Direct and indirect costs in persons with chronic back pain and comorbid mental disorders—a systematic review
Abstract
Objective Direct inpatient and outpatient healthcare costs as well as indirect costs (e.g. productivity losses) are hypothesized to be increased in chronic back pain (CBP) patients with mental disorders. The aim of this systematic review is to examine this hypothesis by comparing costs in CBP patients with and without mental disorders.Methods A comprehensive literature search (Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Psyndex, EconLit, IBSS) was conducted. All studies were included which allowed for a comparison of direct and indirect costs between CBP patients with and without mental disorders.Results Of 2283 potentially relevant articles, 10 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Total healthcare costs (SMD=0.16 [SE=0.06]; n=1), CBP-related healthcare costs (SMD=0.21 [0.06]; n=1), CBP-related primary care visits (OR=1.6 [95%-CI:1.2-2.3]; n=1), CBP-related specialty care visits (OR=1.4 [1.0-2.0];n=1), CBP-related radiologic procedures (OR=1.6 [1.0-2.5]; n=1) and mental health visits (OR=8.1 [7.3-9.1]; n=2) were increased in CBP patients with depression. The incidence of new surgeries was increased in CBP patients with PTSD (OR=4.2 [1.6-10.8]; n=1). Pain-related healthcare use (n=1) in CBP patients with both depression and anxiety and CBP-related hospital admissions (n=1) in CBP patients with depression were not increased. Regarding indirect costs results were inconsistent for both return to work rates (n=3) and work absence (n=2).Conclusion The results indicate increased direct but not indirect costs in CBP patients with mental disorders. However, the evidence is limited due to the low number of studies per outcome. This is all the more problematic, since the adequate allocation of healthcare resources will become a major topic of health care policy due to limited resources.
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Psychosocial processes can be pre-existing vulnerability factors or can emerge in response to ongoing pain.
“In the first category, psychosocial processes either exist within an individual as pre-existing “vulnerability” factor [e.g., distress20–22, trauma23, 24] or emerge for the first time in response to the experience of ongoing pain [e.g., fear-avoidance behavior 25, self-efficacy26, 27].”
From Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes (2018) · cites this paper as [26]
Self-efficacy determines thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in stressful situations and affects one's ability to cope successfully with challenges.
“Self-efficacy, or an individual’s belief in his ability to perform a behavior or achieve a desired outcome 26, 273, determines thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in stressful situations and affects one’s ability to cope successfully when confronted with challenges 367, 368.”
From Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes (2018) · cites this paper as [26]
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“One explanation for the lower incremental costs associated with mental disorders in CBP patients could be that psychological and antidepressant drug treatments are already standard interventions in the treatment of CBP, which might help to bridge the gap between physical and mental health care [36–38].”
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- Authors
- Baumeister, H., Knecht, A., & Hutter, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Baumeister, Harald
- ORCID
- Baumeister, Harald
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 79-85
- ISSN
- 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2034016104
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Baden-Württemberg Stiftung
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology
- Keywords
- chronic back pain, mental illness, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, health care costs, productivity loss, return to work, absenteeism, hospitalization, radiologic procedures, mental health visits, comorbidities
- MeSH terms
- Back Pain, Mental Disorders, Humans, Health Care Costs, Cost of Illness, Chronic Pain, Return to Work
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