMI increased with higher LFM%, and HGS increased with higher WHR, which were not found in males.
“In females, SMI increased with higher LFM%, and HGS increased with higher WHR, which were not found in males.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe risk of sarcopenia increased with raised BF% in males but displayed a U-shaped curve for females.
“It was increased with raised BF% in males but displayed a U-shaped curve for females.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataHigher TFM% was related to lower HGS in males, but to higher ASMI and SMI in females.
“We found higher TFM% was related to lower HGS in males, but to higher ASMI and SMI in females.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataWhen the population without obesity was regarded as the reference group (OR = 1.00), obesity defined by BMI was a protective factor of sarcopenia in both male and female (ORs < 1.00, p < 0.05), while BF%-defined obesity was a risk factor (ORs > 1.00, p < 0.05).
“When the population without obesity was regarded as the reference group (OR = 1.00), obesity defined by BMI was a protective factor of sarcopenia in both male and female (ORs < 1.00, p < 0.05), while BF%-defined obesity was a risk factor (ORs > 1.00, p < 0.05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAppendicular fat mass was comparable or lower in sarcopenic groups with matched obesity status, but significantly higher when demonstrated by percentage.
“Appendicular fat mass was comparable or lower in sarcopenic groups with matched obesity status, but significantly higher when demonstrated by percentage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataBF% was weakly and negatively related to SMM and ASMI, but positively related to SMI (p < 0.05).
“BF% was weakly and negatively related to SMM and ASMI, but positively related to SMI (p < 0.05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn males, SMI and WHR reduced with advanced age, which were not significant in females.
“In males, SMI and WHR reduced with advanced age, which were not significant in females.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataASMI was inversely related to AFM% but not LFM% in both genders.
“ASMI was inversely related to AFM% but not LFM% in both genders.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSimilar trends were also found in BF%-defined females with obesity, with the regression coefficient (β: -0.013 vs. -0.004) in ASMI, and in HGS (β: -0.253 vs. -0.189).
“Similar trends were also found in BF%-defined females with obesity, with the regression coefficient (β: -0.013 vs. -0.004) in ASMI, and in HGS (β: -0.253 vs. -0.189).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataWith similar ASMI, BMI-defined SO had remarkedly higher BF% and lower HGS than the normal group (p < 0.05).
“With similar ASMI, BMI-defined SO had remarkedly higher BF% and lower HGS than the normal group (p < 0.05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenPatients with sarcopenia have similar or even lower levels of absolute fat mass compared to non-sarcopenic people, but their relative fat mass increased especially in limbs.
“Although patients with sarcopenia have similar or even lower levels of absolute fat mass compared to non-sarcopenic people, their relative fat mass increased especially in limbs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFat mass percentage in the trunk was similar between individuals with sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia when compared within the people with or without obesity, respectively (p > 0.05), except for males defined with obesity by BMI.
“Fat mass percentage in the trunk was similar between individuals with sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia when compared within the people with or without obesity, respectively (p > 0.05), except for males defined with obesity by BMI.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn females with obesity, the annual rate of muscle mass and strength decline was faster than the non-obese group, but this finding did not present in males.
“In females with obesity, the annual rate of muscle mass and strength decline was faster than the non-obese group, but this finding did not present in males.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPre-clinical studies indicate that adipose tissue damages muscle homeostasis, resulting in muscle atrophy and reduced regeneration capacity, regarded as the pathogenic mechanism of sarcopenic obesity.
“There has been evidence from pre-clinical studies indicating that adipose tissue damages muscle homeostasis, resulting in muscle atrophy and regeneration capacity reduction (16, 17). This finding was regarded as the pathogenic mechanism of sarcopenic obesity (17).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [16] Messa, 2020, The impact of a high-fat diet in mice is dependent on duration and age, and differs between muscles, J Exp Biol source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [17] Batsis, 2018, Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: Aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies, Nat Rev Endocrinol source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOld individuals with both low muscle mass and high adiposity are sarcopenic obese and have higher risk of all-cause mortality, failing to benefit from the obesity paradox.
“Old individuals with both low muscle mass and high adiposity are sarcopenic obese (SO) which fail to benefit from the “obesity paradox” due to their higher risk of all-cause mortality (15).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Zhang, 2019, Association of sarcopenic obesity with the risk of all-cause mortality among adults over a broad range of different settings: A updated meta-analysis, BMC Geriatr source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 consensus recommends using lower muscle mass with poorer grip strength or physical performance to define sarcopenia.
“The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 consensus recommends using lower muscle mass with poorer grip strength or physical performance to define sarcopenia (10).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] Chen, 2020, Asian Working group for sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment, J Am Med Dir Assoc source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSarcopenia is an age-related muscle disorder associated with increased risk of fall, fracture, and mortality.
“Sarcopenia is an age-related muscle disorder, and is associated with increased risk of fall, fracture, and mortality (8, 9).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [8] Yeung, 2019, Sarcopenia and its association with falls and fractures in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [9] Liu, 2017, Sarcopenia as a predictor of all-cause mortality among community-dwelling older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Maturitas source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBMI only considers body mass rather than body composition, which may not be appropriate for old individuals.
“It is well known that BMI only considers body mass rather than body composition, which may not be appropriate for old individuals (2)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Lv, 2022, The obesity paradox is mostly driven by decreased noncardiovascular disease mortality in the oldest old in China: A 20-year prospective cohort study, Nat Aging source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationExcess body fat increases all-cause and disease-cause mortality, and low lean mass is associated with higher death rates.
“Body composition analyses have also reported that excess body fat increases all-cause and disease-cause mortality, and people with low lean mass have been found to have higher death rates (4, 5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [4] Lee, 2018, Predicted lean body mass, fat mass, and all cause and cause specific mortality in men: Prospective us cohort study, BMJ source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [5] Winter, 2014, Bmi and all-cause mortality in older adults: A meta-analysis, Am J Clin Nutr source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataBF% 26.0-34.6% in old females and lower than 23.9% in old males are recommended for sarcopenia and obesity prevention.
“BF% 26.0–34.6% in old females and lower than 23.9% in old males are recommended for sarcopenia and obesity prevention.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The observed associations between BF% and sarcopenia are causal, such that managing BF% can prevent sarcopenia and obesity.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationIncreased body mass index (BMI) is associated with lower all-cause and non-cardiovascular disease mortality in Chinese old people.
“A recent cohort study indicated that increased body mass index (BMI) was associated with lower all-cause and non-cardiovascular disease mortality in Chinese old people (2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Lv, 2022, The obesity paradox is mostly driven by decreased noncardiovascular disease mortality in the oldest old in China: A 20-year prospective cohort study, Nat Aging source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAlthough they had larger muscle storage, the muscle regeneration may be impaired.
“Although they had larger muscle storage, the muscle regeneration may be impaired (17).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17] Batsis, 2018, Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: Aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies, Nat Rev Endocrinol source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIndividuals with SO had lower muscle mass, strength, and higher adiposity, as well as higher all-cause mortality and worse surgical prognosis.
“Individuals with SO had lower muscle mass, strength, and higher adiposity, as well as higher all-cause mortality and worse surgical prognosis (17, 32).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [17] Batsis, 2018, Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: Aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies, Nat Rev Endocrinol source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [32] Rossi, 2020, Worsening disability and hospitalization risk in sarcopenic obese and dynapenic abdominal obese: A 5.5 years follow-up study in elderly men and women, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe ratio of body fat was not only associated with metabolic syndromes and adverse events but also with sarcopenia.
“The ratio of body fat was not only associated with metabolic syndromes and adverse events but also with sarcopenia (36, 37).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [36] Goossens, 2017, The metabolic phenotype in obesity: Fat mass, body fat distribution, and adipose tissue function, Obes Facts source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [37] Batsis, 2016, Diagnostic accuracy of body mass index to identify obesity in older adults: Nhanes 1999-2004, Int J Obes (Lond) source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a large cohort of men, increment of fat mass was associated with mortality, which may be associated with the high prevalence of sarcopenia.
“In a large cohort of men, increment of fat mass was associated with mortality, which may be associated with the high prevalence of sarcopenia (4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Lee, 2018, Predicted lean body mass, fat mass, and all cause and cause specific mortality in men: Prospective us cohort study, BMJ source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningBF% contains the information of lean mass, fat mass, sarcopenia, and obesity, which is better than BMI that only contains body mass for elderly people.
“BF% contains the information of lean mass, fat mass, sarcopenia, and obesity, which is better than BMI that only contains body mass for elderly people.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Without a large change of body composition, the increase of BMI is usually accompanied with both fat and muscle mass in adults.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThis was a cross-sectional study which only showed the relative risk instead of revealing the causal relationship between obesity and sarcopenia.
“This was a cross-sectional study which only showed the relative risk instead of revealing the causal relationship between obesity and sarcopenia, and thus prospective studies are warranted.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningWe diagnosed sarcopenia based on the AWGS 2019 consensus with only ASMI and HGS.
“We diagnosed sarcopenia based on the AWGS 2019 consensus with only ASMI and HGS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The EWGSOP2 consensus only requires ASMI and HGS for diagnosis, and the addition of physical performance defines severity.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAlthough with higher BMI and absolute muscle mass than sarcopenia alone, SO patients had lower muscle quality, high risk of physical disability, as well as more metabolic issues, which may induce poor clinical outcomes.
“Although with higher BMI and absolute muscle mass than sarcopenia alone, SO patients had lower muscle quality, high risk of physical disability, as well as more metabolic issues, which may induce poor clinical outcomes (33).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [33] Roh, 2020, Health consequences of sarcopenic obesity: A narrative review, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationReduction of estradiol concentrations attenuated satellite cell proliferation, and the ability to maintain muscle mass and strength.
“It was reported that reduction of estradiol concentrations attenuated satellite cell proliferation, and the ability to maintain muscle mass and strength (43).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [43] Geraci, 2021, Sarcopenia and menopause: The role of estradiol, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe blood samples as well as comorbidity information were not collected for further analyses.
“The blood samples as well as comorbidity information were not collected for further analyses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Study design and conductown dataThis study exhibited the correlation between various muscle and fat indicators comprehensively.
“This study exhibited the correlation between various muscle and fat indicators comprehensively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe sample size of male participants was smaller which may cause the false-negative results.
“The sample size of male participants was smaller which may cause the false-negative results.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenWe used a prediction model to estimate ASMI, so that an error from the true value may be present.
“In addition, we used a prediction model to estimate ASMI, so that an error from the true value may be present.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPre-clinical studies reported that obesity impaired muscle glucose tolerance, imbalanced protein synthesis and degradation, and oxidative stress which ultimately led to muscle atrophy, especially in old animals.
“On the contrary, pre-clinical studies reported that obesity impaired muscle glucose tolerance, imbalanced protein synthesis and degradation, and oxidative stress which ultimately led to muscle atrophy, especially in old animals (16, 17).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [16] Messa, 2020, The impact of a high-fat diet in mice is dependent on duration and age, and differs between muscles, J Exp Biol source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [17] Batsis, 2018, Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: Aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies, Nat Rev Endocrinol source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataAFM% and LFM% may be biomarkers of SO.
“AFM% and LFM% were significantly higher in SO and may be biomarkers of this disease.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The observed associations between BF% and sarcopenia are causal, such that managing BF% can prevent sarcopenia and obesity.
“The management of BF% can accurately help elderly people prevent against both sarcopenia and obesity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The study sample of Hong Kong Chinese elderly is representative of Asian elderly people.
“This cross-sectional study aims to explore i) the relationship between fat and muscle indicators in Asian elderly people”
“Elderly people were screened from the community or outpatient clinics at Prince of Wales Hospital in Hong Kong from 2019 to 2021.”
“The inclusion criteria were 1) aged 60 years old or above, and 2) Chinese ethnicity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Without a large change of body composition, the increase of BMI is usually accompanied with both fat and muscle mass in adults.
“Without a large change of body composition, the increase of BMI is usually accompanied with both fat and muscle mass in adults.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adipose tissue is an essential endocrine organ that regulates hormonal levels.
“Adipose tissue is an essential endocrine organ that regulates hormonal levels.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The EWGSOP2 consensus only requires ASMI and HGS for diagnosis, and the addition of physical performance defines severity.
“This is due to the fact that the EWGSOP2 consensus only requires these two parameters for diagnosis, and the addition of physical performance defines severity.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The current definition of SO may not include adults exhibiting early signs of risk factors for SO, potentially delaying therapeutic or preventive interventions.
“Specifically, the current definition of SO may not include adults exhibiting early signs of risk factors for SO, potentially delaying therapeutic or preventive interventions [19, 20, 21, 22].”
From Sarcopenic Obesity Phenotype Index (SOP <i>i</i> ): A Population‐Based Study (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
The Results (page unavailable) report that defining obesity by body-fat percentage identifies more older adults with sarcopenic obesity than defining it by BMI, and the Discussion calls for standard diagnostic criteria. The paper does not establish that current definitions exclude adults with early risk signs or that this delays therapeutic or preventive intervention. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis promotes metabolic complications and inhibits the anabolic actions of IGF-1, which have an effect on the musculoskeletal system.
“This promotes metabolic complications and inhibits the anabolic actions of insulin‐like growth factor IGF‐1, which have an effect on the musculoskeletal system [1, 21].”
From Sarcopenic Obesity Phenotype Index (SOP <i>i</i> ): A Population‐Based Study (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
The Discussion (page unavailable) links central obesity to metabolic complications and describes adverse effects of excess fat on muscle. It does not say that obesity inhibits the anabolic actions of IGF-1; IGF-1 appears only in the title of a cited study about its association with muscle strength. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe pathogenesis of SO, while not fully elucidated, involves elevated adipose deposits leading to the expression of antimyogenic adipokines and pro-inflammatory responses that accelerate muscle function and/or mass loss.
“The pathogenesis of SO, while not fully elucidated, involves elevated adipose deposits leading to the expression of antimyogenic adipokines and pro‐inflammatory responses that accelerate muscle function and/or mass loss.”
From Sarcopenic Obesity Phenotype Index (SOP <i>i</i> ): A Population‐Based Study (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says fat deposition may contribute to muscle loss and dysfunction through adipokines and cytokines, supporting the proposed link. It does not characterize those signals as antimyogenic or pro-inflammatory, and presents the mechanism as possible rather than established. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Male BMI interval has two different upper limits
MinorThe BMI categories used for this analysis specify 25-29.9, but the reported significant male group is called 25-29.5. Those limits classify BMI values from 29.6 through 29.9 differently.
“The significant effect of sarcopenia prevention was found in BMI 25–29.5 group in male (p = 0.02), and BMI ≥ 30 in female (p = 0.001).”
“the recommended classification of BMI (<18.5, 18.5–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–29.9, ≥30)”
BMI-defined sarcopenic obesity is not similar to normal status in female ASMI
MinorThe statement about similar ASMI holds for males, but Table 1 assigns the female normal and BMI-defined sarcopenic-obesity groups different significance letters (4.8a versus 5.0d). The table note says groups with different letters differ significantly.
“With similar ASMI, BMI-defined SO had remarkedly higher BF% and lower HGS than the normal group (p < 0.05).”
“| ASMI (kg/m2) | 4.8 ± 0.4a | 4.6 ± 0.4b | 5.5 ± 0.5c | 5.0 ± 0.3d | 5.0 ± 0.5a | 4.7 ± 0.4b | 5.2 ± 0.6c | 4.7 ± 0.4b |”
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“In-vitro studies showed that the coculture of mature adipocytes and skeletal muscle progenitor cells led to a reduction of nuclei number in myosin heavy chain (MHC)-positive myotubes (29).”
BackgroundKemmler, W., von Stengel, S., Engelke, K., Sieber, C., & Freiberger, E. (2016) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-015-3303-y · Cited by 47 · see citing works
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“Individuals with SO had lower muscle mass, strength, and higher adiposity, as well as higher allcause mortality and worse surgical prognosis (17, 32).”
BackgroundOh, H., Coburn, S. B., Matthews, C. E., Falk, R. T., LeBlanc, E. S., Wactawski-Wende, J., Sampson, J., Pfeiffer, R. M., Brinton, L. A., Wentzensen, N., et al. (2017) · Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13058-017-0810-0 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Macek, P., Terek-Derszniak, M., Biskup, M., Król, H., Smok-Kalwat, J., Góźdź, S. S., & Žák, M. (2020) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s277171 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Choi, S., Chon, J., Lee, S. A., Yoo, M. C., Yun, Y., Chung, S. J., Kim, M., Lee, E. T., Kyu Choi, M., Won, C. W., et al. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03102-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Tékus, É., Mikó, A., Füredi, N., et al. (2017) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00884.2016 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Effective Diet and Exercise Interventions to Improve Body Composition in Obese Individuals
Rankin, J. (2015) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827613507879 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As for elderlies with obesity, the combination of caloric restriction (low-fat, proper high-protein diet with moderately decreased energy), as well as aerobic and resistance training have been recommended (40, 41).”
BackgroundChen, C.-A., Lai, M., Huang, H., & Wu, C.-E. R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19137869 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Strengths and Limitations of BMI in the Diagnosis of Obesity: What is the Path Forward?
Sweatt, K., Garvey, W. T., & Martins, C. (2024) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-024-00580-1 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Nadolsky, K., Garvey, W. T., Agarwal, M., Bonnecaze, A., Burguera, B., Chaplin, M. D., Griebeler, M. L., Harris, S. R., Schellinger, J. N., Simonetti, J., et al. (2025) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2025.07.017 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Liu, C., Wong, P. Y., Wang, Q., Wong, H. Y., Huang, T., Cui, C., Zhang, N., Cheung, W., & Wong, R. M. Y. (2024) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13573 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationHämäläinen, O., Tirkkonen, A., Savikangas, T., Alén, M., Sipilä, S., & Hautala, A. J. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-04764-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“As a higher body mass index could have a protective role against sarcopenia [56], it might explain why participants with PA category 0 did not have a significantly higher sarcopenia risk.”
BackgroundCurrent Perspectives: Obesity and Neurodegeneration - Links and Risks
Kueck, P. J., Morris, J. K., & Stanford, J. A. (2024) · Degenerative Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease · doi:10.2147/dnnd.s388579 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“67 Due to the decreased muscle and bone mass in the elderly compared to young, these different outcome measures should be assessed.”
BackgroundGABA Prevents Age-Related Sarcopenic Obesity in Mice with High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity
Jin, H., Oh, H., & Lee, B.-Y. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12172146 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Sarcopenic obesity, the co-occurrence of both obesity and sarcopenia, is becoming a major public health burden as the population ages [39].”
BackgroundLiu, C., Wong, P. Y., Barua, N., Li, B., Wong, H. Y., Zhang, N., Chow, S. K., Wong, S. H., Yu, J. Q., Ip, M., et al. (2025) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.14485 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“People with obesity are less susceptible to sarcopenia (Liu et al. 2023).”
Self-citationVanitcharoenkul, E., Unnanuntana, A., Chotiyarnwong, P., Laohaprasitiporn, P., Adulkasem, N., Asavamongkolkul, A., & Chandhanayingyong, C. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-17804-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“A diminished BMI is a recognized sarcopenia predictor, potentially yielding biomarkers such as decreased triglycerides [26].”
BackgroundKanjanavaikoon, N., Saisirivechakun, P., & Chaiamnuay, S. (2023) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-023-06770-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with a previous study in ankylosing spondylitis [14] and numerous studies conducted on the elderly in the general population, which have shown that the risk of sarcopenia decreases with increasing BMI [20, 21].”
ResultKoh, J. H., Lim, C. Y. J., Tan, L. T. P., Makmur, A., Gao, E. Y., Ho, J. S. Y., Tan, J. A., See, A., Tan, B. K. J., Tan, L. F., et al. (2024) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-024-15510-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“75 These findings therefore suggest that sarcopenia is independently predictive of OS, regardless of population differences in BMI.”
Hsu, Y.-T., Lin, J.-Y., Lin, C., Lee, Y., & Chang, W. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15183892 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The main finding of this study was that the risk factors for possible sarcopenia were daily energy intake and serum 25(OH)D levels, while the risk factors for sarcopenia were age, BMI, dietary protein and vitamin D intake, and serum 25(OH)D levels among patients with T2DM.”
BackgroundInfluentialYang, Y., Zeng, Y. Z., Lv, W., Fu, P., & Yuan, H. (2024) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-024-03836-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“A lower BMI is commonly found in patients with sarcopenia due to muscle mass wasting and malnutrition [57].”
BackgroundResultTorres-Costoso, A. I., Zymbal, V., Janz, K. F., Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V., & Baptista, F. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.05.008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Yang, S., Dong, Z., Zhao, J., Yuan, L., Xiao, Y., Luo, X., Zhao, Z., Kang, X., Tang, K., Chen, M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1369331 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Very high prevalence of osteosarcopenia in hip fracture patients: risk and protective factors
Wong, R. M. Y., Wong, P. Y., Chau, W., Liu, C., Zhang, N., & Cheung, W. (2025) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-025-05828-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The obesity paradox has been referred to as an observation that although obesity can lead to adverse clinical outcomes including cardio-vascular diseases, there may be an inverse relationship between BMI and mortality [39].”
Self-citationMendes, C., Carvalho, M., Bravo, J., Martins, S., & Raimundo, A. M. D. M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-89806-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The ASMM score has been used to assess sarcopenic obesity 42 .”
Gupta, P., Vu, T., Man, R. E. K., Fenwick, E., Tay, L., Sien, N. Y., Ng, D. C., Koh, F. H.-X., Yong, E., Chew, S. T. H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13483 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“26 The relationship between body mass and muscle health is complex.”
BackgroundThe Association between Sarcopenic Obesity and DXA-Derived Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT) in Adults
LORENZO, A. D., Itani, L., Ghoch, M. E., Frank, G., Santis, G. L. D., Gualtieri, P., & Renzo, L. D. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16111645 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In general, our findings are in line with the previous literature that identified specific compartments of body composition, rather than solely gross corpulence (i.e., body weight or BMI), associated with the SO phenotype, such as the total BF [34].”
ResultLi, M., Liu, Y., Gao, L., Zheng, Y., Chen, L., Wang, Y., & Zhang, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1475330 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Hwang, J., & Park, S. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12060700 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Qian, S., Huang, T., Wen, Q., Zhang, Y., Chen, J., & Feng, X. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.115 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cheng, Z., Hu, C., Zhang, Y., Zhou, J., Shi, J., Sun, L., & Chen, Z. (2024) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s469859 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“16,17 23 However, due to regional differences in the epidemiology of MAFLD, the predictive effectiveness of various indexes across different populations varies.”
BackgroundHon, K. Y., Bain, M., Edwards, S., Pena, G. N., McMillan, N., & Fitridge, R. (2025) · Journal of Foot and Ankle Research · doi:10.1002/jfa2.70038 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mei, C. T. Y., Ying, S. S. S., Yanshan, D. L., Koh, S. V., Karthikeyan, G., Xia, O. J., Low, X. L., Quek, H. Y., Shuyi, A. O., Low, L. L., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291702 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Use of bioimpedance in prevention of sarcopenia in the elderly
Konečná, M., Poráčová, J., Sedlák, V., Gaľová, J., Babejová, A., Zahatňanská, M., Kimáková, T., Nagy, M., Bernátová, R., Bernát, M., et al. (2023) · Central European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.21101/cejph.a7895 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) elevation in children with newly diagnosed cancer
Runco, D. V., DiMeglio, L. A., Vanderpool, C. P. B., Yan, H., Daggy, J., Kelley, M. M., Mikesell, R., & Zimmers, T. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1295228 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mendes, C., Carvalho, M., Cabo, C. A., Bravo, J., Martins, S., & Raimundo, A. M. D. M. (2025) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-025-08142-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“It is worth noting that the age of patients seeking metabolic/bariatric surgery may increase, leading to a greater number of individuals older than 60 years undergoing the procedure, which is when sarcopenia becomes a clinically significant issue [13].”
Shao, W., Gong, P., Wang, Q., Ding, F., Shen, W., Zhang, H., Huang, A., & Liu, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1437519 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationVithran, D. T. A., Hassan, M. H. Y., Rahmati, M., Boyer, L., Wehliye, A. A., Xiao, W., & Li, Y. (2026) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afag020 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Qi, Y., Wang, H., Zhao, X., Zhang, M., Y, L., Huang, L. F., & Dong, Q. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1640410 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Our results are consistent with those of Liu et al. (23), who reported that skeletal muscle mass is positively correlated with absolute fat mass.”
Associations Between the Severity of Sarcopenia and Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults
Hung, W.-S., Chen, Y.-J., Tsai, T.-S., Lee, C., Fang, J., Wen, M., Lin, C.-Y., Liao, K., & Yen, C. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15010161 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Previous studies have found that a higher BMI can be a protective factor against sarcopenia [30–32] but BMI exceeding the cutoff for obesity is still one of the important factors that lead to further sarcopenia by increasing the level of pro-inflammatory factors, promoting insulin resistance [33].”
Bai, B., Li, D., Xu, M., Liao, Y., Zhou, H., Liu, F., Li, W., & Ma, H. (2024) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.15044 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“15 The assessment should not be conducted in patients with a heart pacemaker, which is of utmost importance to emphasize.”
Kurmaev, D. P., Bulgakova, S. V., Treneva, E. V., Kosareva, O. V., Merzlova, P. Y., Sharonova, L. A., & Dolgikh, Y. A. (2025) · Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология · doi:10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-228-8-226-241 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sarcopenic Obesity Phenotype Index (SOP <i>i</i> ): A Population‐Based Study
Benz, E., Pinel, A., Guillet, C., Capel, F., Pereira, B., Rizopoulos, D., Cruz‐Jentoft, A. J., Eglseer, D., Topinkova, E., Barazzoni, R., et al. (2025) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.70099 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This promotes metabolic complications and inhibits the anabolic actions of insulin-like growth factor IGF-1, which have an effect on the musculoskeletal system [1, 21].”
Virto, N., Dequin, D. M., Río, X., Zorrilla, A. M., & García-Zapirain, B. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0316174 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alzuwaydi, A., Alshammari, G. M., Mohammed, M. A., Qaisar, R., Hussain, M. A., & Alkahtani, S. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1538002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wong, R. M. Y., Wong, P. Y., Liu, C., Tang, N., Wan, R. C. W., Liu, W. H., Cui, C., Zhang, N., Kwok, T. C. Y., Law, S. W., et al. (2025) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-025-08976-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“(B) Food frequency questionnaire (baseline, 26, and 52 weeks): daily and weekly intake of 280 food items will be performed using a validated food frequency questionnaire developed in a local population survey [11].”
Self-citationTorabi, A., Afrashteh, S., Moftian, N., Ghalandari, H., Farhadi, A., Emamat, H., Nabipour, I., & Larijani, B. (2025) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-025-03248-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Liu et al. [39] reported that body fat of 26.0–34.6% and lower than 23.9% are associated with reduced risk of sarcopenia, in the elderly female and male participants; respectively.”
InfluentialLi, Z.-W., Liu, Z., & Liu, S.-Q. (2026) · World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology · doi:10.4251/wjgo.v18.i1.112742 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Quaresma, M. V. L. D. S., Vicente, B. M., Balchiunas, R. E., & Ribeiro, S. M. L. (2024) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2024.112352 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jo, J., Lee, S. H., Yang, J. H., et al. (2024) · Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rec.2024.09.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Low Muscle Mass in the Internal Medicine Ward: Prevalence and Survival Implications
Torres, L. A. G., Acuña-Rocha, V. D., Herrera-Núñez, M., Millán-Alanís, J. M., Cruz, C., ́Cruz-Lopez, R. Z., Alcala-Gonzalez, J. I., Moreno-Hoyos-Abril, J. F., & González-Aguirre, J. E. (2024) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103103 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Prevalence and Fall Risk of Sarcopenia Based on the 2023 Korean Working Group on Sarcopenia Criteria
Kim, M. S., Choi, S., Yun, D. H., Soh, Y., & Won, C. W. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61061065 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Genetic factors associated with changes in muscle strength and mass during corticosteroid therapy
Brovkina, S. S., Dzherieva, I. S., Волкова, Н. И., Goncharova, Z. A., Зибарев, А. Л., & Kuznetsova, A. A. (2024) · Russian Medicine · doi:10.17816/medjrf632087 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effects of D-alanine analog on muscle atrophy through regulation of myostatin expression
Oh, J. Y., Moon, J. W., Kang, M. J., Wu, S. W., Lim, P., Shim, J. H., & Kim, H. S. (2025) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.151670 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Indicators of mortality risk in ageing horses
Kelemen, Z., Vogl, C., Borda, L. T., Auer, U., & Jenner, F. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-025-01738-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…of various life-limiting diseases, weight loss contributes to mortality both directly, through its immediate physiological impacts, and indirectly, by accelerating the development and progression of sarcopenia and frailty, conditions that independently increase mortality risk [25, 43, 54, 57–61].”
Zhang, X., Wu, L., He, Y., Zhang, S., & Hua, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1624844 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Liu, L., Hou, S., Yan, B., Hao, R., Li, L., & Song, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2025.1532200 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Viken, A. F., García‐Aymerich, J., Janson, C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-025-02644-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Song, T.-W., Cho, G.-H., Heo, Y.-J., Oh, H.-W., Kim, S., Shuai, W., Kim, S.-P., Lee, O., & Choi, S. (2025) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2025.107107 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nishida, C., Kurihara, T., Kishigami, K., Hashimoto, K., Ishida, M., Murakami, Y., Nagamatsu, M., Hashimoto, T., Iemitsu, M., & Sanada, K. (2025) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.37.605 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In % 6) , and SO is significantly associated with cardiovascular events, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure 7–9 ) , Obesity is an important risk factor for locomotive syndrome (LS), and in obese older women, the coexistence of excessive body fat and muscle weakness in the state of SO is…”
Cemali, Ö., Elmas, Ö., & Cemali, M. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25601-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Body composition, especially muscle mass and body fat ratio, plays a decisive role in the physical fitness of older individuals [35].”
A simple score of sarcopenic obesity predicts all-cause mortality in patients with cirrhosis
Yang, Y., Wei, T., Yang, S., Fei, R., Tie, C., Han, R., Ma, D., Jin, Q., Wang, J., Wang, Z., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1719899 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Zhang, L., Liu, Y., Liu, L., Wang, J., Wang, C., Zhang, S., Cheng, G., & Wang, L. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16121809 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Studies conducted on healthy Chinese populations have confirmed that an increased BMI is accompanied by not only increased adiposity but also increased muscle mass [97,98].”
BackgroundJiang, H., Wong, J. J., Tan, G. H. M., Teo, L. L., Ewe, S. H., Tan, R., Gao, F., & Koh, A. S.-M. (2025) · JACC Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.102097 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lin, C.-F., Lin, S.-Y., Tsai, S.-H., Tsai, K., Hsieh, P., Hsu, C., & Weng, S. (2025) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2025.112951 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tan, C. Y. M., Seah, S. S. Y., Yanshan, D. L., Koh, S. V., Ganeshan, K., Xia, O. J., Low, X. L., Quek, H. Y., Shuyi, A. O., Low, L. L., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.09.06.23295117
Mitra, S., Prasad, R., Sahadevan, P., Pradhan, H., & Sundarakumar, J. S. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4838973
Ono, M., Kobayashi, S., Hanagama, M., Ishida, M., Sato, H., Okutomo, K., Shirai, Y., Takahashi, K., Yamada, M., Fujino, N., et al. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000038920 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“[24] Sarcopenia might result in alterations in the distribution, metabolism and clearance of drugs, which cause increase of toxicity in patients.”
BackgroundHow Arterial Hypertension and Obesity Contribute to Geriatric Syndromes
Koniaeva, E. S., & Strazhesko, I. D. (2024) · Problems of Geroscience · doi:10.37586/2949-4745-1-2024-13-21
Nazri, N. S., Yusoff, N. N. M., & Vanoh, D. (2024) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/02601060241279572 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“According to a prior investigation, sarcopenia risk decreases with increasing BMI for both genders; nevertheless, sarcopenia obesity risk was higher for those with higher fat percentages (Liu et al., 2023).”
Jo, J., Lee, S. H., Yang, J. H., et al. (2024) · Revista Española de Cardiología · doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2024.09.004
Muhdar, I. N., Riyadi, H., Khomsan, A., & Jauhari, M. (2025) · Nutrición clínica y dietética hospitalaria/Nutrición clínica, dietética hospitalaria · doi:10.12873/451muhdar · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This suggests that the likelihood of sarcopenia decreases as BMI increases 27 .”
InfluentialWhaikid, P., & Piaseu, N. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17111776 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This result aligns with previous studies suggesting that a lower BMI may serve as a marker of sarcopenia and may be linked to metabolic alterations, such as reduced triglyceride levels [33].”
Zaminpeyma, R., MOIST, L. M., Clemens, K. K., et al. (2025) · Transplantation Direct · doi:10.1097/txd.0000000000001807
“39,40 Importantly, irrespective of which metric met threshold for obesity, discordant BMI and BSA (obese BMI-nonobese BSA and nonobese BMI-obese BSA) were associated with an identical risk of DCGL, and no risk for ACGL.”
Evaluation of Dietary Guideline Adherence and Risk of Sarcopenia in Elder Taiwanese
Liou, Y., Giovannucci, E. L., Chien, W., & Wu, L. (2025) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.70343
“…aging is usually accompanied by a lower metabolism rate and more fat accumulation, BMI is not an optimal classification for adiposity for older people; nonetheless, the elderly with underweight or normal weight seem to present a higher likelihood of sarcopenia (Lau et al. 2005; Liu et al. 2023).”
Kim, C.-Y., & Byun, Y.-H. (2025) · Exercise Science · doi:10.15857/ksep.2025.00108
Seow‐En, I., Khoo, C. Y., Zhao, Y. J., Liu, S., Yew, K. X., Tan, I. E., Ang, K. A., Au, M. K. H., & Tan, E. (2025) · Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1111/codi.70192
“Several studies have documented an increased likelihood of sarcopenia with lower BMI [35, 36], while others have observed a higher incidence of frailty and sarcopenia in overweight or obese patients [ 37 ], where excess adiposity masks underlying muscle loss, termed ‘sarcopenic obesity’ [38, 39].”
Study of Factors Affecting Sarcopenia in Regular Hemodialysis PatientsPreprint
Kasem, H. E., Arbagy, A. R. E., lasheen, Y., et al. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7729859/v1
Nurjanah, H., Asanti, E., & Utami, F. (2025) · Nutriology Jurnal Pangan Gizi Kesehatan · doi:10.30812/nutriology.v6i2.5614
Zhao, B., Li, H., Bao, L., Xu, S., Lai, H., Shi, X., & Yang, L. (2026) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2026.102990
Bos, M., Smit, E. B., & Kolk, D. (2026) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics · doi:10.1080/02703181.2026.2632954
Study of factors affecting sarcopenia in regular hemodialysis patients
Kasem, H. E., Arbagy, A. R. E., Lasheen, Y. S., Hamad, H. M., Gaballa, N. K., Khalifa, M. A. E.-W. A., & kamal, A. (2026) · Journal of The Egyptian Society of Nephrology and Transplantation · doi:10.4103/jesnt.jesnt_28_25
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Musculoskeletal markers of cardiorespiratory fitness in postmenopausal women
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- Authors
- Liu, C., Cheng, K. Y.-K., Tong, X., Cheung, W.-H., Chow, S. K.-H., Law, S. W., & Wong, R. M. Y.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Wong, Ronald Man Yeung
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-03-01
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 1077255-1077255
- ISSN
- 1664-2392 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10016224
- OpenAlex
- W4323309635
- Semantic Scholar
- 7aa745504cd6f0ce7056c41560ac71aae2c935f5
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 7
- FWCI
- 15.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- sarcopenic obesity, sarcopenia, obesity, body composition, body fat percentage, body mass index, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, grip strength, older adults, sarcopenia prevention
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Body Composition, Body Weight, Female, Humans, Male, Obesity, Body Mass Index, Hand Strength, Sarcopenia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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