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Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study (PICOS) design as a framework to formulate eligibility criteria in systematic reviews
Abstract
Dear editor, We read with great interest the review entitled ‘Paracetamol vs other analgesia in adult patients with minor musculoskeletal injuries: a systematic review’,1 published in the Emergency Medicine Journal . Although the authors have stated that they followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, there is a methodological issue regarding the study discussed in this letter, which …
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“The eligibility criteria were developed using the PICOS framework and adapted for the scoping purpose of this review [19].”
From Digital health technologies in oncology services: A scoping review of clinical implementation, organisational evidence gaps, and policy implications (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
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Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
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Brown, P., Brunnhuber, K., Chalkidou, K., Chalmers, I., Clarke, M., Fenton, M., Forbes, C., Glanville, J., Hicks, N. J., Moody, J., et al. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38987.492014.94 · Cited by 381
Systematic Reviews: Are They Actually Well Conducted and Reported in Accordance with PRISMA?
Gholizadeh, M., Amir‐Behghadami, M., & Janati, A. (2020) · Bulletin of Emergency and Trauma · doi:10.29252/beat-080110 · Cited by 15
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Comment on: Systematic review of functional outcome and quality of life after total pancreatectomy
Amir‐Behghadami, M., Janati, A., & Gholizadeh, M. (2020) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.11535 · Cited by 5
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COVID-19, Nutrients and Lifestyle Eating Behaviors: A Narrative Review
Cangelosi, G., Palomares, S. M., Pantanetti, P., Luca, A. D., Biondini, F., Nguyen, C., Mancin, S., Sguanci, M., & Petrelli, F. (2024) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases12080193 · Cited by 9
Sharma, S., Carey, N., McConnell, D. J., Lowery, M. A., O'Sullivan, J. N., & McCullagh, L. (2024) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-024-01413-8 · Cited by 10
“The review question was informed by the PICOS framework [30], please see Table 1.”
MethodHassen, J. Y., Debella, A., Eyeberu, A., & Mussa, I. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-59534-1 · Cited by 9
“We used the PICOS criteria for eligibility 54 ; the populations were lactating women in Africa, the exposure was aflatoxin in breast milk, the context was studies done in Africa, and the study design was observational studies that examined Aflatoxin M1 levels of contamination with breast milk using…”
MethodCai, X., Xu, L.-Y., Zhang, H., Sun, T., Yu, J., Jia, X., Hou, X., Sun, R., & Pang, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1424390 · Cited by 9
Pang, H., Yan, M., Zhao, Z., Chen, L., Chen, X., Chen, Z., Sun, H., & Zhang, Y.-Y. (2024) · World Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1186/s12957-024-03422-5 · Cited by 9
Li, Y.-Y., Wang, Y., Dong, B.-C., Yang, P.-C., Sun, Y.-D., Zhou, L., Shen, J., Ma, X.-L., & Ma, J.-X. (2024) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-024-07325-0 · Cited by 9
“We used the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study (PICOS) system [20] for this systematic review.”
Effectiveness of Self-Care Education for Chronic Neck Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Valenza-Peña, G., Núñez, J. M., Ciuró, A. H., Navas‐Otero, A., López‐López, L., Valenza, M. C., & Martos, I. C. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11243161 · Cited by 14
How nurses contribute to the elimination of hepatitis B? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Li, C.-X., Zhang, M.-X., Karthijekan, K., & Fu, X. (2023) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2023.104622 · Cited by 9
Wasan, T., Hayhoe, B., Cicek, M., Lammila-Escalera, E., Nicholls, D., Majeed, A., & Greenfield, G. (2023) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/01410768231186224 · Cited by 9
“19 Studies were eligible for inclusion if the study sample consisted of adults with multimorbidity, defined as individuals over the age of 18 years with at least two co-existing chronic medical conditions.”
BackgroundChoices and Challenges With Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review
Kumar, L., Kachhadia, M. P., Kaur, J., Patel, H., Noor, K., Gohel, R. G., Kaur, P., Raiyani, S., Gohel, V. A., & Vasavada, A. M. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.42772 · Cited by 8
“Data extraction was then carried out by the two independent researchers using the population, intervention, control, and outcomes (PICO) framework [25] and the studies' established eligibility.”
MethodLiu, S., Wang, Z., Lv, D., & Zhao, Y.-X. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.1063305 · Cited by 9
“The inclusion threshold in this systematic review was as follows: I. Population: Studies with patients who have been subjected to the recently-developed aspects of onecarbon metabolism in cancer diagnosis, treatment and participants who reported drug resistance frontiersin.org Fron II.”
BackgroundInfluentialLloyd, A., Verma, S., & Crane, L. (2026) · Perioperative Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13741-025-00638-1 · Cited by 8
“Search terms were written in English and developed using a Population, Intervention, Control, Outcome and Study-type (PICOS) framework (Amir-Behghadami and Janati 2020).”
The effects of stroboscopic vision training on physical performance in athletes: a systematic review
Gultekinler, B. D., Uzlaşır, S., Işıkdemir, E., Tunay, V. B., & Wikstrom, E. A. (2025) · BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-025-01459-x · Cited by 8
“Following the PICOS (Patient/Population; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome; Study design) framework [34], eligibility criteria were structured as follows: Studies including young, adolescent, or adult athletes, studies including exercises performed with and without strobo-scopic vision, studies…”
Dubach, J., Anzeneder, S., Tempelmann, S., & Cacchione, T. (2025) · Computers & Education X Reality · doi:10.1016/j.cexr.2025.100117 · Cited by 4
Da Vinci Single-Port Robotic Surgery in Europe: Where Do We Stand? A Systematic Review
Scornajenghi, C., Conti, B., Santarelli, V., Brunelli, V., Moriconi, M., Acanfora, R., Bevilacqua, G., Lascio, G. D., Franco, G., Salciccia, S., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14238317 · Cited by 8
Role of Digital Health on Palliative Care: Umbrella Review
Guo, J., Dai, Y.-Y., Chen, F., Liu, C.-Y., Jiang, S.-S., Hu, Y., & Chen, Y.-Y. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/72104 · Cited by 8
“In this study, the inclusion criteria were identified based on the principles of PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study Type) framework [17], which was applied as follows.”
Safia, A., Khater, A., Elhadi, U. A., Merchavy, S., & Karam, M. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18101455 · Cited by 8
“According to the PICOS framework [12], we included RCTs evaluating biological therapies (Dupilumab, Mepolizumab, Omalizumab, Reslizumab, Benralizumab, CM310, Tezepelumab, and PF-06817024) for CRSwNP. Trials were required to compare biological therapies with placebo or other biologics, and to report…”
Karimi, M., Rabiei, R., Kazemi, K., Motlagh, R. B., & Asbaghi, O. (2025) · Thyroid Research · doi:10.1186/s13044-025-00257-4 · Cited by 8
“The study was designed based on the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study) framework [19], including: (“probiotic*” OR “synbiotic*”) AND (“thyroid” OR “Thyroxine” OR “Triiodothyronine” OR “Iodothy-ronine” OR “Liothyronine” OR “Thyrotropin” OR “T3” OR “T4” OR…”
Guo, B.-Q., Peng, X., Tran, Y., Cheng, S., & Grépin, K. (2025) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2024-017859 · Cited by 8
Medication Causes and Treatment of Delirium in Patients With and Without Dementia
Weidmann, A. E., Matthíasdóttir, R., Proppé, G. B., Tadić, I., Gunnarsson, P., & Jónsdóttir, F. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70706 · Cited by 8
“ThePopulationInterventionControlOutcomesandStudy Design (PICOS) criteria were used to assess study eligibility (Amir-Behghadami and Janati 2020).”
Taylan, S., Kılıç, K., & Özkan, İ. (2025) · Pediatric surgery international (Print) · doi:10.1007/s00383-025-06084-w · Cited by 8
“The research questions were developed using the Participants, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcome (PICO) framework [19].”
Bahari, H., Jazinaki, M. S., Aghakhani, L., Hatami, A., Rahnama, I., & Malekahmadi, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1553288 · Cited by 8
Kilfoy, A., Zaffino, I., McAtee, E., Panesar, P., Cleverley, K., Phạm, Q., Chu, C. H., & Jibb, L. (2025) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-025-05656-y · Cited by 10
“Using the Population, Intervention, Comparison Outcomes and Study (PICOS) [38] design as a guide, our inclusion criteria were as follows: Population: Parents included any family members providing a significant amount of childcare to support a child’s health and well-being.”
Pieters, J. N., Ndaba, N., & Ngcobo, S. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22691-7 · Cited by 8
“The systematic review took into consideration the sub-Saharan Africa mining context hence, the screening questions were developed using the Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome, and Study design (PICOS) to formulate eligibility criteria [9].”
Liu, B., Shen, C., Yin, X., Jiang, T., Han, Y., Yuan, R., Yin, Y., Cai, Z., & Zhang, B. (2025) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.35831 · Cited by 11
“23 After retrieving all the records and removing duplicates, B.L. and Z.C. independently reviewed the studies on the basis of titles and abstracts.”
Le, T., Maharani, A., Hayter, M., Gilleen, J., & Lee, A. J. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0311074 · Cited by 8
Chahal, J. S., Saini, S., Bansal, P., Arora, J., Bansal, P. D., & Saini, B. (2025) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.1177/00912174251326009 · Cited by 8
“9 For inclusion, the study was required to include patients diagnosed with Stage 4 or 5 CKD with estimated glomerular fi ltration rate (eGFR) 30 mL/min or those with CKD dependent on hemodialysis (HD).”
Han, Y., Zhu, B., Huang, D., Lan, Y., Zhong, H., Zhang, Y., Zhou, H., Liu, C., & Zhou, P. (2024) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-024-07905-x · Cited by 5
“The inclusion and exclusion criteria were formulated according to the PICOS method (population, intervention/problem, comparison, outcome, and study design) [15].”
Liu, J., Li, C., Qiu, Y.-F., Yu, Y.-Q., Zeng, L., Wu, M., Han, Y., & Yang, F. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116324 · Cited by 9
Gasparini, S., Senese, S., Scuma, E., Parodi, F., Gianfredi, A., Ciabattini, S., Loddo, V., Peroni, G., Porcedda, G., & Pisano, T. (2024) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-024-05885-w · Cited by 9
“[11] and PICOS criteria [12] Among 29 pediatric patients with different psychiatric disorders treated with aripiprazole (from 1.25 to 15 mg/day), only a small increase in QTd was observed after 2 months of treatment (40.6 ± 6.5 ms vs. 46.3 ± 7.2 ms, p < 0.01), and no significant changes in mean QTc…”
InfluentialSvyntozelska, O., Suarez, N. E., Demers, J., Dugas, M., & Leblanc, A. (2024) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2024.108548 · Cited by 8
Hazazi, M., Almashharawi, E., Alamry, S., Alkusayer, M. M., Altimyat, A., & Alsalamah, Y. (2024) · Ear, nose, & throat journal · doi:10.1177/01455613241292195 · Cited by 8
Hao, Y., Zhou, X., Razman, R., Peng, S., & Ahmad, N. S. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19842-7 · Cited by 9
“PICOS provides a structured format to define the key components of the research question: Population, Inter-vention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study Design [46].”
BackgroundAlessandri-Bonetti, M., Kasmirski, J., Liu, H. Y., Corcos, A., Ziembicki, J., Stofman, G. M., & Egro, F. (2024) · Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Global Open · doi:10.1097/gox.0000000000006025 · Cited by 8
Martín-Rodríguez, S., González-Henríquez, J. J., Bautista, I., Calbet, J., & Sanchís-Moysi, J. (2024) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-024-00752-2 · Cited by 8
Application of virtual reality in nursing communication education: A systematic review.
Dong, Y.-Y., Sun, J.-J., He, M., Zhu, X.-N., Zhang, S., Wang, W., Fang, S.-Y., Song, H.-T., & Sun, J. (2024) · Journal of Professional Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2024.07.005 · Cited by 8
Luo, X., Zhang, A., Li, H., Li, Y., Ying, F., Wang, X., Yang, Q., Zhang, Z., & Huang, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1386529 · Cited by 8
Robotic Vascular Resection in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Systematic Review
Ferrara, V. Z., Martinino, A., Toti, F., Schilirò, D., Pinto, F., & Giovinazzo, F. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13072000 · Cited by 8
“(O) [31]”.”
Evaluation of Aligners and Root Resorption: An Overview of Systematic Reviews
Zhang, M., Zhang, P., Koh, J.-T., Oh, M.-H., & Cho, J.-H. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13071950 · Cited by 8
Lein, A., Baumgartner, W., Riss, D., Gstöttner, W., Landegger, L. D., Liu, D. T., Thurner, T., Vyskocil, E., & Brkic, F. F. (2024) · Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1002/ohn.728 · Cited by 8
Chen, W., Wang, X.-H., & Xia, S. (2024) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2024.231338 · Cited by 8
“Studies which meet the following criteria as well as an information specialist utilizing the PICO framework 26 were identified to be eligible for inclusion:”
MethodCurran-Bowen, T., da Silva, A. G., Barreto, G., Buckley, J., & Saunders, B. (2024) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2024.132997 · Cited by 10
“This systematic review with meta-analyses followed the PRISMA-P statement [43] protocols and the research framed using PICOS (Pop - ulation, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, Study Design) [44].”
MethodLiao, K.-L., Wang, H.-H., Yang, L.-Y., Hsu, Y.-F., Chou, F.-H., & Chu, Y.-C. (2024) · Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2023.08.026 · Cited by 8
Palmowski, A., Pankow, A., Terziyska, K., Nielsen, S. M., Christensen, R., Bliddal, H., Boyadzhieva, Z., & Buttgereit, F. (2023) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2023.152349 · Cited by 8
Yan, Q., Liang, H., Yin, H., & Ye, X. (2023) · Videosurgery and Other Miniinvasive Techniques · doi:10.5114/wiitm.2023.133916 · Cited by 9
“Based on the PICOS framework [26], the keywords were identified and found to be consistent in both the Medline and EM-BASE databases, as indicated in Table I.”
MethodBenzo-Iglesias, M. J., Rocamora-Pérez, P., Valverde-Martínez, M. Á., García-Luengo, A. V., & López-Liria, R. (2023) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23208557 · Cited by 8
“To select the articles, the following PICOS eligibility criteria [19] were used:”
MethodSharifi‐Zahabi, E., Hajizadeh‐Sharafabad, F., Nachvak, S. M., Mirzaeian, S., Darbandi, S., & Shidfar, F. (2023) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.7916 · Cited by 11
Long-term effectiveness of non-surgical open-bite treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Theodoridou, M.-Z., Athanasia-Eirini, Z., Zymperdikas, V. F., & Papadopoulos, M. A. A. P. (2023) · Progress in Orthodontics · doi:10.1186/s40510-023-00467-2 · Cited by 9
“Eligibility criteria and study selection The eligibility criteria were pre-determined, and they were defined according to the PICOS approach, (Problem/Patients/Population, Intervention/Indicator, Comparison, Outcome, and Study Type/Design) (Table 1) [22, 25, 26].”
MethodSpontaneous healing of a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament: a case series and literature review
Previ, L., Monaco, E., Carrozzo, A., Fedeli, G., Annibaldi, A., Cantagalli, M., Rossi, G., & Ferretti, A. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics · doi:10.1186/s40634-022-00566-9 · Cited by 8
“To identify included studies, the PICOS criteria were used [24].”
MethodSchweighoffer, R., Schumacher, A. M., Blaese, R., Walter, S., & Eckstein, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19137711 · Cited by 8
“Studies were selected in accordance with the participants, interventions, comparators, outcomes, and study designs (PICOS) framework [19].”
MethodSeweryn, P., Waliszewska‐Prosół, M., Derwich, M., Paradowska-Stolarz, A. M., Gębska, M., & Wieckiewicz, M. A. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15072498 · Cited by 6
Nitrous oxide for the treatment of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Gill, K., de Cates, A. N., Wiseman, C. E., Murphy, S. E., Williams, E., Harmer, C. J., Morales‐Muñoz, I., & Marwaha, S. (2025) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.106023 · Cited by 6
Abnoulgid, F., Aouhassi, S., Mansouri, K., & Akef, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1594377 · Cited by 16
Goh, J. S., Sohail, S., Ayub, H., Cheema, Z. Z., Paray, N. B., Adikari, S., Mesmar, A., Atout, M., Qazi, A. R., Aldalqamouni, A., et al. (2025) · Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1002/edm2.70094 · Cited by 8
“This systematic review and meta-analysis adhered to the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, Study design) framework to define inclusion and exclusion criteria [18].”
Yang, L., Zhang, Q., Wen, M., Li, S., Lu, A., Li, K., Peng, C., & Chen, J. (2025) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.09.002 · Cited by 6
Bello, F. D., Gallioli, A., Cannoletta, D., Mancon, S., Territo, A., Diéguez, L., Izquierdo, P., Hernández, P., Sopena, J. M., Palou, J., et al. (2025) · BJU International · doi:10.1111/bju.16902 · Cited by 7
“The PICOS criteria (participants, intervention, comparisons, outcomes, and study type) [12] were used to assess the eligibility of studies for the systematic review as follows: P: patients with UTUC; I: URS (de fi ned as URS + laser ablation (cid:1) biopsy); C: RNU; O: IVR rate, radical…”
Juice-Based Supplementation Strategies for Athletic Performance and Recovery: A Systematic Review
Vitošević, B., Filipović, M., Popović, L., Sterkowicz-Przybycień, K., & Purenović-Ivanović, T. (2025) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports13080269 · Cited by 5
Shi, H., Zheng, C., & Zhu, B. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119631 · Cited by 7
Honey for managing oral mucositis induced by cancer therapies: An overview of systematic reviews
Anshasi, H. A., Abufarsakh, B., Alkhawaldeh, J. M., & Alhalalmeh, S. (2025) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103197 · Cited by 7
Scoping review of the e-health literature in older adults
Zhang, Y.-J., Rosli, Y., Saat, N. Z. M., Talib, R. A., & Tang, S. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076251362545 · Cited by 7
Efficacy and safety of middle meningeal artery embolization for nonacute subdural hematoma
Nie, W., Jiang, W., Huang, H., Xu, G., Hu, Q., Zhou, H., Zhang, W., Wu, J., & Chen, X.-X. (2025) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-025-13029-9 · Cited by 7
“The detailed search strategy was provided in Table S1, and the inclusion criteria were developed based on the PICOS (Participants, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study design) principle [12].”
Zheng, Q., Li, C., Yang, L., & Qiu, Y. (2025) · Current Research in Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.crfs.2025.101061 · Cited by 6
Motevalli, M. S., Drenowatz, C. J., Tanous, D., Ruedl, G., Kirschner, W., Schauer, M., Rosemann, T. J., & Wirnitzer, K. (2025) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/73656 · Cited by 8
“The eligibility criteria encompassed multiple dimensions guided by the population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design framework [24], along with additional considerations.”
Vitamin D Deficiency in Kazakhstani Children: Insights from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Karibayeva, I., Bilibayeva, G., Iglikova, A., Yerzhanova, A., Alekesheva, R., Maxudova, M., & Ussebayeva, N. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61030428 · Cited by 7
“To determine the eligibility of the retrieved articles, pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, guided by the PICOS framework [21] Comparison (C): Studies focusing on healthy children or children with acute or chronic conditions.”
Ally, Z. M., Mbishi, J., Mbwana, M. S., Bakari, H. M., Salim, S. M., Rodoshi, Z. N., Hundisa, M. I., Sileshi, R. M., Ayalew, B., Musoke, R., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313453 · Cited by 7
“The eligibility criteria were structured using the PICOS (ie, population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study type) framework [25] as follows: People with advanced HIV disease (CD4 � 200 cells/mm 3 or WHO stage III/IV) as the population.”
Motahari-Nezhad, H., Ashourioun, A.-H., & Sadeghdaghighi, A. (2024) · Community Dental Health · doi:10.1922/cdh_00160nezhad08 · Cited by 17
“The inclusion criteria, derived from the PICOS framework (Amir-Behghadami and Janati, 2020) were: Population : All dental patients, irrespective of race, gender, or age.”
Hsieh, K., Foster, A., MacIntyre, L. W., & Carr, R. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21101325 · Cited by 7
“The PICOS framework based on the Participants, Interventions, Comparisons, Outcomes, and Study designs was adopted to define the inclusion and exclusion criteria [24].”
MethodCarnero-Díaz, Á., Pecci, J., Camacho-Lazarraga, P., & Lluch, Á. C. (2024) · Psychology of Sport And Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102766 · Cited by 7
An, R.-P., Shen, J., Zhang, Z., Lim, M. T., & Huynh, D. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16172970 · Cited by 7
“We adopted the PICOS framework (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study design) to guide our data collection and synthesis process [35].”
MethodÖzyurt, F., Tayfur, A., & Ülger, Ö. (2024) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-024-01254-0 · Cited by 7
“PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library data bases were searched from inception to June 2023 based on PICO (S) model [26].”
Ghandour, M., Salloum, D. A., Jaber, M., Orm, G. A., Ghosn, A., Jaber, S., Nour, H. G. A., Chalfoun, A., Dagher, T., & Hanna, B. (2024) · Journal of Orthopaedics · doi:10.1016/j.jor.2024.07.018 · Cited by 7
“19 We included observational and experimental comparative studies, both randomized and non-randomized, involving patients with lateral epi-condylitis requiring surgical intervention, comparing arthroscopic to open surgical methods, and documenting any post-surgical clinical outcomes.”
Recovery methods to reduce fatigue among athletes: A systematic review and future directions
Yoda, I. K., Tisna, G. D., Suwiwa, I. G., Kusuma, K. C. A., & Marques, N. (2024) · Journal Sport Area · doi:10.25299/sportarea.2024.vol9(2).16928 · Cited by 7
“The study design was done according to the PICOS strategy (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020), in which the population (P) is athletes of any age, gender, and level of competition (novice, amateur, or professional) who experience fatigue after competing or training in various sports, the intervention…”
MethodLaitano, R., Calzetta, L., Matino, M., Pistocchini, E., & Rogliani, P. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2024.2366991 · Cited by 7
Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance in Japan: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis
Matsumoto, T., Yuasa, A., Matsuda, H., Ainiwaer, D., & Yonemoto, N. (2024) · Infectious Diseases and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40121-024-00960-z · Cited by 8
“Table 1 contains the eligibility criteria defined under the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study design (PICOS) framework [14].”
Onuiri, E., Akwaronwu, B. G., & Umeaka, K. (2024) · Asian Journal of Computer Science and Technology · doi:10.70112/ajcst-2024.13.1.4266 · Cited by 7
“The eligibility criteria for this research study followed the PICOS framework guidelines [35] These criteria ensure that relevant studies focusing on environmental and genetic interaction models for lung cancer risk prediction using machine learning are included, while excluding studies that do not…”
MethodThe Effect of Fat Grafting on Scars Hyperpigmentation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bonetti, M. A., Arellano, J. A., Scarabosio, A., Liu, H. Y., Giorgino, R., Ejaz, A., Rubin, J. P., & Egro, F. M. (2024) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00266-023-03828-8 · Cited by 8
“The PICOS framework [27] was used in developing the literature search strategy, namely: patients (P), subjects with hyperpigmented scars; investigated condition (I), adipose tissue-based therapies in improving scar hyper-pigmentation; comparator (C), none; outcome (O), clinical and biometric…”
Williams, O. C., Prasad, S., Khan, A. A., Ayisire, O. E., Naseer, H., Abdullah, M., Nadeem, M., Ashraf, N., & Zeeshan, M. (2023) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000001387 · Cited by 7
“From each included study, information about authors, year of publication, study design, participants, intervention and main outcomes were extracted [12] .”
BackgroundTheodoridou, M.-Z., Herclides, A., & Lamnisos, D. (2024) · Community Dental Health · doi:10.1922/cdh_00125theodoridou09 · Cited by 10
“Table 1) (Amir-Behghadami and Janati, 2020).”
Llerena-Velastegui, J., Santafe-Abril, G., Villacis-Lopez, C., Hurtado-Alzate, C., Placencia-Silva, M., Santander-Aldean, M., Trujillo-Delgado, M., Freire-Oña, X., Santander-Fuentes, C., & Velasquez-Campos, J. (2023) · Current problems in cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102118 · Cited by 7
Khattak, Y., Ghaffar, N., Gulzar, M. A., Rahim, S., Rafique, F., Jan, Z., Iqbal, S., & Ahmad, I. (2023) · Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1007/s10006-023-01180-4 · Cited by 7
“The literature search strategy for this review was based on the Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes and Study type (PICOS) framework [31].”
Serum uric acid and the risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis
Liao, W., Wang, Y., & Zhang, W. (2023) · European Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.1097/cej.0000000000000834 · Cited by 7
Kubuk, B. S., Carrasco-Uribarren, A., Cabanillas-Barea, S., Ceballos-Laita, L., Jiménez-del-Barrio, S., & Pérez-Guillén, S. (2023) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2023.2243826 · Cited by 7
“The Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and studies (PICOs) framework was used to define the search strategy [27].”
Khaw, S., Liu, X., Cameron, A., Aarts, J., & Choi, J. (2023) · Journal of The Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106057 · Cited by 7
A Review on Acupuncture Efficiency in Human Polycystic Ovary/Ovarian Syndrome
de Oliveira, N. M., Machado, J. P., Lopes, L. T., & Criado, M. B. (2023) · Journal of pharmacopuncture · doi:10.3831/kpi.2023.26.2.105 · Cited by 8
“The Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and Study (PICOS) strategy was employed [75].”
MethodBütün Parçaların Toplamından Daha Fazladır: Eğitim Bilimlerinde Sistematik Derleme Nasıl Yazılır?
Dibek, M. İ., & TOPTAŞ, B. (2023) · Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17556/erziefd.1176257 · Cited by 10
Gharbi, K. A., Bonomo, Y. A., & Hallinan, C. M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054087 · Cited by 7
“The review questions were decomposed using the PICOS search algorithm [17] to guide the development of search terms for the systematic review of reviews.”
MethodRana, R., Alam, K., Keramat, S. A., & Gow, J. (2022) · Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1080/17476348.2022.2145951 · Cited by 7
“Data extraction Data were extracted using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study (PICOS) design framework [31].”
MethodPanchal, P., Ravalia, A., Rana, R., Puthussery, S., Vaze, G., Mavlankar, D., & Menon, K. C. (2022) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/cdn/nzac134 · Cited by 6
“Eligibility criteria The eligibility criteria for SRs were based on the population, intervention, context, and outcomes (PICOS) framework for inclusion in the present meta-review (11).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRetractedYang, P., Han, Y., Lian, C., & Wu, X.-L. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.988117 · Cited by 7
Song, T., Yu, P., & Zhang, Z. (2022) · Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference (ACSW) · doi:10.1145/3511616.3513110 · Cited by 9
Lu, Z. K., Xiong, X., Lee, T., Wu, J., Yuan, J., & Jiang, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.700012 · Cited by 7
“This might lead to the overestimation of costs and ICER.”
MethodInfluentialXu, Z., Liu, C., Liu, S., & Zhou, Z. (2021) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.14007 · Cited by 10
Zhou, Z.-B., Cui, Y.-S., Zhang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-021-03255-8 · Cited by 7
Wang, M., Xiao, L., Jiao, J., Sun, M., Ni, Z., Xiao, J., Tan, M., Zhang, H., Liu, W., & Ding, J. (2026) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2026.107008 · Cited by 6
Heat Exposure and Health Outcomes in Construction Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Nowrouzi‐Kia, B., Chattu, V. K., Sunil, T., Carnide, N., Thomson, H., Premji, R., Sathananthan, A., Choi, C., & Ledo, J. M. (2026) · Environmental Health Insights · doi:10.1177/11786302261426720 · Cited by 6
“32 The Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) framework 33 was used to develop and refine the research question, as well as to inform the search strategy and eligibility criteria for study selection.”
Mekasha, Y. T., Tegegne, A. A., Mashe, T., Girma, M., Hasen, G., & Belew, S. (2025) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.70072 · Cited by 8
“The inclusion criteria were defined based on the PICOS framework, which is discussed below [33]”
Shang, X., Lu, J., Tao, M., Fei, C., & Fei, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1670804 · Cited by 7
Effect of Vitamin E on Serum Adiponectin and Leptin in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Karimi, M., Alipour, S., Pirzad, S., Ahmadizad, S., Bassami, M., & Asbaghi, O. (2025) · Journal of Dietary Supplements · doi:10.1080/19390211.2025.2561143 · Cited by 6
Autogenous Injections in Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review
Orzeszek, S., Małysa, A., Jenča, A., Gębska, M., Sluzalec-Wieckiewicz, K., Ziętek, M., & Seweryn, P. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14186640 · Cited by 5
OSH risk management policies between North America and Southeast Asia—a comparative review
Kathayat, A., Baharudin, M. R., Lee, W., & Tohir, M. Z. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1642941 · Cited by 6
“The authors minimized the search bias by developing search questions and literature’s eligibility criteria (both inclusion and exclusion) based on the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study (PICOS) framework (38).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Amir-Behghadami, M., & Janati, A.
- Affiliations
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Venue
- Emergency Medicine Journal
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-04-05
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 387-387
- ISSN
- 1351-0622 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-0205
- 1472-0213
- OpenAlex
- W3015126898
- Cited by
- 1,335
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 408 · 2025: 393 · 2024: 271 · 2023: 148 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 13.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Emergency Medicine Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Keywords
- eligibility criteria, systematic review methodology, research design, paracetamol, analgesia
- MeSH terms
- Systematic Reviews as Topic, Humans, Research Design
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