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Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study (PICOS) design as a framework to formulate eligibility criteria in systematic reviews
Abstract
Dear editor, We read with great interest the review entitled ‘Paracetamol vs other analgesia in adult patients with minor musculoskeletal injuries: a systematic review’,1 published in the Emergency Medicine Journal . Although the authors have stated that they followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, there is a methodological issue regarding the study discussed in this letter, which …
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“The eligibility criteria were developed using the PICOS framework and adapted for the scoping purpose of this review [19].”
From Digital health technologies in oncology services: A scoping review of clinical implementation, organisational evidence gaps, and policy implications (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
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How to formulate research recommendations
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Systematic Reviews: Are They Actually Well Conducted and Reported in Accordance with PRISMA?
Gholizadeh, M., Amir‐Behghadami, M., & Janati, A. (2020) · Bulletin of Emergency and Trauma · doi:10.29252/beat-080110 · Cited by 15
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Comment on: Systematic review of functional outcome and quality of life after total pancreatectomy
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Cardoso, C. L., Meireles, A. S., da Silva, G. C. P. S. M., Conceição, M. C. D. S. C., Menezes, L. D. S., Principe, V. A., Nunes, R. D. A. M., & Vale, R. G. D. S. (2025) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981251365208 · Cited by 4
“The studies included in this systematic review adhered to the PICOS acronym (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020), where: the Population (P) consists of children and adolescents; the Intervention (I) refers to actions taken to reduce screen time in this population; the Comparison (C) is made with the…”
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da Costa, W. P., Torres, H. D. C., Sarti, T. D., Almeida, A. P. S. C., Batista, S. R., & de Abreu, L. C. (2025) · MethodsX · doi:10.1016/j.mex.2025.103628 · Cited by 4
“The eligibility criteria were determined using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study design (PICOS) [26], a framework for evidence-based health research.”
Ebrahimi, E., Sheikhhoseini, R., Kozinc, Ž., & Nourbakhsh, S.-A. (2025) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery · doi:10.1177/10225536251394468 · Cited by 4
“The study was designed based on the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study) framework, 28 including: Among the various indices used to evaluate fl atfoot deformity, the Staheli Index and navicular drop test were selected as the primary quantitative outcomes because they…”
Li, Z., Luo, S., Bai, X., Huang, L., Guo, H., Chen, S., & Wang, D. (2025) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.19839 · Cited by 5
“Eligibility criteria were established based on the Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, and Study (PICOS) framework ( Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020 ).”
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“22 PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from inception to February 17, 2025.”
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“Studies were selected based on the PICOS framework [19] as follows: (1) Population : general population, excluding specific patient groups such as those with heart failure; (2) Intervention : high-throughput proteomic analysis of blood samples, including sequencing methods targeting specific…”
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“This review was guided by the Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, and Setting (PICOS) framework [30].”
The Impact of Incidental Emotion on Prosocial Behavior: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis
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“After the first screening, we checked the full text and adopted the PICOS criteria (Participants, Interventions, Comparisons, Outcomes and Study design; Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020) to help specify the inclusion criteria.”
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“The PICOS [15] framework was adopted to formulate the review question (Table 1).”
Li, Y., Liu, Y., Leung, A. Y. M., & Montayre, J. (2025) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/67250 · Cited by 4
“Published papers were included in this review according to the inclusion criteria following the population, intervention, comparator, outcome, and study design (PICOS) framework [62].”
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“Relevant studies were identified in accordance with the following selection criteria based on the Population Intervention Comparison Outcome Study design method [ 20].”
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“In addition, the CliniQA-EBD architecture incorporates an argument quality assessment (AQA) ontology based on PICOS elements [5], which enables a structured representation of evidence in the medical literature to support subsequent argu-ment quality assessment.”
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“Results were organized and presented according to the PICOS framework, which allowed for a systematic and comprehensive synthesis of findings [24].”
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“The research was structured using the PICO strategy (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes) [15].”
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“The literature was included according to PICOS (patients, intervention, control, outcome, study type) principles [10].”
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“For experimental studies, the PICOS [30] framework will be employed to guide our research.”
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“The PICOS framework 14 Studies were excluded if (1) they were not in English; (2) they were not available in full-text form; (3) data on free flap types were not extractable; (4) the study reported fewer than five patients; (5) the article type was a conference abstract, review, case report, book…”
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“Inclusion criteria were set in line with the PICOS framework (Population, Intervention, Comparison group, Outcome and Study Design) [40, 41].”
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“The inclusion criteria based on the PICOS framework (population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study) were as follows [21]: (1) having complete intervention and control groups in the study; (2) at least one group using the ortho-pedic robot-assisted system as the intervention; (3) results…”
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“Participant, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Setting (PICOS) inclusion criteria (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020) are listed in Supplemental Table 1.”
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“The criteria for the included studies were based on the PICOS structure [11] (Table 1).”
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“Publication selection Inclusion criteria for selection of systematic reviews used the ‘Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study’ (PICOS) format as a framework [21].”
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“The principle for included articles was population, intervention, comparator, outcomes, and study designs (PICOS) lists (Table 1) [9].”
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“The Participants, Intervention, Comparisons, Outcomes, and Study type (PICOS) criteria were used to assess the eligibility of studies [14].”
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“The methodological design was structured using the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study design) framework, 26 which informed the formulation of eligibility criteria, data extraction procedures, and outcome evaluation throughout the review process.”
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“Eligibility criteria were established according to the PICOS framework (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Study design) to ensure methodological rigor and result validity [14].”
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“We utilised a structured Population, Intervention, Comparator or Control, Outcome, and Study (PICOS) design to select pertinent studies: [10] Population: Adults (≥18 years), paediatric / adolescent patients (6 months–17 years) undergoing lumbosacral spine, lower abdominal, or lower limb surgeries…”
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Xi, Y., Liu, C., Shen, Z., Luo, W., & Zhang, H.-Z. (2025) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00234-025-03792-x · Cited by 3
“The inclusion criteria were developed according to the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study) framework [ 13 ].”
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The impact of diversity training on workplace behavior – a meta-analysis
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Abdulqader, A. K. A., Alnajjar, J. S., Alzimami, L. Z., Alqarni, R., Mohamed, F. R. R., AlQarni, R., Alnasser, J., Alabdulkarim, D., Almaqhawi, A., Albesher, M. A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14196868 · Cited by 3
“The research question was formulated using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) framework [19]: Population—adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in clinical remission; Intervention—azathioprine withdrawal or discontinuation; Comparison—continued azathioprine (AZA)…”
CT-based radiomics for predicting stone-free rate after ESWL: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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“To guide the eligibility criteria and focus of this systematic review, we structured the research question according to the PICOS framework [10]: population (P)—patients with urolithiasis who underwent CT imaging prior to treat-ment with ESWL or laser lithotripsy; intervention (I)—use of radiomic…”
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“It adopted the PICOS framework (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study design) to guide the eligibility criteria and search strategy (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020).”
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“Eligibility criteria were developed using PICOS (population, intervention, comparator, outcomes, study design) framework (Supplementary Table 2) to identify observational studies that reported the effectiveness of a single dose of PCV against vaccine-type IPD in children aged ≤ 18 years [13].”
Chen, J.-R., Gan, X., Song, J., Gao, L., Shao, M.-Q., Wang, Y.-T., & Gao, Y. (2025) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.70177 · Cited by 3
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“The PICOS framework was used to summarize the studies (37).”
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“The eligibility criteria for this review are categorized based on the Population, Interventions, Comparisons, Outcomes, and Study design (PICOS) framework [19], and illustrated in Table 1.”
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Xie, Y., Liu, H., Tang, Y., Zhang, Y., Xu, N., Zhao, F., Zhao, J., Sun, G., Liu, Z., Shen, P., et al. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology · doi:10.1177/17588359251357527 · Cited by 4
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“Study eligibility was determined using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study design (PICOS) framework (table 1) [25].”
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Yan, Z., Chen, M., Tao, J., Wang, Y.-C., & Huang, P. (2025) · Explore · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2025.103186 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Amir-Behghadami, M., & Janati, A.
- Affiliations
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Venue
- Emergency Medicine Journal
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-04-05
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 387-387
- ISSN
- 1351-0622 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-0205
- 1472-0213
- OpenAlex
- W3015126898
- Cited by
- 1,335
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 408 · 2025: 393 · 2024: 271 · 2023: 148 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 13.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Emergency Medicine Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Keywords
- eligibility criteria, systematic review methodology, research design, paracetamol, analgesia
- MeSH terms
- Systematic Reviews as Topic, Humans, Research Design
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