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Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study (PICOS) design as a framework to formulate eligibility criteria in systematic reviews
Abstract
Dear editor, We read with great interest the review entitled ‘Paracetamol vs other analgesia in adult patients with minor musculoskeletal injuries: a systematic review’,1 published in the Emergency Medicine Journal . Although the authors have stated that they followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, there is a methodological issue regarding the study discussed in this letter, which …
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“The eligibility criteria were developed using the PICOS framework and adapted for the scoping purpose of this review [19].”
From Digital health technologies in oncology services: A scoping review of clinical implementation, organisational evidence gaps, and policy implications (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
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Systematic Reviews: Are They Actually Well Conducted and Reported in Accordance with PRISMA?
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“The inclusion criteria were established in accordance with the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study Design (PICOS) framework [21].”
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Cepni, A., Sloan, J., Nadeem, S., White, J. W., Finnegan, O., Beets, M. W., Armstrong, B., Tabak, R., Lea, C. H., & Weaver, R. (2025) · Children and youth services review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108587 · Cited by 1
Fan, J., Lei, X.-X., Zhang, J., Chang, Y., Jiang, N., Qu, Z., Liang, B., & Qu, D. (2025) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.70086 · Cited by 1
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“Eligibility criteria were defined a priori using the PICOS framework to ensure a focused and clinically relevant study selection [23].”
Liang, J., Tan, X., Li, Y., Yang, X., Miao, J., Xu, Y., & Li, W. (2025) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s565297 · Cited by 2
“The search strategy followed the Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO) framework, 21 in which the Population included patients with coronary heart disease as well as the healthcare professionals or caregivers involved in delivering or supporting exercise-based rehabilitation.”
Karimi, M., Shahir-Roudi, E., Shokoohy, F., Kazemi, K., Aghayan, A. H., Varnosfaderani, M. R., Khoshnazar, Z., Chegin, M., Shirsalimi, N., Asbaghi, O., et al. (2025) · Thyroid Research · doi:10.1186/s13044-025-00278-z · Cited by 1
“The study adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement [20], and was designed following the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study design) framework [21], defined as follows: • P (Population): Adults.”
Pandey, A., Sharma, R. K., Dixit, S., & Tripathi, S. (2025) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_281_25 · Cited by 1
Naiem, M. E. A., Osman, A., Abdelghani, A. A. A., Mansoor, M. E. M., Korea, I. K. T., Mohammedallayla, I. D., Hassan, T. A. Y., & Ali, M. F. E. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.100398 · Cited by 1
“Study selection was guided by the PICOS framework [8].”
Hardiana, I., Wahyudin, E., Aswad, M., & Agustina, R. (2025) · Borneo Journal of Pharmacy · doi:10.33084/bjop.v8i4.8741 · Cited by 1
“The eligibility criteria for this systematic review were meticulously defined using the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study Design) framework to ensure methodological rigor, transparency, and reproducibility 12 .”
Naushad, N., Chitteti, P., Abbas, S. A., Asaad, W., Mukherjee, A., Warda, A., Serag, H. A., & Deb, A. A. (2025) · Urologia Journal · doi:10.1177/03915603251397722 · Cited by 1
“13 We included studies that reported direct head-to-head comparisons between neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with UTUC before and after RNU, respectively.”
Cooper, D. L., Warland, A., Norris, E., Kilbride, C., Paddison, S., & Bailey, D. P. (2025) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2025.2592500 · Cited by 2
“The Population, Intervention, Comparators, Outcomes and Study design (PICOS) process [30] was used as the framework to guide the eligibility criteria (Table 1).”
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Xavier, R., & de Castro, L. D. (2025) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11404-6 · Cited by 1
“The PICOS framework Amir-Behghadami and Janati (2020) guided the study selection process, providing a structured and objective basis for defining inclusion and exclusion criteria, as shown in Table 2.”
Fletcher, J., Malhi, H., & Topping, A. (2025) · Journal of Research in Nursing · doi:10.1177/17449871251383615 · Cited by 1
“The population, intervention, comparison, outcomes, and study design (PICOS) were used to formulate eligibility and frame our review (Amir-Behghadami and Janati, 2020).”
Vahidi, M., Pour, S. H., Heydari, F., Naghavi, M., & Aslani, P. (2025) · Mycotoxin Research · doi:10.1007/s12550-025-00615-z · Cited by 1
“We used PICOS criteria for eligibility (Amir-Behghadami and Janati 2020); and selected keywords to cover the question.”
Costantino, A., Uralov, D., Festa, B., Alamoudi, U., Alessandri-Bonetti, M., Sampieri, C., Molteni, G., Pellini, R., Magnuson, J. S., & Virgilio, A. D. (2025) · Microsurgery · doi:10.1002/micr.70148 · Cited by 1
“The study's eligibility criteria were defined according to the PICOS (Amir-Behghadami and Janati 2020) framework: Patients (P), patients who underwent head and neck free flap reconstruction; Intervention (I), ETS venous anastomosis with the IJV; Comparison (C), ETE venous anastomosis; Outcomes (O), re-operation rate,…”
Zaki, H. A., Shaban, A., Shaban, E., Shaban, A., Elkandow, A., Abdelrahim, M. G., & Abosamak, M. F. (2025) · Egyptian Journal of Bronchology · doi:10.1186/s43168-025-00488-x · Cited by 1
Chen, A., Guo, C., & Zhou, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1694891 · Cited by 2
Lin, Z., Wang, D., Fei, X., Han, D., & Liu, Z. (2025) · Complementary Medicine Research · doi:10.1159/000548699 · Cited by 2
“The inclusion criteria for these studies were based on the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study) principles [20] as shown below: • Population (P): the study subjects were patients with constipation, and symptoms of constipation were determined by one of the following:…”
Лахин, Р. Е., Шаповалов, П. А., Ермоленко, К. Ю., Жирнова, Е. А., & Бабичева, П. А. (2025) · Annals of Critical Care · doi:10.21320/1818-474x-2025-4-82-98 · Cited by 1
Tahaelbashir, S. E. B., Noureldin, W. N. B., Korea, I. K. T., Mohamed, R. E. S., Ahmed, A. A. A., & Alshibane, M. A. M. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.96568 · Cited by 1
Zhuo, X., Meng, J., & Chen, G. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000045481
“[16] The inclusion criteria included: population (P): patients undergoing liver transplantation; intervention (I): liver transplantation surgery; comparator (C): patients undergoing liver transplantation for any reason but who did not develop ALI post-operation; outcomes (O): the reported outcome…”
Lee, S., Park, C., Chen, P., & Saban, K. L. (2025) · Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0000000000001256 · Cited by 1
Radiosurgery for Facial Nerve Schwannoma: A Systematic Review.
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Yu, C.-T., Gao, Y., Liu, R.-Y., Ding, Y., & Wang, L.-W. (2025) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-025-14997-x · Cited by 1
“To establish the eligibility criteria for study inclusion, we adhered to the Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study Design framework [13, 14].”
Silva, A. B. J., Barros, W., Silva, R. F., Silva, B., Souza, A. P. D. S., Silva, K. G., Silva, J., da Silva, M. L., Santos, M. E. R. A., & de Souza, S. D. (2025) · Frontiers Virtual Real. · doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1542804 · Cited by 1
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Hu, H., Cai, Y., Yang, T., Fang, L., & Gao, H. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-094239 · Cited by 2
Lai, J., Wu, Z.-H., Xu, Y., Han, A., & Sun, P. (2025) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-025-04304-0 · Cited by 1
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“The screening step was performed according to PICOS (participant: adults; intervention: sumac supplementation; comparison: control group; outcome: hs-CRP concentrations; study type: RCTs) [23].”
Serhan, H. A., Oweidah, A., Shaheen, A., Emoush, L. O., Mahmoud, A. B., Mohamed, F. K., Naeem, U., Irshaidat, S., & Elnahry, A. G. (2025) · Neuro-ophthalmology (Aeolus Press. 1980) · doi:10.1080/01658107.2025.2544329 · Cited by 1
Zhang, G., Zhou, J., Xu, Y., Ding, H., Luk, T. T., He, A. W., Wang, M. P., Chan, S. S. C., & Cheung, Y. T. D. (2025) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2025.105201 · Cited by 1
Akwaronwu, B. G., Akwaronwu, I. U., Adeniyi, O., & Abiodun, A. G. (2025) · Indonesian Journal of Data and Science · doi:10.56705/ijodas.v6i2.234 · Cited by 1
“It utilizes the PICO recommended framework [31] to drive it objectives as seen in Table 1 .”
Jedliński, M., Mazur, M., Salerno, C., Grocholewicz, K., & Janiszewska‐Olszowska, J. (2025) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-025-06635-6 · Cited by 3
“PICO(S) [27] was: Population: human and animal extracted teeth; Intervention: fixed orthodontic retainer bonding; Comparison: application of different composite materials in different protocols during fixed retainer bonding; Outcomes: shear bond strength, failure rate, microleakage, stability of…”
Liu, G., Ge, R., & Zhu, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1578791 · Cited by 3
“…intervention, or alternative physical/social activities; the primary outcomes assessed were frailty (measured using standardized instruments), activities of daily living (ADLs), and quality of life (QoL); and we only included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) as our designated study designs (24).”
Guan, D., Liu, Y., Yu, T., & Cheng, W. (2026) · Frontiers in Surgery · doi:10.3389/fsurg.2026.1796813 · Cited by 1
“The eligibility criteria for study inclusion were established a priori based on the PICOS framework to ensure systematic identification of relevant randomized controlled trials examining Schroth exercise interventions in AIS (15–17).”
Shen, J., Sit, C., Hui, S. S.-C., Choi, J., & Yang, Y.-J. (2025) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106608 · Cited by 1
Efendi, D., Cheng, A., Wanda, D., Furukawa, T. A., Πετροπούλου, Μ., Efthimiou, O., & Chen, K.-H. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-094869 · Cited by 1
Pattnaik, S., Goyal, M., Gujral, R., & Mittal, A. (2025) · Neuroscience Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.neuri.2025.100221 · Cited by 1
Mohammadi, D., Aghayan, A. H., Mohammadi, D., Mashhadi, M. J., Jamalpoor, Z., Rahdar, A., & Pandey, S. (2025) · BioNanoScience · doi:10.1007/s12668-025-02025-y · Cited by 1
“To define the inclusion and exclusion criteria for primary studies, we utilized the PICOS framework [26].”
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Zhuang, Q., Chen, L., & Yang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/jicm.2024.0688 · Cited by 2
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Yang, C., Alvarado, D., Ravindran, P. K., Keizer, M. E., Hovinga, K., Broen, M. P. G., Eekers, D. B. P., Compter, I., Kunst, H., & Temel, Y. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17121993 · Cited by 1
“The inclusion criteria were determined according to the PICOS method (population, issue of interest, comparison, outcome and study design) [7].”
González-Lara, C., Obrero-Gaitán, E., Piñar-Lara, M., Desdentado-Guillén, J. M., Peinado-Rubia, A., & Cortés-Pérez, I. (2025) · Journal of minimally invasive gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2025.06.017 · Cited by 1
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García-Sánchez, M., Obrero-Gaitán, E., López-Ruiz, M. C., Díaz-Fernández, Á., Osuna-Pérez, M., & Cortés-Pérez, I. (2025) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.25.08869-0 · Cited by 1
Guerreiro, D., Cruz-Ferreira, A., Santos, G. D., da Silva, B. M. S., Marmeleira, J., & Veiga, G. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/76858 · Cited by 1
“This review follows the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study design (PICOS) framework [25] to ensure systematic and transparent eligibility criteria (Table 1).”
Zhang, Z., Yang, L., Cao, H., & Li, F. (2025) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2025.104463 · Cited by 2
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Olaoye, I., Myrissa, K., Kelaiditi, E., Tsofliou, F., & Brown, N. (2025) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2025.2475161 · Cited by 1
“The eligibility criteria of studies included in this review was based on study characteristics following the PICOS framework (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and Study design) (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020) described below:”
Utilidad de las aplicaciones móviles en el manejo de la hepatitis B: una revisión sistemática
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DİJİTAL SAĞLIK DİPLOMASİSİ: SİSTEMATİK DERLEME
Mutlu, H. (2024) · Akademik Hassasiyetler · doi:10.58884/akademik-hassasiyetler.1548858 · Cited by 4
Pitt-Francis, A., Stevens, A. R., Ahmed, Z., & Pietro, V. D. (2024) · Trauma Care · doi:10.3390/traumacare5010001 · Cited by 2
Kaltabanis, D., Smye, V. L., Oudshoorn, A., & Jackson, K. T. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-090112 · Cited by 3
Adeniyi, O., Adekola, O., Akwaronwu, B. G., Abiodun, A. G., & Eweoya, I. (2024) · Asian Journal of Computer Science and Technology · doi:10.70112/ajcst-2024.13.2.4275 · Cited by 1
“The PICOS [10] framework outlined below served as the basis for article inclusion in the review.”
MethodThe Effect of Virtual Reality on Postoperative Patient Outcomes in Children: A Systematic Review.
Cakmak, A., & Vural, F. (2024) · Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing · doi:10.37766/inplasy2024.8.0124 · Cited by 1
Prieto-González, P., Yağın, F., Sánchez-Infante, J., & Ardigò, L. (2024) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v58.106992 · Cited by 1
“…Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Study design) tool for quality systematic reviews was used to elaborate with rigor and accuracy the inclusion and exclusion criteria applied in the selection of the manuscripts finally included in the present study (table 1) (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020).”
MethodRomatolojik Hastalıkların Semptom Kontrolünde Masajın Etkisi: Sistematik Derleme
Akay, F., & Özkaraman, A. (2024) · Journal of Nursology · doi:10.17049/jnursology.1430660 · Cited by 1
Obrero‐Gaitán, E., López-Nájera, L., Piñar-Lara, M., Ibancos‐Losada, M. D. R., Cortés‐Pérez, I., & García‐López, H. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13132594 · Cited by 1
Impact of omega-3 supplementation on serum leptin levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Jazinaki, M. S., Bahari, H., Aali, Y., & Rashidmayvan, M. (2024) · PharmaNutrition · doi:10.1016/j.phanu.2024.100401 · Cited by 3
Re, L., Aloia, V., Rippa, S. C., & Tommasi, V. (2024) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/8yei1r · Cited by 1
“In compliance with the PICOS framework [34] , the inclusion criteria were as follows: [1] participants: subjects with established neoplastic disease, aged 0-18 years, undergoing oncologic treatment (e.g., radio-and/or chemotherapy, bone marrow aspirate, lumbar puncture) in an inpatient or day…”
Kirkham, A. M., Fergusson, D. A., Presseau, J., McIsaac, D. I., Shorr, R., & Roberts, D. J. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/60326 · Cited by 1
“Eligibility criteria for the two systematic reviews were created according to the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Design framework [65].”
Bozkurt, H. G., & Konya, Ü. (2024) · Turk Kutuphaneciligi - Turkish Librarianship · doi:10.24146/tk.1380171 · Cited by 1
Xavier, R., & de Castro, L. D. (2023) · International Journal of Biosensors & Bioelectronics · doi:10.15406/ijbsbe.2023.08.00235 · Cited by 1
Devagiri, B., Ariyasena, A. D. K., Siriwardhana, D., & Sumanasena, S. P. (2023) · Child: Care, Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.13192 · Cited by 1
Jane-Frances, O. A., & Chichaya, T. F. (2023) · Integrative and Complementary Therapies · doi:10.1089/ict.2023.29107.oaj · Cited by 1
“40 This review considered trials conducted on individuals aged 18 years and older of either sex, diagnosed with T2DM according to the diagnostic-criteria of WHO 6 or the American Diabetes Association 41 ; and who may or may have not be received OADs before participating in the trials.”
Ariningpraja, R. T., Widyawati, I., & Fatma, E. (2023) · Journal of Telenursing (JOTING) · doi:10.31539/joting.v5i2.7683 · Cited by 1
Svyntozelska, O., Suarez, N. E., Demers, J., Dugas, M., & Leblanc, A. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.23295671 · Cited by 1
LIU, Q., He, S., Lin, Y.-P., Tan, S., Zhou, J., & Yang, J. (2023) · Clinical neurology and neurosurgery (Dutch-Flemish ed. Print) · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.107988 · Cited by 1
“The patient inclusion criteria were as follows (according to PICOs principles [18]): (1)”
COVID-19-associated lung weakness (CALW): Systematic review and meta-analysis
Redruello-Guerrero, P., Ruiz-del-Pino, M., Jiménez-Gutiérrez, C., Jiménez-Gutiérrez, P., Carrascos-Cáliz, A., Romero-Linares, A., Ramos-Bossini, A. J. L., Rivera-Izquierdo, M., & Cárdenas-Cruz, A. (2023) · Medicina Intensiva · doi:10.1016/j.medine.2023.06.001 · Cited by 1
Plant and animal protein for muscle mass and strength gains: a systematic review
Meshtel, A. V., Rybakova, P. D., Miroshnikov, A. B., Vybornov, V. D., Antonov, A. G., Khanferyan, R. A., & Korosteleva, M. M. (2023) · Sports medicine research and practice · doi:10.47529/2223-2524.2022.4.6 · Cited by 3
Schmidt, S., Lörzing, R., Jahn, J., Andersch-Rupprecht, C., Emmert, M., & Nagel, E. (2022) · Das Gesundheitswesen · doi:10.1055/a-1966-0192 · Cited by 1
“Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage wurden die entsprechenden Suchbegriffe anhand des PICO-Schemas identifiziert und eingesetzt [19].”
BackgroundLyu, J., Sun, X., Chen, M.-M., & Li, S. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000031699 · Cited by 1
“PICOS will be applied, including population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study.[14]”
MethodRetractedImpact of Help or Crisis Lines for Mental Health
Gupta, M., Das, D., & Chakraborty, N. (2022) · The Physician · doi:10.38192/1.7.3.6 · Cited by 1
“Search strategy: Based on the PICOS framework shown, the search strategy would be as follows: Topic: “mental health” OR distress OR psychological OR psychosocial OR psychiatric OR suicid* OR anxiety OR depression OR stress* AND Topic: helpline OR help-line OR crisis line OR hotline OR lifeline AND Title: effic* OR out…”
MethodInfluentialThe Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Nursing Education among Nursing Students: A Systematic Review
Jamaludin, T. S., Nurumal, M. S., Hasan, M. K. C., Shukor, N., & Win, K. K. (2022) · JURNAL PENDIDIKAN KEPERAWATAN INDONESIA · doi:10.17509/jpki.v8i1.45443 · Cited by 1
“Furthermore, the review of clinical questions for this study was defined using the framework PICO for quantitative analyses and PICOS for qualitative studies, as shown in tables 1 and 2 (Miller, 2001; Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020).”
MethodChen, W.-Z., Fu, C., Wu, B.-Y., Zhou, H., Chen, E., Wu, Q., & Yuan, J. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16325 · Cited by 1
Chai, Y., Zhou, Z.-B., Cui, Y.-S., Che, X., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.14166 · Cited by 1
Rizzioli, R., Cuiller, C., Bouissière, F., Quenderff, P., Dereux, P.-E., & Favi, C. (2025) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2025.08.067 · Cited by 1
Jazinaki, M. S., Safarian, M., Rashidmayvan, M., Arabi, S. M., & Sahebkar, A. (2025) · Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine · doi:10.22038/ajp.2024.25222 · Cited by 1
“The inclusion criteria for this review were designed by the PICOS framework (O'Connor et al., 2008; Amir-Behghadami and Janati, 2020): (P (Population): Adults (≥18 years old), I (intervention): strawberries intake, C (comparison): control group, S (type of study): RCTs).”
Tsitsi, T., Polychronis, G., Papoui, E., Cloconi, C., Michail, K., & Charalambous, A. (2026) · Journal of Cancer Policy · doi:10.1016/j.jcpo.2026.100789
Machine Learning Techniques for Cryptographic Attacks: A Systematic Review of Detection Methods
Akwaronwu, B. G., Ogu, E., Akwaronwu, I. U., Adeniyi, O., & Abiodun, A. G. (2026) · Big Data Mining and Analytics · doi:10.26599/bdma.2025.9020109
Bruno, J., Thapa, R. K., & Sarmento, H. (2026) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-026-01131-9
“Eligibility criteria were defined according to the PICOS framework (Table 1): participants, intervention/exposure, comparators, outcomes, and study design [25, 26].”
Dioguardi, M., de Gabriele, O., Piccinonno, R., Piccirillo, M., Mastrangelo, F., Tisci, A., Sovereto, D., Guerra, C., Ballini, A., Muzio, L. L., et al. (2026) · Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1007/s10006-026-01656-z
“Accordingly, the research question of this systematic review was framed using the PICOS framework [17].”
Mashayekhi, G., Ashtary‐Larky, D., Karimi, M., Asbaghi, O., Kalajahi, A. K., Shouhani, Z., Moghadam, O. F., Rezaeyeh, A. P., Hosseini, A., & Naderian, M. (2026) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.70354
Medical Tourism Competitiveness in Malaysia: A Systematic Review
Martin, C., Kadarisman, S., & Syahidin, R. (2026) · Journal of Business, Social and Technology · doi:10.59261/bustechno.v7i5.846
“Eligibility criteria were formulated using the Population, Intervention/Exposure, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study Design (PICOS) framework (Amir-Behghadami, 2024; Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020).”
Muhanna, A., Baqais, A., Alotaibi, H. S., Alamri, R., Alansi, W., Zamil, J. F. A., Rasheed, M. A., Mohammed, H. N., Almalki, Y. F., Alhumaid, K. N., et al. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.118456
Zhou, Y., Chai, J.-H., Wang, J., & Wang, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1953636
Baradwan, S., Latifah, H. M., Hafedh, B., Alyafi, M., Badghish, E., Aazam, L., Awadh, N., & Alshahrani, M. (2026) · Journal of Robotic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11701-026-04093-y
Caroleo, S. A., Shelton, A., Meyer, M. S., Wytko, R., Cai, F., Sutherland, K., Guilbault, K. M., & Plucker, J. A. (2026) · Journal of Advanced Academics · doi:10.1177/1932202x261497913
Pizzoli, S. F. M., & Gatti, D. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02996-3
A, P., R., K., Balasubramanian, B., Karthikeyan, I., & Mp, R. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.117834
Wen, Y., Zhong, J., Yang, Q., Shi, Z., Ouyang, J., & Tan, B. (2026) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-026-10410-8
Musa, A. S., Adewoye, M. A., & Adeoba, M. (2026) · Journal of Food Science and Horticulture · doi:10.69739/jfsh.v1i2.2458
Tharakan, M., Barkyoumb, D., Tingleaf, P. K., Machiorlatti, M., Chen, S.-X., Prather, K., Passias, P., Hwang, S. W., Downes, A., Shakir, H., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics · doi:10.3171/2026.5.peds2637
Shi, H., Liu, J., Yang, C., Xue, K., Pan, L., & Zeng, Y. (2026) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-026-01765-4
“Eligibility criteria were defined using the PIOS framework (Amir-Behghadami and Janati 2020).”
Wang, X., Jing, W., Li, Y., Li, H., Li, J., Liu, Y., & Yuan, S. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/95903
“Eligibility criteria were defined according to the PICOS (population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design) framework [23].”
Alqahtani, D. K., Alqahtani, S. S., Hidayah, R., Alghirash, M., Mulla, R. M., Alsaadi, S., Alhajri, F., Alluhaidan, D., Barayan, A., Aloufi, S. N., et al. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.117605
Norazman, U., Bakar, N. S. A., Balasinggam, S. K., Muneh, B., Amran, N. A. A., Sajali, H., Abidin, A., Rasali, R., Bantalani, M. A., Chin, R., et al. (2026) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-026-02874-2
“The Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcome (PICO) framework was used to guide the search process [1] and was predetermined as follows: (1) Population: Studies on MSM or key populations with separate MSM analysis; (2) Intervention: Studies on all PrEP formulations for HIV prevention,…”
Metadata
- Authors
- Amir-Behghadami, M., & Janati, A.
- Affiliations
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Venue
- Emergency Medicine Journal
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-04-05
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 387-387
- ISSN
- 1351-0622 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-0205
- 1472-0213
- OpenAlex
- W3015126898
- Cited by
- 1,335
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 408 · 2025: 393 · 2024: 271 · 2023: 148 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 13.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Emergency Medicine Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Keywords
- eligibility criteria, systematic review methodology, research design, paracetamol, analgesia
- MeSH terms
- Systematic Reviews as Topic, Humans, Research Design
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