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Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study (PICOS) design as a framework to formulate eligibility criteria in systematic reviews
Abstract
Dear editor, We read with great interest the review entitled ‘Paracetamol vs other analgesia in adult patients with minor musculoskeletal injuries: a systematic review’,1 published in the Emergency Medicine Journal . Although the authors have stated that they followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, there is a methodological issue regarding the study discussed in this letter, which …
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“The eligibility criteria were developed using the PICOS framework and adapted for the scoping purpose of this review [19].”
From Digital health technologies in oncology services: A scoping review of clinical implementation, organisational evidence gaps, and policy implications (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Eligibility criteria were developed using the Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome, and Study Design (PICOS) framework [12].”
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“Study eligibility was determined based on the following framework: Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study Design (12).”
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“The study was framed based on the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study) framework (Amir-Behghadami and Janati 2020), including: –”
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“The PICOS framework was used to formulate the review question (Amir-Behghadami and Janati, 2020): population (individuals with FMS), intervention (MPT), comparison (no intervention or therapies that did not include MPT), outcome (pain catastrophising) and study design (RCTs or pilot RCTs).”
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“The selection criteria were defined using population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design PICOS method [53].”
Li, Z., Liu, C., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-026-04775-5
“The eligibility criteria were defined according to the Pop - ulation, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, and Study (PICOS) framework [21].”
Qi, K., Wang, Q., Xu, D., Kawczyński, A., & Chen, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1883923
“The selection of studies followed the PICOS criteria (28), with the specific criteria as follows: (i) Population: The included participants were sedentary adults aged 18 and above, typically not engaged in regular physical activity.”
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“The eligibility criteria for this systematic review were defined using the PICOS framework [22].”
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“To strengthen the structure and transparency of this review, the PICOS model was applied to clarify the scope of inquiry and align the research questions with the selection criteria (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020).”
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Vega-Monzó, L., Ranchal‐Sánchez, A., Baena-González, R., Durán-López, N., & Jurado‐Castro, J. M. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-65495-4 · Cited by 1
“The Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study design (PICOS) framework 23 was used to define the eligibility criteria for this systematic review, based on both methodological and clinical considerations.”
Alhumaid, S., Almulhim, M., Hussaini, H. A. A., Alalwan, Q., Ali, H. A. A., Alruzaihan, S. A., Aborshaid, F. A., Abdulqader, A. A. A., Dossary, N. A., Alabdulqader, M., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Radiology · doi:10.3389/fradi.2026.1947256
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“The review protocol and eligibility criteria were developed a priori according to the PICOS (Population, Intervention/Exposure, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study Design) framework (Amir-Behghadami and Janati, 2020).”
Wu, Z.-Y., Wei, X.-Y., Sun, Y., Yang, P., She, R., Jin, X., & Wei, H.-P. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1928774
“The results showed: MD = 17.27, 95% CI [11.18, 23.35], P 0.00001.”
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“Systematic evidence on whether socio-demographic inequalities in depression persisted or changed across these periods remains limited (26).”
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“The research question was structured using a Population, Exposure, Comparator, and Outcome (PECO) framework adapted from established eligibility-framing approaches for evidence reviews (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020).”
Alqahtani, K., Alqahtani, H., Alqahtani, A., Zaman, M. U., Bin, W. A. M., Alhindi, S., & Alqhtani, N. (2026) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.2340/aos.v85.46818
“The eligibility criteria were structured using the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) framework [18] to ensure the inclusion of studies most relevant to the review question.”
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“Studies were selected using predefined PICOS-based eli - gibility criteria [19].”
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“The inclusion criteria of this study strictly follow the PICOS framework (14). relevance.”
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“Eligibility criteria were defined according to a PICOS-informed framework adapted to the specific context of molecular neuroimaging studies [13], as follows.”
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“This PICOS question guided the eligibility criteria for study selection (25).”
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“Studies were selected based on the PICOS framework [26], precisely aligned with the focused review question on the effectiveness of fully immersive VR for practical clinical skills training in undergraduate medical education.”
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“Studies were selected using the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Study Design) framework (16).”
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“The study was structured according to the PICOS [29]”
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“To ensure the precision and clinical relevance of this review, we utilized a modified PICO framework (Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome) (45, 46), visible in Table 1, tailored for educational research.”
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“The review question, eligibility criteria, and study-selection procedures followed the prespecified PICOS framework (24).”
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“The methodological framework of the review was defined a priori, and all stages of study identification, selection, and synthesis were guided by a predefined PICO(S) framework focusing on inter-individual variability in metabolic responses to exercise-based interventions [24–26].”
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“Because this review did not aim to evaluate intervention effects or scope a concept qualitatively, eligibility criteria is not optimally described using established eligibility frameworks such as PICO (population, intervention, comparator, outcome) [32] or PCC (population, concept, context) [33].”
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“Studies were selected according to pre-specified eligibility criteria, using the PICO framework [20].”
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“The research question was formulated using the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome and Study design) framework, adapted to experimental and clinical evidence [16].”
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“The review methodology was structured using the Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcomes (PICO) framework [18].”
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Cheng, W., Fang, J., Zhang, D., Zhang, Y.-H., Zhang, N., Zhang, Y., Yan, J.-W., & Zhang, M.-F. (2026) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2026.105677
Cheng, W., Fang, J., Li, H., Ho, K., Zhang, D., Yan, J.-W., Zhang, Y.-H., Zhang, N., Zhang, Y., Wu, W., et al. (2026) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2026.07.032
Ewart, C., Farrell, S., Inchley, J., Martin, A., & Simpson, S. A. (2026) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2026.07.009 · Cited by 1
Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Decision Support in Internal Medicine: A Systematic Review
Taj, M. U., Osman, A. A. M., Habib, F. A. L., Obeid, S. O. E., Babkir, N. O. M., Abdullah, L. M. J., & Mohamed, H. E. A. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.115568
“Eligibility criteria were structured using the Population, Intervention/Exposure, Comparator, Outcomes and Study design (PICOS) framework [9] and are presented in full in Table 1 .”
Passive digital monitoring via mobile apps and wearables in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review
Blasiis, P. D., Attena, A., Fullin, A., Girolamo, C. I. D., Carotenuto, A., Signoriello, E., Morra, V. B., Lus, G., Isgrò, F., Moccaldi, N., et al. (2026) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2026.07.006
Enmozhi, S. K., Natarajamani, S., Buelah, C. D., Vembu, R., Arockiasamy, S., Raghunath, G., & Rani, A. (2026) · SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1007/s42399-026-02571-w
“We adhered to the guidelines postulated by handbook of Joanna Briggs Institute [15], PICOS framework [16] and reporting was done in accordance with casebook of PRISMA extension of Scoping Reviews-2018-PRISMA-ScR [17].”
Bhatia, Y. (2026) · Journal of Psychosexual Health · doi:10.1177/26318318261471280
Na, F., Wang, Y., Zhou, L., Wang, B., Lian, J., & Xu, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1902533
“Study eligibility was defined using the Population, Interventions, Comparators, Outcomes, Study Design (PICOS) framework, as detailed below: (17).”
Ngini, C. J., Ozoekwe, U., Emenyonu, O., Okon, D., & Diala-Obi, F. C. (2026) · Journal of Mental Health and Psychology · doi:10.69739/jmhp.v1i2.2170
Ren, Y., Yang, H., Zhang, S., Hu, T., 谭擎缨, Wang, J., & Xu, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1902802
Lin, Z., Wang, D.-C., Nie, Y.-Y., Tan, C., & Liu, Z.-C. (2026) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2026.2708207
Konstantara, E., Lindgreen, P., Kuriakose, L., Zaremba, N., Upsher, R., Treasure, J., Ismail, K., & Stadler, M. (2026) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-026-06805-3
“This review employed the PECOS framework (Population, Exposure, Comparator, Outcomes, Study design) [21–23] rather than the PICOS framework (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, Study design), as participants are not intentionally ‘exposed’ to type 1 diabetes or disordered eating (Table…”
Xiang, S., Koch, H., Lilla, N., Nieuwenboom, J. W., & Schüpbach, M. (2026) · AI Brain and Child · doi:10.1007/s44436-026-00039-1
“The inclusion and exclusion criteria (Table 1) were structured using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Out - come, and Study Design (PICOS) framework (Brown et al., 2006 ; Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020 ).”
Peer-led group support: an umbrella review across physical and mental health conditions.
Abo-Rass, F., Nakash, O., Friedman, L., O'Neill, P., & Torres, M. E. (2026) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2026.2695015
Metadata
- Authors
- Amir-Behghadami, M., & Janati, A.
- Affiliations
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Venue
- Emergency Medicine Journal
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-04-05
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 387-387
- ISSN
- 1351-0622 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-0205
- 1472-0213
- OpenAlex
- W3015126898
- Cited by
- 1,335
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 408 · 2025: 393 · 2024: 271 · 2023: 148 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 13.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Emergency Medicine Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Keywords
- eligibility criteria, systematic review methodology, research design, paracetamol, analgesia
- MeSH terms
- Systematic Reviews as Topic, Humans, Research Design
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