Loneliness, coping, suicidal thoughts and self-harm during the COVID-19 pandemic: A repeat cross-sectional UK population survey
Open accessAbstract
Objectives There has been speculation on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated lockdown on suicidal thoughts and self-harm and the factors associated with any change. We aimed to assess the effects and change in effects of risk factors including loneliness and coping, as well as pre-existing mental health conditions on suicidal thoughts and self-harm during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design This study was a repeated cross-sectional online population-based survey. Participants and measures Non-probability quota sampling was adopted on the UK adult population and four waves of data were analysed during the pandemic (17 March 2020 to 29 May 2020). Outcomes were suicidal thoughts and self-harm associated with the pandemic while loneliness, coping, pre-existing mental health conditions, employment status and demographics were covariates. We ran binomial regressions to evaluate the adjusted risks of the studied covariates as well as the changes in effects over time. Results The proportion of individuals who felt lonely increased sharply from 9.8% to 23.9% after the UK lockdown began. Young people (aged 18–24 years), females, students, those who were unemployed and individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions were more likely to report feeling lonely and not coping well. 7.7%–10.0% and 1.9%–2.2% of respondents reported having suicidal thoughts and self-harm associated with the pandemic respectively throughout the period studied. Results from cross-tabulation and adjusted regression analyses showed young adults, coping poorly and with pre-existing mental health conditions were significantly associated with suicidal thoughts and self-harm. Loneliness was significantly associated with suicidal thoughts but not self-harm. Conclusions The association between suicidality, loneliness and coping was evident in young people during the early stages of the pandemic. Developing effective interventions designed and coproduced to address loneliness and promote coping strategies during prolonged social isolation may promote mental health and help mitigate suicidal thoughts and self-harm associated with the pandemic.
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Younger adults seem to suffer more from loneliness than Older Adults.
“Firstly, in comparison to Older Adults, younger ones seem to suffer more from loneliness, which has been related to poorer mental health [48,49].”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [48]
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Korelasi Antara Loneliness, Self-Harm dan Suicidal Ideation Pada Siswa SMA di Pinggiran Sungai
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“Penelitian (John, et al., 2021) menemukan bahwa tingkat kesepian di Inggris meningkat tajam, terutama di kalangan kaum muda, perempuan, pelajar, pengangguran, dan individu dengan masalah kesehatan mental sebelumnya.”
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“Typical econometric approaches, like OLS and Quantile Regression (QR), do not account for the capture of the complex dynamics between PUN and SUI (John et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2024 ).”
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Loneliness and the Model of Sustainable Mental Health: A Cross-Sectional Secondary Data Analysis
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“12 More broadly, the pandemic has been associated with increased suicidal ideation and worse outcomes among vulnerable populations, including individuals with severe mental illness, who experienced symptom exacerbation and heightened psychosocial stress during this period.”
Lombardo, C., Guo, L., Martin, S. A., Crepaz‐Keay, D., Boss, M., Thorpe, L. N., Solomon, S., Morton, A., Davidson, G., Kousoulis, A. A., et al. (2026) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.72045
“Furthermore, most studies on the impact of COVID‐19 lockdowns on suicidal ideation and self‐harm focused on the initial part of the pandemic or were conducted outside the United Kingdom [24, 25].”
Risk Factors for Suicidal Behavior Among European Youth: A Systematic Review
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- Authors
- John, A., Lee, S. C., Solomon, S., Crepaz-Keay, D., McDaid, S., Morton, A., Davidson, G., Van Bortel, T., & Kousoulis, A. A.
- Affiliations
- Swansea University (GB)
- Mental Health Foundation (GB)
- Mental Health Foundation, Colechurch House, 1 London Bridge Walk, London, UK
- University of Strathclyde (GB)
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- Cambridge Public Health, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Corresponding author
- John, Ann
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e048123
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8718341
- OpenAlex
- W4205841353
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 5.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) (acceptedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- DMU Open Research Archive (De Montfort University) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Mental Health Foundation (MHF/G105979)
- National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration South West Peninsula (NIHR ARC EoE/U.SY.SYBJ.GAAB)
- the Adolescent Mental Health Data Platform (MQBF/3 ADP)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- loneliness, coping, suicidal ideation, self-harm, COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown, mental health, young adults, social isolation, pre-existing mental health conditions, employment status, gender differences
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