Cited by 1,335Meta-analysis and systematic reviewsMethodologies in Health Research and PracticeDelphi Technique in Research

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Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study (PICOS) design as a framework to formulate eligibility criteria in systematic reviews

Amir-Behghadami, Mehrdad, Janati, Ali·2020·Emergency Medicine Journal

DOI 10.1136/emermed-2020-209567

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Abstract

Dear editor, We read with great interest the review entitled ‘Paracetamol vs other analgesia in adult patients with minor musculoskeletal injuries: a systematic review’,1 published in the Emergency Medicine Journal . Although the authors have stated that they followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, there is a methodological issue regarding the study discussed in this letter, which …

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Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
(2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470712184 · Cited by 25,048
How to formulate research recommendations
Brown, P., Brunnhuber, K., Chalkidou, K., Chalmers, I., Clarke, M., Fenton, M., Forbes, C., Glanville, J., Hicks, N. J., Moody, J., et al. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38987.492014.94 · Cited by 381
Systematic Reviews: Are They Actually Well Conducted and Reported in Accordance with PRISMA?
Gholizadeh, M., Amir‐Behghadami, M., & Janati, A. (2020) · Bulletin of Emergency and Trauma · doi:10.29252/beat-080110 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Paracetamol versus other analgesia in adult patients with minor musculoskeletal injuries: a systematic review
Ridderikhof, M. L., Saanen, J. B., Goddijn, H., van Dieren, S., van Etten‐Jamaludin, F. S., Lirk, P. B., Goslings, J. C., & Hollmann, M. W. (2019) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emermed-2019-208439 · Cited by 11
Comment on: Systematic review of functional outcome and quality of life after total pancreatectomy
Amir‐Behghadami, M., Janati, A., & Gholizadeh, M. (2020) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.11535 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Letter to the editor on the article “Cement augmentation of sacroiliac screws in fragility fractures of the pelvic ring—A synopsis and systematic review of the current literature”
Janati, A., Amir‐Behghadami, M., & Arab‐Zozani, M. (2020) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2020.02.018 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Regarding: “Race, gender, and language concordance in the care of surgical patients: A systematic review”
Amir‐Behghadami, M., Gholizadeh, M., & Janati, A. (2019) · Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.surg.2019.11.010 · Cited by 1
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Higgins JP , Green S . Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Vol 4: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

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Method
Mindfulness-Based Interventions Targeting Modifiable Lifestyle Behaviors Associated With Brain Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Mace, R. A., Stauder, M. J., Hopkins, S. W., Cohen, J. E., Pietrzykowski, M. O., Philpotts, L. L., Luberto, C. M., & Vranceanu, A. (2024) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276241230467 · Cited by 23
“Our ﬁ rst aim was to investigate, following the PICOS framework, 52 the range of research methods used in the RCTs.”
Influential
Safety of Upadacitinib in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Systematic Literature Review of Indirect and Direct Treatment Comparisons of Randomized Controlled Trials
Mysler, E., Burmester, G., Saffore, C., Liu, J., Wegrzyn, L., Yang, C., Betts, K. A., Wang, Y., Irvine, A. D., & Panaccione, R. (2024) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-023-02732-6 · Cited by 17
“Table 1 lists the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the SLR, which were deﬁned according to the elements of Population, Interventions, Comparators, Outcomes, and Study Design (PICOS) [25].”
Associations between food insecurity and child and parental physical, nutritional, psychosocial and economic well‐being globally during the first 1000 days: A scoping review
Rosen, F., Settel, L., Irvine, F., Koselka, E. P. D., Miller, J. D., & Young, S. (2023) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13574 · Cited by 17
“TABLE 1 PICOS criteria for inclusion and exclusion of studies (Amir ‐ Behghadami & Janati, 2020). full ‐ text review.”
Background
Impact of exercise on markers of B cell-related immunity: A systematic review
Walzik, D., Belen, S., Wilisch, K., Kupjetz, M., Kirschke, S., Esser, T., Joisten, N., Schenk, A., Proschinger, S., & Zimmer, P. (2023) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2023.10.002 · Cited by 23
Efficacy and bone-contact biocompatibility of glass ionomer cement as a biomaterial for bone regeneration: A systematic review.
Tuygunov, N., Zakaria, M., Yahya, N., Aziz, A. A., & Cahyanto, A. (2023) · Journal of The Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106099 · Cited by 17
Anakinra in Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Mahfooz, K., Rana, A., Palagati, K., Suvarna, A. K., Perryman, C., Gaddipati, S. P., Adhnon, A., Andani, R., & Vasavada, A. (2022) · Medical Science · doi:10.3390/medsci11010004 · Cited by 17
Effects of animal-assisted interventions for people with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Batubara, S. O., Tonapa, S. I., Saragih, I. D., Mulyadi, M., & Lee, B.-O. (2022) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.10.016 · Cited by 19
The effect of basketball matches on salivary markers: a systematic review
Kamarauskas, P., & Conte, D. (2021) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2022.107481 · Cited by 16
Variants and Modifications of the Retroauricular Approach Using in Temporomandibular Joint Surgery: A Systematic Review
Sikora, M., Chęciński, M., Nowak, Z., & Chlubek, D. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10102049 · Cited by 17
“Eligibility Criteria Eligibility for this systematic review was developed by using the standard PICOS framework [16].”
BackgroundMethod
From isolation to integration: A methodological review of adaptive reuse in industrial heritage buildings
Ma, Y., Roosli, R., Cao, Z., Zhang, X., Gai, Y., & Ma, Z. (2025) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116474 · Cited by 19
Does Visual Training Enhance Athletes' Decision‐Making Skills and Sport‐Specific Performance? A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Guo, Y., Chen, C., Peng, J., Deng, L., & Yuan, T.-G. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.70140 · Cited by 16
“Studies were included based on PICOS criteria [36] (Table 1).”
Effective Intervention Features of a Doping Prevention Program for Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Reynoso-Sánchez, L., Molgado-Sifuentes, A., Muñoz-Helú, H., López-Walle, J. M., & Soto-García, D. (2025) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports13040108 · Cited by 16
“The definition of the eligibility criteria was based on the PICOS approach, which specifies the participants, interventions, comparisons, outcomes, and types of studies to be considered in advance [37].”
Comparative efficacy of sleep positional therapy, oral appliance therapy, and CPAP in obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis of mean changes in key outcomes
Gao, Y., Zhu, S., Li, W., & Lai, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1517274 · Cited by 13
Effectiveness of exercise-based interventions in preventing cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction in patients with breast cancer: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Zhang, D., Xiong, X.-Y., Ding, H., He, X.-L., Li, H., Yao, Y., Ma, R.-S., & Liu, T. (2025) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2025.104997 · Cited by 16
Childhood maltreatment and the risk of eating disorders: a meta-analysis of observational studies
Amiri, S., & Sabzehparvar, M. (2024) · Neuropsychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s40211-024-00505-3 · Cited by 16
“The population, exposure, comparison, and outcome (PECO) criteria [37] were used for this research: the population comprised adolescents and adults without any restriction, exposure was any childhood mal-treatment, the comparison was a group of individuals without childhood maltreatment, and the…”
Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence for Cervical Vertebral Maturation Assessment—A Systematic Review
Kazimierczak, W., Jedliński, M., Issa, J., Kazimierczak, N., Janiszewska‐Olszowska, J., Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska, M., Różyło‐Kalinowska, I., Serafin, Z., & Orhan, K. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13144047 · Cited by 21
Effectiveness synchronous e-learning in nursing education: A meta-analysis and subgroup analysis
Jin, S., & Kim, J. H. (2024) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2024.104029 · Cited by 22
Outlier analysis for accelerating clinical discovery: An augmented intelligence framework and a systematic review
Janoudi, G., Uzun, M., Fell, D. B., Ray, J. G., Foster, A. M., Giffen, R., Clifford, T., & Walker, M. C. (2024) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000515 · Cited by 18
The impact of using near-infrared autofluorescence on parathyroid gland parameters and clinical outcomes during total thyroidectomy: a meta-analytic study of randomized controlled trials
Safia, A., Elhadi, U. A., Massoud, S., & Merchavy, S. (2024) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000001247 · Cited by 16
“The design of this review followed the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study) framework [11] .”
Effectiveness of Interventions Aimed at Changing Movement Patterns in People With Patellofemoral Pain: A Systematic Review With Network Meta-analysis
Nunes, G. S., de Oliveira, J., Iacob, G. S., Signori, L. U., Diel, A. P., Schreiner, R. A., & Solner, M. W. (2023) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2023.11956 · Cited by 19
Waterpipe Use and Its Cardiovascular Effects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control, Cross-Sectional, and Non-Randomized Studies
Mahfooz, K., Vasavada, A. M., Joshi, A., Pichuthirumalai, S., Andani, R., Rajotia, A., Hans, A., Mandalia, B., Dayama, N., Younas, Z., et al. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.34802 · Cited by 14
“Two independent reviewers were in charge of choosing and extracting data from research that met the inclusion requirements for the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) framework [24].”
Method
The Effect of Velocity Loss on Strength Development and Related Training Efficiency: A Dose–Response Meta–Analysis
Zhang, X., Feng, S., & Li, H. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11030337 · Cited by 20
“Our eligibility criteria obeyed the PICOS principle as follows [25]: –P (population): people who have RT experience/history for at least one year; –I (intervention): at least four weeks of VBT intervention that selected squat, bench press, and deadlift as their training events; –C (comparison): compared the effect of…”
Method
Toxicity profile of combined immune checkpoint inhibitors and thoracic radiotherapy in esophageal cancer: A meta-analysis and systematic review
Xu, T.-Z., Liu, Y.-S., Lu, X.-T., & Liang, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039020 · Cited by 16
Interventions and Impact of Pharmacist-Delivered Services for People Infected with COVID-19: A Systematic Review
Ahmed, A., Tanveer, M., Shrestha, S., Khatiwada, A. P., Khanal, S., Dujaili, J. A., & Paudyal, V. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10091630 · Cited by 20
Alterations in peripheral joint muscle force control in adults with musculoskeletal disease, injury, surgery, or arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Pethick, J., Clark, N. C., & Liew, B. X. W. (2022) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2022.102696 · Cited by 18
Management of Teeth Affected by Molar Incisor Hypomineralization Using a Resin Infiltration Technique—A Systematic Review
Bulanda, S., Ilczuk-Rypuła, D., Dybek, A., Pietraszewska, D., Skucha-Nowak, M., & Postek-Stefańska, L. (2022) · Coatings · doi:10.3390/coatings12070964 · Cited by 16
Epigenetic Reprogramming by Decitabine in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Immune Modulation, and Therapeutic Synergy
Mohamed, F. R. R., Aldubaisi, S., Akbar, A., Khan, M. I., & Yaqinuddin, A. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17182953 · Cited by 15
“The scope and objectives of the review are structured based on the PICOS framework (Participants, Interventions, Comparisons, Outcomes, and Study Designs), as outlined in Table 1 [55].”
Physiotherapeutic Scoliosis-Specific Exercise for the Treatment of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Dong, H.-R., You, M.-J., Li, Y.-N., Wang, B., & Huang, H.-L. (2024) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0000000000002524 · Cited by 15
“In addition, the SRS-22 questionnaire evaluates the following five dimensions: mobility, pain, self-image, psychology, and satisfaction through 22 questions, and has the advantages of being highly responsive, concise, and hierarchical.”
A Comparison of Clinical Outcomes of Robot-Assisted and Conventional Laparoscopic Surgery
Chabot, S., Calleja-Agius, J., & Horeman, T. (2024) · Surgical Techniques Development · doi:10.3390/std13010003 · Cited by 15
“The established eligibility criteria were based on the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study design (PICOS) principle [22].”
Comparison of split thickness skin graft versus full thickness skin graft for radial forearm flap donor site closure: A systematic review and Meta-analysis.
Zhang, C., Pandya, S., Bonetti, M. A., Costantino, A., & Egro, F. (2023) · American Journal of Otolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2023.104156 · Cited by 15
Worldwide Perinatal Intimate Partner Violence Prevalence and Risk Factors for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Dai, X., Chu, X., Qi, G., Yuan, P., Zhou, Y., Xiang, H., & Shi, X. (2023) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380231211950 · Cited by 19
“A comprehensive literature search strategy was built using a combination of Medical Subject Headings, Emtree, and free-text terms based on the PICOs (population, interventions, comparators, outcome, and study design) framework (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020).”
Method
Effectiveness of tele-rehabilitation after total hip replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Zhou, Z., Zhou, X., Cui, N., Huang, H., Yang, F., Yang, G., Liu, D., Liu, K., Zhang, X., & Wang, J. (2023) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2023.2280070 · Cited by 18
Acute and Chronic Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training in Physically Active Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review
García-Rodríguez, P., Pecci, J., Vázquez-González, S., & Pareja-Galeano, H. (2023) · Sports health · doi:10.1177/19417381231208636 · Cited by 15
The effects of psychosocial and behavioral interventions on depressive and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis
He, J., Lin, J., Sun, W. J., Cheung, T. C. C., Cao, Y., Fu, E., Chan, S. H., & Tsang, H. W. H. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-45839-0 · Cited by 21
“The selection criteria were based on the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Settings (PICOS) model 14 .”
Method
Effects of Lighting Interventions to Improve Sleepiness in Night-Shift Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Wu, C.-J., Huang, T., Ou, S., Shiea, J., & Lee, B. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10081390 · Cited by 25
“The criteria for inclusion were based on population, intervention or issue of interest, comparison, outcome, and study design (PICOS) criteria [19].”
Background
Benefits and Risks Associated with Long-term Oral Anticoagulation after Successful Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Maduray, K., Moneruzzaman, M., Changwe, G. J., & Zhong, J. (2022) · Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis · doi:10.1177/10760296221118480 · Cited by 15
“The PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes) method was used to formulate the search strategy.(10) AF patients following a successful CA reflected population, discontinuation of OAC as intervention, continuation of OAC as a comparison, and thromboembolism and bleeding events as the outcome(s).”
Method
The role of artificial intelligence in diabetic retinopathy screening in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review
Sacchini, F., Mancin, S., Cangelosi, G., Palomares, S. M., Caggianelli, G., Gravante, F., & Petrelli, F. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2025.109139 · Cited by 19
Comparative Efficacy of Different Exercise Modes on Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review With Pairwise and Network Meta‐Analyses
Khalafi, M., Maleki, A. H., Symonds, M. E., Alamdari, K. A., Ehsanifar, M., & Rosenkranz, S. K. (2025) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13954 · Cited by 18
“To be eligible for inclusion in the current study, peer-reviewed randomized control or clinical trials published in the English language that met the following Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study (PICOS) de-sign framework criteria were included [66].”
The impact of resin coatings on the properties and performance of glass ionomer cements: A systematic review.
Zangana, T. A., Tuygunov, N., Yahya, N., & Aziz, A. A. (2025) · Journal of The Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107044 · Cited by 14

Authors: Amir-Behghadami, M., & Janati, A.
Affiliations: Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
ORCID: Amir-Behghadami, Mehrdad
Janati, Ali
Venue: Emergency Medicine Journal
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2020-04-05
Volume: 37
Issue: 6
Pages: 387-387
ISSN: 1351-0622 (ISSN-L)
1472-0205
1472-0213
DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2020-209567
OpenAlex: W3015126898
Cited by: 1,335
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 408 · 2025: 393 · 2024: 271 · 2023: 148 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 5
FWCI: 13.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Emergency Medicine Journal (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
Keywords: eligibility criteria, systematic review methodology, research design, paracetamol, analgesia
MeSH terms: Systematic Reviews as Topic, Humans, Research Design

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Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study (PICOS) design as a framework to formulate eligibility criteria in systematic reviews

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