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Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study (PICOS) design as a framework to formulate eligibility criteria in systematic reviews
Abstract
Dear editor, We read with great interest the review entitled ‘Paracetamol vs other analgesia in adult patients with minor musculoskeletal injuries: a systematic review’,1 published in the Emergency Medicine Journal . Although the authors have stated that they followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, there is a methodological issue regarding the study discussed in this letter, which …
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“The eligibility criteria were developed using the PICOS framework and adapted for the scoping purpose of this review [19].”
From Digital health technologies in oncology services: A scoping review of clinical implementation, organisational evidence gaps, and policy implications (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
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Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
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Systematic Reviews: Are They Actually Well Conducted and Reported in Accordance with PRISMA?
Gholizadeh, M., Amir‐Behghadami, M., & Janati, A. (2020) · Bulletin of Emergency and Trauma · doi:10.29252/beat-080110 · Cited by 15
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Comment on: Systematic review of functional outcome and quality of life after total pancreatectomy
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Self-citationJanati, A., Amir‐Behghadami, M., & Arab‐Zozani, M. (2020) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2020.02.018 · Cited by 5
Self-citationAmir‐Behghadami, M., Gholizadeh, M., & Janati, A. (2019) · Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.surg.2019.11.010 · Cited by 1
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Feng, W., Khattak, Y., Majeed, A. A., Shah, Z., Hasan, U. S., & Ahmad, I. (2025) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-025-04576-8 · Cited by 6
“This systematic review aims to critically evaluate and synthesize findings from latest RCTs investigating the use of PDT for Grade B periodontitis, providing evidence-based insights into its clinical benefits and limitations.”
Castanho, L., Martinho, D. V., Saial, A. C., de Gouveia, B. R. F. O., Gouveia, É. R., & Ribeiro, F. (2025) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-025-09730-0 · Cited by 10
“Original studies were selected for inclusion based on the following criteria, according to the PICOS structure (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020 ): ● Population: people in any condition; The exclusion criteria were review studies, meta-analyses, scoping reviews, interventions that did not include VR…”
Khajeh, E., Shahrbaf, M., Apostolidis, L., Michalski, C. W., Loos, M., & Mehrabi, A. (2025) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-025-17819-3 · Cited by 6
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“The study was designed based on the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study) framework [25]”
DNA methylation studies in mouse models of depression: a systematic review
Billah, M. M., Guo, C., Mizuno, K., Nakachi, Y., Bundo, M., & Iwamoto, K. (2025) · Epigenomics · doi:10.1080/17501911.2025.2525750 · Cited by 6
Experiences and needs of family members of perinatal infant deaths: a meta-synthesis
Cui, N., Wu, S., Wang, X., & Sheng, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1580039 · Cited by 8
“Articles were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria formulated using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study (PICOS) framework (19).”
Yang, N., & Gong, Y. R. (2025) · Perspectives in Public Health · doi:10.1177/17579139251353431 · Cited by 8
“The methodology for this scoping review was based on Arksey and O’Malley’s five-stage framework 25 27 to identify relevant studies.”
Laser therapy versus placebo treatment for aphthous ulcers: a systematic review and meta‑analysis
Ullah, M. I., Khan, M. N., Ullah, U., Iqbal, A., Khattak, Y., & Ahmad, I. (2025) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-025-04556-y · Cited by 6
“The Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes and Study type (PICOS) framework [ 38] was utilized to compose the strategy for searching available literature.”
Outcomes and safety of trans perineal laser ablation of the prostate: a systematic review
Altieri, V., Bello, F. D., Saldutto, P., la Rocca, R., Romani, M., Vena, W., di Mauro, E., Verratti, V., Sangiorgi, G., Iacono, F., et al. (2025) · World journal of urology · doi:10.1007/s00345-025-05753-8 · Cited by 6
“The Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study design (PICOS) criteria were used to assess the eligibility of studies, as previously done [24, 25].”
The impact of physical activity on working memory in children with ADHD: a meta-analysis
Cheng, G., Song, C., & Hong, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1578614 · Cited by 6
Time to control of anthrax outbreaks in Africa, 2014–2023: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ario, A. R., Buregyeya, E., Rutebemberwa, E., Walekhwa, A. W., Akunzirwe, R., Kyamwine, I. B., Olum, R., Nuwaha, F., Serwadda, D., & Wanyenze, R. K. (2025) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0004534 · Cited by 9
Impact of low-level viremia on HIV non-viral load suppression in low and middle-income countries
Mbishi, J., Koola, A., Ally, H. M., Ayalew, B., Sileshi, R. M., Hundisa, M. I., Rodoshi, Z. N., Htoo, S. W., Bakari, H. M., Ally, Z. M., et al. (2025) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000003272 · Cited by 6
“The eligibility criteria were structured using the PICOS (i.e. population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design) framework [ 19 ] as follows: PLWH as the population.”
Maiorano, M., Cormio, G., Loizzi, V., Maiorano, B., D’Oronzo, S., & Silvestris, E. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26083787 · Cited by 6
“The inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined using the PICOS framework [19].”
The impact of platelet concentrates in maxillary sinus lifts: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Zhao, Z.-P., Li, Y., Zhang, F., Gao, L.-X., & Lin, H. (2025) · Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2025.03.009 · Cited by 6
Salimi, M., Mosalamiaghili, S., Mafhoumi, A., & Riaz, M. (2025) · Journal of Spine Surgery · doi:10.21037/jss-24-106 · Cited by 7
“We identified eligible literature based on the PICOS (population, intervention, control, outcomes, and study design) (25) principle to ensure a systematic search.”
Costantino, A., Uralov, D., Festa, B. M., Pace, G. M., Alamoudi, U., Haughey, B. H., Iannella, G., Greco, A., Magnuson, J. S., & VIRGILIO, A. D. (2025) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1002/ohn.1167 · Cited by 8
Piñar-Lara, M., Obrero‐Gaitán, E., Lomas‐Vega, R., López‐Ruiz, M. D. C., García‐López, H., & Cortés‐Pérez, I. (2025) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2025.2458186 · Cited by 7
“…review question and the literature search were designed in line with the PiCOS (Population, intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study) design [41]: population: children with DCD (a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in motor skills); intervention: virtual…”
Yang, Y., Fu, L., Cheng, S., & Fowler, P. J. (2025) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-024-00254-y · Cited by 8
“The study used the Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes (PICOS) framework to guide the determination of eligibility criteria for this systematic review (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020).”
Do compression garments enhance running performance? An updated systematic review and meta-analysis
Wang, W., Wang, Y.-N., Zhang, Y., Si, D.-Y., Li, X., Liang, Q., Li, Q., Huang, L., Wei, S.-T., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101028 · Cited by 6
Karimi, M., Pirzad, S., Pourfaraji, S. M., Roudsari, P. P., Shirsalimi, N., & Ahmadizad, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1454921 · Cited by 6
Alsabri, M., Elsayed, S. M., Elsnhory, A., Abouelmagd, K., Ayyad, M., Alqeeq, B., Siddiq, A., Soliman, Y., & Shahid, M. A. (2024) · Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00246-024-03606-6 · Cited by 6
“Our research question was developed following the key elements of the PICO framework: Participants, Interventions, Comparison, and Outcomes [13].”
Abdelaal, A., Hassan, A. R., Katamesh, B., Eltaras, M., & Serhan, H. (2024) · Ophthalmology Glaucoma · doi:10.1016/j.ogla.2024.06.005 · Cited by 6
R, V., Singhal, R., Namdev, R., Kumar, A., Dayma, C., & Rani, A. (2024) · The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal · doi:10.1177/10556656241249822 · Cited by 6
Pinto, C. F., Mohan, H. S., Shenoy, R., Guddattu, V., & Tiwari, S. (2024) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1080/07317107.2024.2338741 · Cited by 8
“…was conducted on six databases, namely PubMed, Psych INFO, CINAHL complete, SCOPUS, ProQuest, and Web of Science, based on the complete list of searches according to the PICOS framework (Patient/ Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study; Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020) criteria.”
Abboud, J., Sader, Z., Lachaniette, C. F., Dubory, A., Moussa, M. K., Facca, S., Zeaiter, N., Souleiman, B., Jaber, M., Tannous, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Orthopaedics · doi:10.1016/j.jor.2023.11.026 · Cited by 6
Exploring BAME Student Experiences in Healthcare Courses in the United Kingdom: A Systematic Review
Grewal, C. S., Khan, M. B., Panesar, J. K. K., Asher, S., & Mehan, N. (2024) · Journal of Advances in Medical Education and Professionalism · doi:10.30476/jamp.2023.98882.1825 · Cited by 6
“This systematic review focused on how the lived experiences of racial bias, prejudice, and stereotypes should be investigated from the perspective of students and the need for culture change; this study, therefore, has the possibility of informing policy, research, and educational stakeholders (18).”
BackgroundEsposito, C. M., Barkin, J. L., Ceresa, A., & Buoli, M. (2023) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000489 · Cited by 8
Hameed, A., Gull, H., Farooq, Z., Khattak, Y., & Ahmad, I. (2023) · Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery · doi:10.1016/j.joms.2023.04.015 · Cited by 6
The effect of provisions on the mental health of young adult care leavers. A systematic review
Rice, E., & O'Connor, S. (2023) · Journal of Children s Services · doi:10.1108/jcs-02-2022-0010 · Cited by 9
Kane, K., Kennedy, F., Absolom, K. L., Harley, C., & Velikova, G. (2021) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2020-002820 · Cited by 7
Ortiz, H. A. D. L. B., Parizotto, N. A., & Liebano, R. E. (2026) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-026-04812-9 · Cited by 4
“This SR follows the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study type] framework [ 17 ], evaluating patients with MSDs treated with HILT, alone or in combination with other interventions, compared to LLLT, either alone or with additional treatments.”
Roose, M., Schampheleer, E., Habay, J., Pauw, K. D., Meeusen, R., Schuerbeek, P. V., Russell, S., Raeymaekers, H., & Roelands, B. (2026) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-025-07222-5 · Cited by 5
“To establish the keywords for this review, the PICOS framework (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study design) was used (Amir-Behghadami and Janati 2020).”
Martí, Y., Gorni, K., Kumari, S., Mahajan, A., Baranello, G., Waele, L. D., & McGrattan, K. E. (2026) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-025-04118-z · Cited by 6
“A search strategy was developed based on the Population, Interventions, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study (PICOS) design framework [16] (Supplementary Tables 1 & 2, Additional File 1).”
Shi, H., Liu, J., Yang, C., Shang, J., & Zeng, Y. (2025) · Contemporary Nurse · doi:10.1080/10376178.2025.2593294 · Cited by 9
“Study selection was guided by the PICOS framework (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020; Table 1).”
Veronesi, F., Salamanna, F., Sacchi, G., Borsari, V., & Giavaresi, G. (2025) · Pathology - Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.prp.2025.156281 · Cited by 5
Song, X., Hou, Y., Lei, Z., & Zhou, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1632555 · Cited by 7
Chanie, S. D., Tilahun, W. M., Menber, Y., Wasihun, Y., Gebreegziabher, Z., Andualem, Z., Alemu, A. T., Geddif, A., Kassie, G. G., Mitiku, K. W., et al. (2025) · Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-025-01047-2 · Cited by 5
“The scope, eligibility criteria, and analytical approach for this review were defined using the PICOS (population, intervention, comparison, outcomes, and study design) framework [40].”
Sahebalam, R., Ghorbani, M., Shirazi, A. S., Khosrojerdi, M., & Mowji, M. (2025) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-025-06832-3 · Cited by 4
“The eligibility criteria for this systematic review were defined using the PICOS framework [18]: Population: patients with primary teeth diagnosed with cavitated lesions; Intervention: minimally invasive treatment techniques for managing such lesions; Comparison: conventional methods, other…”
Ping, Y., Yang, J., Zheng, Y.-M., Feng, W., Huang, Z., Sha, R.-Q., Cui, N.-Q., & Tian, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1606359 · Cited by 5
Kong, Q., Huang, K., Li, S., Li, X., Han, R., Yang, H., Pu, Y., Chen, L., & Jia, Y. (2025) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2025.102890 · Cited by 5
Burayu, E. T., Degefa, B. D., Banjaw, Z., & Bekele, G. G. (2025) · AJOG Global Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xagr.2025.100570 · Cited by 5
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A systematic review of deep learning methods for community detection in social networks
el-Moussaoui, M., Hanine, M., Kartit, A., Villar, M. G., Garay, H., & Díez, I. D. L. T. (2025) · Frontiers Artif. Intell. · doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1572645 · Cited by 5
Cortés‐Pérez, I., Castillo‐Pintor, M. D. L. Á., Barrionuevo-Berzosa, R., Piñar-Lara, M., Obrero‐Gaitán, E., & García‐López, H. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61081415 · Cited by 7
“The search strategy was developed using the PICOS framework, focusing on the following elements [34]: Population (children with CP), Intervention (DTT), Comparison (conventional interventions or usual care), Outcomes (variables related to balance and gait skills) and Study Design (randomized…”
Dallı, Ö. E., & Pehlivan, S. (2025) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2025.104509 · Cited by 5
Pascucci, A., Gerber, F., Besson, M., & Kosel, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1609408 · Cited by 5
Impact of online patient access to clinical notes on quality of care: a systematic review
Yoshimura, Y., Greenfield, G., Lammila-Escalera, E., McMillan, B., Hayhoe, B. W. J., Majeed, A., & Neves, A. L. (2025) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2024-018363 · Cited by 5
Wang, C., Yin, Y.-Z., Chen, K.-Y., Zeng, A., Fang, X.-Y., Abuduwayiti, A., Xu, Z.-L., Wang, J.-R., Jiang, G.-N., & Dai, J. (2025) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd-2025-356 · Cited by 5
“The inclusion criteria were determined based on the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study (PICOS) principles as follows (30): study population: patients with lung cancer treated with ICB; cohorts: patients of lung cancer with and without COPD or emphysema; outcomes measure: at…”
Bianchi, G., Vogt, B., Bargagli, M., & Ferrier, C. (2025) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-025-04591-2 · Cited by 5
Tinnitus management by improving resilience using exposure in virtual reality: a scoping review
Wagenaar, O., Gilles, A., Jacquemin, L., Rompaey, V. V., & Blom, H. M. (2025) · European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology · doi:10.1007/s00405-025-09396-8 · Cited by 4
“We could not find information as to whether the control group was monitored for receiving other interventions elsewhere. based on our PICOS criteria [ 29 ] (Table 2 ), which lead to inclusion of two studies for charting of data (Table 3 ).”
Aligners as a Therapeutic Approach in Impacted Canine Treatment: A Systematic Review
Wolny, M., Sikora, A., Olszewska, A., Matys, J., & Czajka-Jakubowska, A. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14103421 · Cited by 5
Goel, R., Gupta, B., Satodiya, V., Vala, A., Dabhi, H., & Mittal, A. (2025) · Nigerian Medical Journal · doi:10.71480/nmj.v66i1.601 · Cited by 5
“The Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study (PICOS) guidelines require that an original study meets certain eligibility standards for inclusion in our meta-analysis [15].”
Effects of health qigong on cervical spondylosis: A systematic review
Liu, C., Soh, K. G., Loh, S. P., Sun, H., Soh, K. G., Ma, Y., & Ma, H. (2025) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103180 · Cited by 4
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A systematic literature review on the role of the forensic nursing
Tabanejad, Z., Ebadi, A., & Banazadeh, M. (2025) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_1869_23 · Cited by 5
“[16] The search syntax, composing of keywords and their synonyms, was employed to search the title, abstract, or keyword fields in the electronic databases.”
Han, Y., Xie, J., Wang, Y., Liang, X., & Xie, Y. (2025) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-025-13722-y · Cited by 6
Njagi, P., Groot, W., Arsenijević, J., Mburu, G., Chambers, G., Calhaz-Jorge, C., & Kiarie, J. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0318780 · Cited by 5
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Detection of Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Systematic Review
Ibrahim, F. I. A., Ali, M. G. H., Ali, M. H. A., Abdallah, A. B. A. A., Mohammed, N. G. E., Elhaj, A., Ibrahim, S., & Ahmed, W. A. O. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.78488 · Cited by 5
“The eligibility criteria were structured using the PICOS (population, intervention or exposure, comparison, outcome, and study type) framework [11].”
Petty, R., Agarwal, V., Allison, J., Pires, S. B., Bartlett, M., Boey, T., Croucher, R., Collins, H., Sally, C., Davies, E., et al. (2025) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1177/1877718x241291986 · Cited by 4
“” and mapped to the Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes and Study design (PICOS) framework 10”
Validation methods for encapsulated faecal microbiota transplantation: a scoping review
Rågård, N., Baunwall, S. M. D., Paaske, S. E., Hansen, M. M., Høyer, K. L., Mikkelsen, S., Erikstrup, C., Dahlerup, J. F., & Hvas, C. L. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1177/17562848251314820 · Cited by 4
“26”
Viral Hepatitis B and Its Implications for Public Health in DR Congo: A Systematic Review
Nimpa, M., Karemere, H., Ngandu, C., Mboussou, F., Danovaro-Holliday, M., Nkamba, D., Fouda, A., Nguejio, B., Kakozi, S., Cikomola, A., et al. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v17010009 · Cited by 5
Predictive models of injury risk in male professional football players: a systematic review
Martins, F., Przednowek, K., Santos, F., França, C., Martinho, D. V., Gouveia, É., Marques, A., & Sarmento, H. (2024) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip-2024-045322 · Cited by 5
“The search terms used for this review were constructed using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome framework 16 : (1) male professional football players, (2) studies based on predictive models of injury risk, (3) compare a different kind of predictive injury models, (4) data reporting…”
Sogandji, N., Stevenson, A., Luo, M. Y., Gao, Q., & Maude, R. J. (2024) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/s12936-024-05200-w · Cited by 4
Alessandri-Bonetti, M., Giorgino, R., Costantino, A., Amendola, F., Virgilio, A. D., Mangiavini, L., Peretti, G., Vaienti, L., Azoury, S., & Egro, F. (2024) · Knee (Oxford) · doi:10.1016/j.knee.2024.10.014 · Cited by 5
Surgical Treatments for Facial Aberrant Reinnervation Syndrome: A Systematic Review
Fearington, F. W., Rodriguez, G., Randall, N. R., & Dey, J. K. (2024) · Facial Plastic Surgery & Aesthetic Medicine · doi:10.1089/fpsam.2024.0147 · Cited by 5
El-Mousawi, F., Ortiz, A. M., Berkat, R., & Nasri, B. (2024) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2024.128 · Cited by 5
Giorgino, R., Bonetti, M. A., Migliorini, F., Nannini, A., Vaienti, L., Peretti, G., & Mangiavini, L. (2024) · European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology · doi:10.1007/s00590-024-04089-0 · Cited by 5
“The PICO framework [31] was used in developing the literature search strategy: patients (P), subjects affected by hip OA; investigated condition (I), intra-articular injection of MSCs therapies; comparator (C), none; outcome (O), pain relief; and study type (S), clinical study.”
MethodMert, Ü., Mahmoud, M. A., Ghandour, M., Zuabi, A. A., Speicher, M., Kobbe, P., Horst, K., Hildebrand, F., & Kabir, K. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13175072 · Cited by 5
Potential and Risks Behind the National Transformation Program in Saudi Arabia
Alkhurayji, K. S., Alzahrani, H. A., Al-Otaibi, A. S., Alharbi, A. G., Zandan, A. A., & Alsheikhi, H. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.65047 · Cited by 5
“By examining these aspects, this study aims to provide insights that can guide The PICO (population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes) tool [15] was used to guide and structure the research question: What are the potential and risks behind NTP in Saudi Arabia?”
MethodDuta, T. F., Zulfa, P. O., Alina, M., Henira, N., Tsurayya, G., Fakri, F., & Acharya, Y. (2024) · Narra X · doi:10.52225/narrax.v2i1.124 · Cited by 4
Yamasaki, A., Tomita, K., Inui, G., Okazaki, R., & Harada, T. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31186 · Cited by 6
“The PICOS framework, which considers participants, interventions, comparators, outcomes, and research designs, was used to guide study selection [32].”
MethodPoursalehian, M., Lotfi, M., & Mortazavi, S. M. J. (2024) · Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00402-024-05216-6 · Cited by 5
“We identified eligible studies according to the PICOS (population, intervention, control, outcomes, and study design) principle to ensure the systematic search of available literature [29].”
Deb, A., Chitteti, P., Naushad, N., Asaad, W., Leung, S. K. W., Hartley, A., & Serag, H. (2024) · Urology research & practice · doi:10.5152/tud.2024.23214 · Cited by 5
BRAF Inhibitors in BRAF-Mutated Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review
Aiman, W., Ali, M., Jumean, S., Asfeen, U. Z., García, J., Quirem, M., Ahmad, A., Rayad, M., Alkhlaifat, O., Omour, B. I. A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13010113 · Cited by 5
de Souza, E., Meneses-Santos, D., Santos, J., Aidar, F., Carvalho, C. R. D. O., dos Santos, J. D., & Marçal, A. C. (2023) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports11100192 · Cited by 5
“The adopted inclusion criteria were elaborated according to Amir-Behghadami and Janati (2020) [26] and Richardson et al. (1995) [27]: Participants: patients with diabetes (T1DM or T2DM); Intervention: participants who performed physical exercise programs and/or physical activity monitored within…”
MethodMohammadi, I., Adibparsa, M., Najafi, A., Sehat, M. S., & Sadeghi, M. (2023) · International Orthodontics · doi:10.1016/j.ortho.2023.100814 · Cited by 7
Nguyen, T., Kim, C., Goucher, G. R., & Kim, J.-H. (2023) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-025-11533-x · Cited by 5
“Detailed Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study Design (PICOS) criteria [19] are provided in the study protocol [20].”
Pang, H.-Y., Chen, X.-F., Chen, L., Yan, M., Chen, Z., & Sun, H. (2023) · European Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01197-1 · Cited by 5
“Inclusion and exclusion criteria The inclusion criteria were formulated through the PICOS approach [19] as follows.”
MethodDijital Şeffaflık Kavramı: Uluslararası Literatürün PRISMA Yöntemiyle Sistematik İncelenmesi
Keskin, M., & İŞLER, E. K. (2023) · Türk Kütüphaneciliği · doi:10.24146/tk.1283373 · Cited by 5
Aydıngöz, S. E., Teimoori, A., Orhan, H. G., Efe, O. E., Kibaroğlu, S., & ERDEM, Ş. R. (2023) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175564 · Cited by 5
Efficacy of Robots-Assisted Therapy in Patients With Stroke
Saragih, I. D., Everard, G. J., Tzeng, H., Saragih, I. S., & Lee, B. (2022) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0000000000000945 · Cited by 5
Wang, X., Yang, G., Chai, Y., Li, Z., Che, X., Wang, Y., Yang, L., & Zhou, Z. (2022) · Disease Markers · doi:10.1155/2022/6575605 · Cited by 5
Christodoulou, D., Reeves, S., Carvalho, N. P., Stellman, J., & Gould, R. L. (2025) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2025.2511957 · Cited by 4
“The PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome, Study design) framework (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020) was used as guidance to construct the review question and eligibility criteria.”
Zhang, D., Sun, S., Ding, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, X., Yin, J., & Zhang, H. (2026) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2026.100837 · Cited by 2
“Inclusion criteria followed the PICOS framework [15].”
Sound Event Detection in Smart Cities: A Systematic Review of Methods, Datasets, and Applications
Ciaburro, G., & Puyana-Romero, V. (2026) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc10030083 · Cited by 4
Tudor, A., Tian, Y., Zanfrini, E., Abdelnour-Berchtold, E., Perentes, J., Krueger, T., & Gonzalez, M. (2026) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers18061039 · Cited by 4
“Data extraction, using the PICOS framework [18], targeted three primary domains: (1) the prevalence and distribution of occult nodal disease, (2) survival outcomes, and (3) the role of completion lobectomy.”
Saragih, I. S., Tarihoran, D. E. T. A. U., Tzeng, H., & Saragih, I. D. (2026) · Journal of research in nursing · doi:10.1177/17449871261419719 · Cited by 3
“The Population, Intervention/Issue of interest, Comparison, Outcome and Study design (PICOS) method was used to define the inclusion criteria of potential trials in this study (Amir-Behghadami and Janati, 2020).”
Flores, G. A., Venanzoni, R., Martino, S., & Angelini, P. (2026) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms14030526 · Cited by 4
“Study eligibility was defined according to the PICOS framework [12].”
Erkul, M., Koyuncu, İ. E., Sumengen, A., Ay, A., Savaş, E. H., Çakır, G. N., & Şahin, R. S. (2026) · Journal of pediatric nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2026.02.013 · Cited by 4
Joshi, S., Sharma, M., Gunasekaran, A., & Joshi, T. (2026) · International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing · doi:10.1080/0951192x.2026.2622987 · Cited by 5
Zhang, X., Soh, K. G., Chan, Y. M., Rong, W., Zhao, Y., & Wang, X. (2026) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/10538127261417735
Shen, G.-H., Wang, R.-Y., Xu, J.-Y., Chen, J., Chen, R.-Y., Wang, Y.-R., Zhang, X.-Q., Wang, K.-Y., Dai, Y.-P., & Li, J.-F. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.114898 · Cited by 4
Effect of caffeine ingestion on cycling performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Wu, J., Xu, K., Yin, M., Ding, X., Wang, T., Zhang, Q., Wu, X., & Xiao, N. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1745472 · Cited by 4
“The search strategy was developed based on the PICOS framework (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, Study design) (23).”
Kaur, K., Kaura, S., Saini, R., Manjunath, M., Bavabeedu, S., Alarcón-Sánchez, M., Flores-Fraile, J., & Heboyan, A. (2026) · E -journal of dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2026.106347 · Cited by 4
Mohammadpour, Z., Moreno, M. C., Moazzami, B., Mudaliar, S., Trasolini, R. P., De, A., Rathi, S., & Gilhotra, R. A. (2025) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.70190 · Cited by 4
“We designed and conducted this study according to the PICOS framework [12] and PRISMA guideline [11] to ensure a standardized procedure was followed.”
Biernikiewicz, M., Szuster, E., Pawlikowska-Gorzelańczyk, A., & Kałka, D. (2025) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.70053 · Cited by 4
“The Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study de-sign (PICOS) framework [18] was used to define the criteria for including studies and the scope of our review.”
Lu, W., Du, S., Su, J.-T., Wu, Y., Yao, X., Zhang, C., & Yu, H. (2025) · International Journal of Implant Dentistry · doi:10.1186/s40729-025-00657-z · Cited by 4
“The population, intervention, comparison, outcomes and study design (PICOS) framework [24] were used to guide the inclusion and exclusion of studies for the focused questions.”
Yao, G., Li, F., Wan, X., Wan, X., Yang, Y., Xu, Y., Zheng, L., Li, G., & Chen, L. (2025) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2025.106083 · Cited by 3
Raquib, N., Alshibane, M. A. M., Elkarim, N. H. M. A., Osman, A., Ahmed, Y., Elhaj, F. M. A., & Abbas, I. M. A. D. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.97024 · Cited by 4
“Studies were included based on the population, intervention, comparison, outcomes and study design (PICOS) framework [13], as presented in Table 1 .”
Li, Y., Zhou, J.-J., Xu, W.-H., & Qi, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-20515-7 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Amir-Behghadami, M., & Janati, A.
- Affiliations
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Venue
- Emergency Medicine Journal
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-04-05
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 387-387
- ISSN
- 1351-0622 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-0205
- 1472-0213
- OpenAlex
- W3015126898
- Cited by
- 1,335
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 408 · 2025: 393 · 2024: 271 · 2023: 148 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 13.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Emergency Medicine Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Keywords
- eligibility criteria, systematic review methodology, research design, paracetamol, analgesia
- MeSH terms
- Systematic Reviews as Topic, Humans, Research Design
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