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Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England
Open accessAbstract
Background: Major behavioural risk factors are known to adversely affect health outcomes and be strongly associated with mental illness. However, little is known about the association of these risk factors with mental well-being in the general population. We sought to examine behavioural correlates of high and low mental well-being in the Health Survey for England. Methods: Participants were 13 983 adults, aged 16 years and older (56% females), with valid responses for the combined 2010 and 2011 surveys. Mental well-being was assessed using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS). ORs of low and high mental well-being, compared to the middle-range category, were estimated for body mass index (BMI), smoking, drinking habits, and fruit and vegetable intake. Results: ORs for low mental well-being were increased in obese individuals (up to 1.72, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.36 in BMI 40+ kg/m 2). They increased in a linear fashion with increasing smoking (up to 1.98, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.53, >20 cigarettes/day) and with decreasing fruit and vegetable intake (up to 1.53, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.90, <1 portion/day); whereas ORs were reduced for sensible alcohol intake (0.78, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.91, ≤4 units/day in men, ≤3 units/day in women). ORs for high mental well-being were not correlated with categories of BMI or alcohol intake. ORs were reduced among ex-smokers (0.81, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.92), as well as with lower fruit and vegetable intake (up to 0.79, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.92, 1 to <3 portions/day). Conclusions: Along with smoking, fruit and vegetable consumption was the health-related behaviour most consistently associated with mental well-being in both sexes. Alcohol intake and obesity were associated with low, but not high mental well-being.
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TL;DR
In a nationally representative sample of 13,983 English adults from the 2010/2011 Health Survey for England, smoking and fruit and vegetable intake were the behaviours most consistently associated with both low and high mental well-being. Obesity and alcohol intake were associated with low, but not high, mental well-being.
Key findings
- Low mental well-being was more likely in obese individuals: fully adjusted OR 1.24 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.43) for BMI 30–<40 kg/m² and 1.72 (95% CI 1.26 to 2.36) for BMI 40+ kg/m².
- Low mental well-being increased linearly with smoking, up to OR 1.98 (95% CI 1.55 to 2.53) for >20 cigarettes/day, and with decreasing fruit and vegetable intake, up to OR 1.53 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.90) for <1 portion/day; sensible alcohol intake was associated with reduced odds (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.91).
- High mental well-being was not associated with BMI or alcohol categories, but odds were reduced among ex-smokers (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.92) and with lower fruit and vegetable intake (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.92 for 1 to <3 portions/day; OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.96 for 3 to <5 portions/day).
Methods
- Cross-sectional analysis of the combined 2010 and 2011 Health Survey for England, including 13,983 adults aged 16 years and older (56% females) with valid Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) responses.
- WEMWBS scores defined low (14–42), middle-range (43–59), and high (60–70) mental well-being groups; logistic regression estimated ORs of low and high mental well-being compared with the middle-range category.
- Models were unadjusted, partially adjusted for age and sex, and fully adjusted for sociodemographic variables plus BMI, smoking, alcohol drinking, and fruit and vegetable consumption.
Limitations
- The paper states that physical activity was not included because data were not collected in the 2010 and 2011 surveys, and that fruit and vegetable intake may act as a marker for other healthy lifestyles including physical activity.
- The paper states that the cross-sectional design cannot establish causality or temporality of the observed relationships.
- The paper states that the 66.0% participation rate, the percentage of WEMWBS complete responders, and the sample being from a developed western country may reduce generalisability to other populations and socioeconomic settings.
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Claims the paper makes
33 Not checked yet · 29 Own result · 12 Own method · 7 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They increased in a linear fashion with increasing smoking (up to 1.98, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.53, >20 cigarettes/day)”
- Also stated in: § Statistical analysis · plain
“Heavy Smoker >20/day | 3.16 (2.62–3.81) | 3.21 (2.67–3.87) | 1.98 (1.55–2.53) | <0.001”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § Statistical analysis · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ORs were reduced among ex-smokers (0.81, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.92)”
- Also stated in: § Statistical analysis · plain
“Ex-Smoker | 0.88 (0.79–0.97) | 0.81 (0.73–0.90) | 0.81 (0.71–0.92) | 0.001”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Statistical analysis · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ORs for low mental well-being were increased in obese individuals (up to 1.72, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.36 in BMI 40+ kg/m2).”
- Also stated in: § Statistical analysis · plain
“40+ kg/m2 | 2.25 (1.73–2.93) | 2.28 (1.75–2.97) | 1.72 (1.26–2.36) | 0.001”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Statistical analysis · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas ORs were reduced for sensible alcohol intake (0.78, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.91, ≤4 units/day in men, ≤3 units/day in women).”
- Also stated in: § Statistical analysis · plain
“≤4 /day/men or ≤3 /day/women | 0.59 (0.52–0.66) | 0.59 (0.52–0.67) | 0.78 (0.66–0.91) | 0.002”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Statistical analysis · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with decreasing fruit and vegetable intake (up to 1.53, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.90, <1 portion/day)”
- Also stated in: § Statistical analysis · plain
“<1 portion/day | 1.29 (1.94–2.70) | 2.35 (1.99–2.78) | 1.53 (1.24–1.90) | 0.000”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Statistical analysis · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“30 kg/m2 to <40 kg/m2 | 1.25 (1.10–1.43) | 1.31 (1.14–1.50) | 1.24 (1.04–1.43) | 0.012”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Methods > Statistical analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ORs for high mental well-being were not correlated with categories of BMI or alcohol intake.”
- Also stated in: § Statistical analysis · plain
“≤4 /day/men or ≤3 /day/women | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) | 0.94 (0.81–1.09)”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Statistical analysis · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as well as with lower fruit and vegetable intake (up to 0.79, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.92, 1 to <3 portions/day).”
- Also stated in: § Statistical analysis · plain
“1 to <3 portions/day | 0.71 (0.63–0.80) | 0.73 (0.65–0.83) | 0.79 (0.68–0.92) | 0.002”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Statistical analysis · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as well as with reduced intakes of fruit and vegetables (0.79, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.92, 1 to > 3 portions/day; 0.83, 95% Cl 0.72 to 0.96, 3–5 portions/day.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and decreasing fruit and vegetable intake (up to 1.53, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.90, >1 portion/day).”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Results
plaindirectn = 13- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- It may state two separate claims as one. 22
- Probably not a substantial claim. 34
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ORs for high mental well-being were not correlated with categories of BMI or alcohol intake.”
- Also stated in: § Statistical analysis · plain
“18.5 kg/m2 to 25 kg/m2 | Ref | Ref | Ref | | 0.326 | 0.791”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Statistical analysis · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“increased ORs for low mental well-being were found in underweight or obese female participants, with no significant association across BMI categories among male participants.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in fully adjusted models odds ratios were increased for obese individuals (1.24, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.43, BMI 30-40kg/m2; 1.72, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.36, BMI: 40+ kg/m2);”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“We found that ORs of low mental well-being were increased among obese individuals, especially in those with class III or extreme obesity (BMI 40+ kg/m2), whereas there was no increased risk of low mental well-being in the overweight.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 13- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Odds were increased in the lowest category of fruit and vegetable intake (<1 portion/day) in both sexes and reduced for sensible alcohol intake in both sexes.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“increased ORs for low mental well-being were observed in both current and ex-smokers among women, but not in male ex-smokers.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings were generally consistent with these overall results for female participants but less so for men.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they were more likely to be overweight, but not more likely to be ideal body weight.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 13- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals in the highest mental well-being category (WEMWBS score 60–70) were more likely to be never smokers and to report higher intakes of fruit and vegetables than those in the low or middle category;”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 13- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ORs for high mental well-being were significantly reduced in ex-smokers of both sexes and in heavy female smokers, among harmful male drinkers, and across all categories of fruit and vegetable intake among female participants and one category in men.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, individuals in the lowest mental well-being category (WEMWBS score 14–42) were more likely to be obese, current smokers, never-drinkers or ex-drinkers and to report lower intakes of fruit and vegetables than those in the middle or highest category.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 13- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The latter was associated with increased odds of high mental well-being and reduced odds of low mental well-being and these associations could be observed in men and women.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Major behavioural risk factors such as obesity, smoking, excess alcohol consumption and poor dietary patterns account for large shares of the burden of morbidity and mortality, both nationally and globally.1–3”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Positive mental health or mental well-being has recently emerged as an important predictor of overall health and longevity.12–14”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] World Health Organization. Mental health: new understanding, new hope. The World Health Report . Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2001.
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Huppert, 2009, Psychological well-being: evidence regarding its causes and consequences, Appl Psychol Health Well-Being source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Health Survey for England (HSE) is an annual survey of a nationally representative population sample of England.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Methods > Study population
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alcohol intake and obesity were associated with low, but not high mental well-being.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Abstract > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This scale is a well validated, popular measure currently used to monitor mental well-being in the English public health outcomes framework and the Scottish Government's Mental Health Indicators data set.22 24 25”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Methods > Mental well-being
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 22 24 25
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cross-sectional nature of the study allowed us to examine the associations between mental well-being and multiple behaviours, but it cannot establish the causality and temporality of the observed relationships.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Abstract > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these 17 030 adults, 3047 (17.9%) had missing data on mental well-being scores. For this analysis, data for the 13 983 adults who participated in the core surveys and with valid responses for the combined 2010 and 2011 data sets were used”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Methods > Study population
plainn = 983- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is the first comprehensive analysis of behavioural correlates of mental well-being in a large, nationally representative sample from the general population.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Abstract > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Epidemiological evidence on the behavioural correlates of mental well-being is sparse.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A considerable body of observational and experimental evidence also links these behaviours to the measures of health-related quality of life, mental illness and psychiatric comorbidities.4–7”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The selection of covariates and confounders for multivariate analyses was based on a previous study from the same data sets, which focused on demographic and socioeconomic correlates of mental well-being.30”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Methods > Statistical analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Stewart-Brown S Samaraweera P Taggart F . Socio-economic gradients and mental health: implications for public health. Br J Psychiatry (in press).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“fully adjusted (age, sex, behavioural and sociodemographic correlates; model 3) logistic regression modelling was used”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Methods > Statistical analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 8420 adults were interviewed in the 2010 HSE, while a total of 8610 adults were interviewed in the 2011 HSE, with a 66% household response rate in both years.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Methods > Study population
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order to maximise sample size and avoid bias, missing values were included for all covariates.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Methods > Sociodemographic characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In a recent systematic review of observational studies,36 mental health, as assessed by the mental component score of the Short Form-36, was reduced among class III obese individuals, but was not significantly different among obese (class I and class II) participants, and increased among overweight adults, compared to normal weight individuals.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While this is the measure of choice in the UK for mental well-being, it is not a clinically validated measure of mental illness”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There is evidence that up to 50% of tobacco is now smoked by people with a mental illness.8”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They are, for example, in line with the unquestionable evidence on the comorbidity between alcohol use disorders and mental health problems such as depression or anxiety.35”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Our findings also mirror those from existing studies with regard to smoking, where evidence of correlation with both positive and negative measures of mental health have been presented, and there is some evidence that these associations may be causal.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mental health problems in childhood also predict the adoption of unhealthy lifestyles in adolescence.11”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Health Survey for England21 collected data on mental well-being in 2010 and 2011 using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS),22 as well as information on body weight, smoking, alcohol consumption, and fruit and vegetable lifestyle intake.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A reduced risk of low mental well-being in people consuming alcohol within the sensible drinking limits is also in line with a U-shaped association, as supported by a large body of epidemiological data linking regular moderate consumption of alcohol to better health outcomes than abstinence or heavy drinking, across several populations worldwide.3 4”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Likewise, obesity, alcohol and drug misuse are frequently associated with mental disorders.9 10”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 9 10
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A WEMWBS score of 42, which defined the cut point for the low mental well-being group in this study, is below (clinically worse than) a CES-D score of 16 and just above (clinically better than) that consistent with a CES-D score of 26”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Bianca D . Performance of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) as a screening tool for depression in UK and Italy. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/med/research/platform/wemwbs/development/papers/donatella_bianco-thesis.pdf
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The review pooled together results from 26 studies, which assessed anxiety, depression, mixed anxiety and depression, psychological quality of life, positive affect and stress.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Recent compelling research suggests the economic benefits of promoting positive mental health are significant and wide-reaching.19 20”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 19 20
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“a recent meta-analysis of observational studies examined changes in mental health after smoking cessation compared with continuing to smoke.38”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As a consequence, mental well-being now assumes an important place in mental health and public health policy.16–18”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] HM Government. Healthy Lives Healthy People: Our strategy for Public Health in England. 2010. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/216096/dh_127424.pdf
- Not checked yetcites [17] HM Government. No health without mental health: a cross-governmental mental health outcomes strategy for people of all ages. 2011. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/213761/dh_124058.pdf
- Not checked yetcites [18] HM Government. Preventing suicide in England: one year on. First annual report on the cross government strategy to save lives. January 2014.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this study is not able to disentangle the chronological order or causal nature of the associations found, or to examine the effects of cumulative experience of lifestyle factors across the life course.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“other studies have shown a dose–response relationship between mental42 and physical health43 up to seven portions a day.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the suboptimal participation rate (66.0%) and the percentage of WEMWBS complete responders might reduce the generalisability of our findings to different populations and socioeconomic settings.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive analysis of health-related behavioural correlates of mental health in a nationally representative sample from the general population”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The effect size was as large for those with psychiatric disorders as for those without.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Findings showed that smoking cessation was associated with reduced depression, anxiety and stress, as well as with improved positive mood and quality of life compared with continuing to smoke.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were only able to examine fruit and vegetable consumption up to five portions a day”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“nine different antioxidants found in fruit and vegetables have been shown in another study to be associated with optimism in middle-aged adults.41”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This is not the first study to draw attention to a relationship between mental health, and fruit and vegetable consumption.39”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Rooney, 2013, The potential role of fruit and vegetables in aspects of psychological well-being: a review of the literature and future directions, Proc Nutr Soc source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“one recent study40 showed positive affect to be predictable on the basis of the current and previous days’ fruit and vegetable consumption”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] White, 2013, Many apples a day keep the blues away—daily experiences of negative and positive affect and food consumption in young adults, Br J Health Psychol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Our finding is, of course, in line with a large body of epidemiological and trial evidence on the beneficial role of fruit and vegetable intake in general well-being and prevention of major chronic disease across several populations and age groups.28–29 44–46”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] DoH. 5 A DAY General Information. 2010. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Healthimprovement/FiveADay/FiveADaygeneralinformation/DH_4002343 (accessed 1 Oct 2011).
- Not checked yetcites [29] Agriculture USDo, Services USDoHaH. U.S. Department of Agriculture and Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 7th edn. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2010. http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/DietaryGuidelines2010.pdf (accessed 1 Oct 2011).
- Not checked yetcites [44] Myint, 2007, Fruit and vegetable consumption and self-reported functional health in men and women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk): a population-based cross-sectional study, Public Health Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Takaoka, 2013, Fruit and vegetable consumption in adolescence and health in early adulthood: a longitudinal analysis of the statistics Canada's National Population Health Survey, BMC Public Health source
- Not checked yetcites [46] Hartley, 2013, Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables for the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent associations across all levels of mental health are more suggestive of an underlying causal relationship.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which allowed for the possibility that associations with low and high mental well-being may not mirror each other.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fruit and vegetable intake is likely to represent an overall marker for healthy lifestyles including physical activity”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In studies in which mental health is examined as a continuum, positive findings such as those reported for alcohol intake may reflect strong associations with only one end of the continuum.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while the cross-sectional design of the study allowed us to examine the associations between mental well-being and multiple behaviours, it did not allow us to establish the causality and temporality of the observed relationships.”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Epidemiological evidence on the behavioural correlates of mental well-being is sparse.
“Epidemiological evidence on the behavioural correlates of mental well-being is sparse.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Previous situations of reduced well-being and impaired social environment have been found to be associated with overeating and being overweight as well as increased substance and screen use [3-5].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Results
“0.79, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.92, 1 to > 3 portions/day”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Methods > Statistical analysis
“| 1 to <3 portions/day | 0.71 (0.63–0.80) | 0.73 (0.65–0.83) | 0.79 (0.68–0.92)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Unemployed seeking work | 1439 (6.3) | 445 (4.7) | 108 (4.7) | |”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Methods > Statistical analysis
Reported 6.3 · recomputed 63.898757
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Results
“1.53, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.90, >1 portion/day”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Methods > Statistical analysis
“| <1 portion/day | 1.29 (1.94–2.70) | 2.35 (1.99–2.78) | 1.53 (1.24–1.90)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Methods > Statistical analysis
“| <1 portion/day | 1.29”
§ Major health-related behaviours and mental well-being in the general population: the Health Survey for England > Methods > Statistical analysis
“1.94–2.70”
Citations
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Foreman, K., Lim, S., Shibuya, K., Aboyans, V., Abraham, J., Adair, T., Aggarwal, R., Ahn, S. Y., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61728-0 · Cited by 14,070
Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., AlMazroa, M. A., Amann, M., Anderson, H. R., Andrews, K. G., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8 · Cited by 11,805
Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., Charlson, F. J., Norman, R. E., Flaxman, A. D., Johns, N., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61611-6 · Cited by 6,006
The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation
Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., Parkinson, J., Secker, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-5-63 · Cited by 5,031
Self-citationRehm, J., Mathers, C., Popova, S., Thavorncharoensap, M., Teerawattananon, Y., & Patra, J. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60746-7 · Cited by 3,870
Penedo, F. J., & Dahn, J. R. (2005) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00001504-200503000-00013 · Cited by 2,851
Smoking and Mental Illness: A Population-Based Prevalence Study
Lasser, K., Boyd, J. W., Woolhandler, S., Himmelstein, D. U., McCormick, D., & Bor, D. H. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.20.2606 · Cited by 2,508
The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors
Murray, C. J. L. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.13805 · Cited by 2,438
Prentice, T. (2013) · Res Medica · doi:10.2218/resmedica.v21i1.510 · Cited by 1,710
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Crawford V . Co-existing problems of mental disorder and substance misuse (‘Dual Diagnosis’): a review of relevant literature. Royal College of Psychiatrists’ Research and Training Unit. Final Report to the Department of Health, 2001.
- Bianca D . Performance of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) as a screening tool for depression in UK and Italy. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/med/research/platform/wemwbs/development/papers/donatella_bianco-thesis.pdf
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Linton, M.-J., Dieppe, P., & Medina-Lara, A. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010641 · Cited by 638
Ng Fat, L., Scholes, S., Boniface, S., Mindell, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2017) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-016-1454-8 · Cited by 548
Self-citationLongitudinal associations between cyberbullying involvement and adolescent mental health
Fahy, A. E., Stansfeld, S. A., Smuk, M., Smith, N. R., Cummins, S., & Clark, C. (2016) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.006 · Cited by 457
Psychological consequences of COVID-19 home confinement: The ECLB-COVID19 multicenter study
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Metadata
- Authors
- Stranges, S., Samaraweera, P. C., Taggart, F., Kandala, N.-B., & Stewart-Brown, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Stranges, Saverio
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e005878
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4170205
- OpenAlex
- W2099071768
- Semantic Scholar
- 2e70ef6dd2ec163a6da7c91a3a3b8c99c11521d9
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 10.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) (acceptedVersion)
- Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University College London
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health and Lifestyle Studies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Keywords
- psychological well-being, behavioral risk factors, obesity, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable intake, former smokers, general population, Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale, Health Survey for England
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, England, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Health Behavior, Young Adult
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