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Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study (PICOS) design as a framework to formulate eligibility criteria in systematic reviews
Abstract
Dear editor, We read with great interest the review entitled ‘Paracetamol vs other analgesia in adult patients with minor musculoskeletal injuries: a systematic review’,1 published in the Emergency Medicine Journal . Although the authors have stated that they followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, there is a methodological issue regarding the study discussed in this letter, which …
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“The eligibility criteria were developed using the PICOS framework and adapted for the scoping purpose of this review [19].”
From Digital health technologies in oncology services: A scoping review of clinical implementation, organisational evidence gaps, and policy implications (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
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Systematic Reviews: Are They Actually Well Conducted and Reported in Accordance with PRISMA?
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Comment on: Systematic review of functional outcome and quality of life after total pancreatectomy
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Xie, Z., Xu, H. Y., Tian, Y., & Han, X. (2025) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-025-06339-9 · Cited by 3
“The eligibility criteria were pre-determined in strict adherence to the PICOS approach (Problem/Patients/Population, Intervention/Indicator, Comparison, Outcome, and Study Design) [36, 37], as outlined in Table 1.”
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Opioid Management of Dyspnea in Cancer Patients
Chitoran, E., Rotaru, V., Gullo, G., Mosoiu, D. V., & Simion, L. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17081368 · Cited by 4
Chen, P., Wang, Y., Yuan, J., Bourjeily, G., Park, C., Zhu, B.-Q., & Izci-Balserak, B. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine (JCSM) · doi:10.5664/jcsm.11696 · Cited by 3
“21 The following inclusion criteria were applied: (1) population: pregnant females aged 18 years or older, without restriction on pregnancy time; (2) intervention: nonpharmacological interventions for improving sleep quality and/or duration during pregnancy; (3) comparison: the intervention of…”
Richter, J. R., Nooka, A. K., Rodríguez‐Otero, P., Schjesvold, F. H., Katodritou, E., Combe, E., Scott, M., Cooper, L., Sly, I., Ballew, N., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.27661 · Cited by 3
Riedmann, K. J., Gay, S., Lott, S. A., Berent, J., Buhl, D. L., Dzierzewski, J. M., Kabiri, N. S., Kramer, F., Kremliovsky, M. N., Seitz, C., et al. (2025) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-025-03932-z · Cited by 6
“The titles and abstracts were initially screened by four members of the author group (SG, KR, SL, PF) using the PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) framework (Table 1) [14, 15].”
Tsai, Y.-T., Wu, C.-C., Pan, R.-Y., & Shen, P.-H. (2025) · Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research · doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2025.104184 · Cited by 3
Probiotics Supplementation in Tuberculosis: A Scoping Review
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Sun, Y.-X., Zhou, Y., Xie, D.-L., Wang, X.-J., Wang, Y., Liang, Y., & Luo, X.-G. (2024) · Journal of Applied Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jat.4716 · Cited by 3
Patient Care Quality Management through Transformational Leadership: Literature Review
Murdianto, E., Marliani, Hadiyati, E., & Purnomo, E. P. (2024) · Journal Of Nursing Practice · doi:10.30994/jnp.v8i1.648 · Cited by 3
Napolitano, L., Abate, M., Bello, F. D., Morra, S., Cirillo, L., Fusco, G., Califano, G., Ruvolo, C. C., Creta, M., la Rocca, R., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13216455 · Cited by 3
Cangelosi, G., Palomares, S. M., Sguanci, M., Biondini, F., Sacchini, F., Mancin, S., & Petrelli, F. (2024) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases12100253 · Cited by 3
Alhumaid, S., Bezabhe, W. M. M., Williams, M., & Peterson, G. M. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13195658 · Cited by 3
Kahveci, S., & Taylan, S. (2024) · Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2024.05.024 · Cited by 3
Systematic Review Protocol: Anhedonia in Youth and the Role of Internet-Related Behavior
Cangelosi, G., Biondini, F., Sguanci, M., Nguyen, C., Palomares, S. M., Mancin, S., & Petrelli, F. (2024) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint5030031 · Cited by 3
“The research question was formulated following the PICOS framework [46] prior to the development of the search strings.”
MethodÇulha, M., Baran, C., & Erkoc, M. (2024) · Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdae090 · Cited by 3
Rathnayake, D. W., Sooriyaarachchi, P., Niriella, M. A., Ediriweera, D. S., & Perera, J. A. (2024) · Advances in Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.aimed.2024.08.016 · Cited by 2
Tang, Y., Jin, Z.-K., Lu, Y., Chen, L., Lv, S.-J., Xu, T., Tong, P.-J., & Chen, G. (2024) · Orthopaedic Surgery · doi:10.1111/os.14165 · Cited by 3
“Using the CINeMA method, we assessed the con fi - dence of the fi ndings (Appendix 8).”
MethodAsfahani, A. M., Dahlan, D. A., & Alnajem, M. (2024) · The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods · doi:10.34190/ejbrm.22.2.3279 · Cited by 8
“…the emphasis on peer-reviewed articles, while appearing restrictive, underscores a steadfast dedication to maintaining academic rigor, yet also acknowledges the potential value within the wider academic domain (Amir-Behghadami and Janati, 2020; Harari et al. , 2020). www.ejbrm.com 3 ISSN 1477-7029”
BackgroundGermic, A., Filipčič, A., & Paravlić, A. (2024) · Strength & Conditioning Journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000852 · Cited by 3
Navas-Otero, A., Pineda-Nogueras, A., Ortiz-Rubio, A., Calvache-Mateo, A., Torres-Sánchez, I., Valenza, M. C., & Granados-Santiago, M. (2024) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171241233095 · Cited by 3
Brindisino, F., Garzonio, F., Giovannico, G., Isaia, F., Fiorentino, F., Cavaggion, C., Mourad, F., & Innocenti, T. (2024) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2024.2322025 · Cited by 3
“The search used for MEDLINE database aiming to include all potentially eligible studies was reported in Appendix A. Eligibility criteria for inclusion were described below using the PICOTS framework [30].”
A review of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea
Velu, P. S., Kariveda, R. R., Palmer, W. J., & Levi, J. R. (2023) · International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111819 · Cited by 5
Castiello, G., Caravella, G., Ghizzardi, G., Conte, G., Magon, A., Fiorini, T., Ferraris, L., Devecchi, S., Calorenne, V., Andronache, A., et al. (2023) · Surgical Infections · doi:10.1089/sur.2023.199 · Cited by 3
Citon, L. F., & Hamdan, A. (2023) · Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-023-00259-x · Cited by 3
“The articles were allocated in the Rayyan software (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020) where duplicates were excluded.”
MethodInfluentialTwomey, A., & Khan, Z. U. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.39206 · Cited by 3
“The inclusion and exclusion criteria for eligible studies are displayed in Table 1 as per the PICO(S) framework [28].”
MethodDahrab, M., Gaddipati, S. P., Patel, K., Patel, T., Gaddam, A. R., Jain, M., Gudi, T., Sundaram, D. M., Mahfooz, K., & Vasavada, A. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.36226 · Cited by 3
“Two independent reviewers selected and extracted data from studies that complied with the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study (PICOS) framework's inclusion criteria [17].”
MethodHao, L., Goetze, S., Alessa, T., & Hawley, M. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/46622 · Cited by 12
“The Participants, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study framework [24] was used to structure the inclusion and exclusion criteria (for details, see Textbox 1).”
Scoping Review of Methods and Annotated Datasets Used to Predict Gender and Age of Twitter UsersPreprint
O'Connor, K., Golder, S., Weissenbacher, D., Klein, A., & Gonzalez-Hernandez, G. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.22283170 · Cited by 3
“Kim (2017) 2 young (18-23) | old (25-30) en GRNN NA 0.”
Gan, Q., Lian, Z., Zheng, L.-L., Feng, Q., Wei, L.-H., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2022/6552819 · Cited by 3
“Inclusion Criteria were Developed According to the PICOS Framework [15]”
MethodPizarro, Â. M. V. P. D. A., Martins, M. D. R. O., & Simões, J. A. (2021) · Portuguese Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1159/000519498 · Cited by 3
“…of the research question of our ecological study was based on the methodology “Participants, Interventions, Control, Results, Study design” (PICOS) [52, 53] and is as follows: What is the legal framework for community pharmacy services for type 2 diabetes’ provision in European countries?”
MethodCollins, J. W., Montesi, M., Stoyanov, D. V., Pugh, C. M., Moschovas, M. C., Yu, D., Saikali, S., Levy, J. S., Tandoğdu, Z., Filicori, F., et al. (2026) · npj Digital Surgery · doi:10.1038/s44484-026-00017-3 · Cited by 1
“The inclusion criteria were chosen according to PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome, Study design) framework 40 .”
Tüfekçi, Ş., Aygun, Y., Boke, H., Yağın, B., Tufekci, S., Turhan, F., & Berktas, H. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-59931-8 · Cited by 2
Zaki, H. F., Bishri, J., Muqtadir, M. A., & Abu-Zaid, A. (2026) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2026.111119 · Cited by 2
Voice as a predictive signal: protocol for a scoping review of AI in early childhood development
Amir‐Behghadami, M., & Heidarabadi, S. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-117473 · Cited by 2
Self-citationEeckhaut, B., Truijen, S., Leroij, C., Dévillé, J., Jacobs, L., & Saeys, W. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15114246 · Cited by 2
Islam, M. M., Morshed, M. N., & Islam, M. S. (2026) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.71155 · Cited by 2
Amon, F. W., Nath, B., & Bhattacharyya, D. (2026) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2026.123195 · Cited by 2
Association between functional autonomy and nutritional status in older adults: A scoping review.
Bullón-Benito, E., Crespo-Escobar, P., Gómez-Martín, A., Poveda-García, A., & Alcalá-Cerrillo, M. (2026) · Archives of gerontology and geriatrics (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2026.106294 · Cited by 2
Jin, L., Contractor, A. A., Guo, Z., Wang, S., Ferguson, J. J., Slavish, D. C., & Weiss, N. H. (2026) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2026.102746 · Cited by 2
Negaresh, R., Al-Riyami, S. A. A., Ghahfarrokhi, M. M., Coso, J. D., Karimi, Z., Yaghoobi, M., & Bagheri, R. (2026) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-026-02441-4 · Cited by 4
“PICOS criteria were used to warrant the eligibility of studies in the current systematic review and meta-analysis as follows [52]: Participants .”
Yu, T., Xu, Y., Zhang, Y., & Wang, S. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27420-2 · Cited by 1
“Study eligibility was assessed using predefined criteria based on the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and Study design (PICOS) framework [25].”
Yao, H.-L., Wen, Y.-T., Wang, H.-X., Xiao, Y., Deng, M.-L., Yang, W., Li, Y.-Q., & Mao, X.-R. (2026) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/86836 · Cited by 2
“The literature screening followed the participants, intervention, comparison, outcomes, and study design [26].”
Alhumaid, S., Alkhars, O., Algrafi, A., Dossary, N. A., Elhaj, N., Majzoub, R., Turkistani, J. A., Alhumaid, S., Shaikh, H. A., Aldiaram, A., et al. (2026) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-026-13281-y · Cited by 2
“Eligibility criteria were defined using the Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, and Study design (PICOS) framework (Table 1) [24].”
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Fu, J.-Y., Qiu, Y.-F., Luo, Q.-Q., Liu, R., Liu, J.-L., Yue, Y.-K., Gu, J., Tong, M., & Yang, F. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121807 · Cited by 2
Martin, E., Peña, N., Porter, L., Gailloux, M., Blew, R. M., TAREN, D. L., Saleh, A. A., Bryant, H., Mockbee, J., & Hingle, M. D. (2026) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2026.100638 · Cited by 1
“This review adhered to the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study Design (PICOS) framework [25] during the literature search and followed the PRISMA guidelines [26].”
Piñar-Lara, M., González-Carmona, A., Obrero-Gaitán, E., & Cortés-Pérez, I. (2026) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26072069 · Cited by 2
Coradduzza, D., Salvia, A. L., Fanciulli, G., & Miglio, M. R. D. (2026) · Oncology Research · doi:10.32604/or.2025.073045 · Cited by 2
“Reviews, commentaries, editorials, conference abstracts, and non-English language publications were excluded [35].”
Amon, S., Amankwah, S., Tiah, J. A. Y., Nsavyimana, Y. J., & Agula, C. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-112977 · Cited by 1
Weerasinghe, K., Jayawardena, R., & Hills, A. (2026) · Spor Hekimligi Dergisi · doi:10.47447/tjsm.0926 · Cited by 2
“Randomized controlled parallel group studies were selected based on the population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design (PICOS) strategy [19].”
Yang, H.-X., Wang, B., Wang, Q., Zhao, J.-N., Liu, F.-F., Xie, X., Xu, F.-Q., & Zhang, P. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-026-07111-8 · Cited by 2
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“Studies were selected based on the PICOS (Participants, Interventions, Comparisons, Outcomes, Study design) framework [18]: Inclusion criteria: 1.”
Yang, C., Yi, Q., Lv, X., Hu, W., Guo, X., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-025-03295-y · Cited by 2
“The investigators employed the PICOS framework [50], comprising population, intervention, comparators, outcomes, and setting, to determine the eligibility criteria.”
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“To be eligible for inclusion, articles had to conform to the PICOS framework, which considers population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design criteria (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020).”
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Alhumaid, S., Alkhamees, A., Dossary, N. A., Almuslim, A., Majzoub, R., Alalwan, Q., Alsaeed, M., Aljowaisem, F. M., Alqahtani, M. A., Alamer, A. I., et al. (2026) · Children · doi:10.3390/children13010075 · Cited by 2
Tsoukalas, T. H., Bai, Z., Jeon, C., Huynh, R., Gu, E., Alexander, K., Beckenkamp, P. R., Boscolo, A., Brown, K., Butow, P. N., et al. (2026) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers18020296 · Cited by 4
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Zhi, J., Wang, B., Zhao, W., He, H.-Y., Cheng, G., Zhang, X., Feng, B., & Jia, Y. (2025) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-025-10257-7 · Cited by 2
“This finding is consistent with previous research suggesting that immunonutrition can improve protein metabolism and stabilize nutritional markers in cancer patients undergoing treatment [15, 16].”
Niu, L., Liu, S., Chen, R., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Lin, S.-Y., Li, Y., Pagán, J. A., Moran, A. E., & Diaz, A. (2025) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107840 · Cited by 2
Impact of scoliosis-specific exercises on adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis
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“This meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines [14, 15].”
Gao, Y.-H., & Chen, J.-H. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1703247 · Cited by 2
Chen, J., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Xiao, W., Kabachkova, A. V., & Tan, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2025.1646327 · Cited by 3
Cassaro, F., Impellizzeri, P., Bartolone, A., Aversa, R., Massari, A., Romeo, C., & Arena, S. (2025) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition - JPGN · doi:10.1002/jpn3.70264 · Cited by 2
Jiao, Y., Huang, K., Liu, H., Gains, H., Jia, Y., & Chen, L. (2025) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-025-06484-6 · Cited by 4
“Inclusion and exclusion criteria for literature screening were developed according to the PICOS strategy [29].”
Savaş, E. H., Kudubeş, A. A., Semerci, R., Erkul, M., Özkan, S., & Arslan, F. T. (2025) · Seminars in Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2025.152052 · Cited by 2
Clinical evidence on acupuncture for symptom improvement in multiple sclerosis
Chen, Y., Cui, Y., Zhou, X., Zhang, S., Wang, Z., Yang, J., Zeng, X., Guo, Y., Sun, Z., & Yin, H.-N. (2025) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103276 · Cited by 2
Chen, H.-Z., Chen, J.-Y., Lyu, F., Ma, M., Qi, X., Ren, X.-Y., Qin, S.-B., Li, X.-M., Li, X.-Y., Gu, X.-B., et al. (2025) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-025-15018-7 · Cited by 2
“The PICOS inclusion criteria were utilized in the literature search to determine the articles that were included in this analysis [21].”
Khani, S., & Spencer, J. (2025) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-025-01086-2 · Cited by 2
“Table 1 provides a summary of a more thorough list of eligibility requirements created in accordance with the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome Study design) format [25].”
Cortés-Pérez, I., Díaz-Fernández, Á., Osuna-Pérez, M., García-López, H., Romero-Del-Rey, R., & Obrero-Gaitán, E. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15111654 · Cited by 2
“The PICOS framework was followed to define the search strategy [41]: population (women with LBMD), intervention (VRBT), comparison (conventional exercise therapy), outcomes (BMD, postural balance, fear of falling, pain, and QoL), and study design (randomized controlled trials [RCTs] or pilot RCTs).”
Harrison, S. R., Fragoulis, G., Michelena, X., Macía-Villa, C., Falzon, L., Siebert, S., Marzo-Ortega, H., Sepriano, A., & Machado, P. M. (2025) · EULAR rheumatology open · doi:10.1016/j.ero.2025.07.007 · Cited by 2
“These questions were framed and structured according to the updated EULAR standardised operating procedures [19,20] using the ‘ Patients, Intervention, Comparator or Control, Outcome, Type of study ’ (PICO) format [21].”
Kirakosyan, V. (2025) · Bulletin du Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bulcan.2025.08.004 · Cited by 2
Msisiri, L. S., Masoud, N. S., Masika, G. M., & Msoka, E. F. (2025) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-025-02907-y · Cited by 3
Gill, L., Chadwick, A. E., Meeson, A., Barrett-Jolley, R., Phelan, M. M., & Oldershaw, R. A. (2025) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-025-04159-0 · Cited by 2
“…was established to define the ‘Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study design’ (PICOS) framework with inclusion of the aims and objectives of the study, bibliographic database, search terms, and inclusion/ exclusion criteria (Supplemental Table 2, Amir-Behghadami and Janati 2020).”
Mangai, M. S., & Ayodele, A. A. (2025) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2025.2556472 · Cited by 2
“…were determined using the Population, intervention, comparison, Outcomes and Study (PicOS) framework, which ensures a thorough and targeted review (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020). this framework provided clear guidance for the inclusion and exclusion criteria (see table 1) of studies relevant to…”
Burgess, L. C., Bascombe, C., & Wainwright, T. (2025) · European Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2025.110447 · Cited by 2
Wu, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, X., & Li, S. (2025) · Obesity Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2025.08.010 · Cited by 4
Rahman, M., Tuli, S. S., Saha, T., Raquib, O. I., Shimu, A. T., Ikram, S. M., & Ashworth, E. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0331033 · Cited by 3
“The research question for this study is based on the PICO framework [32], which helps structure the review by considering the Population (P), Intervention/Exposure (I), Comparison/Condition (C), and Outcome (O).”
Functional exercise training in persons with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review
Adammek, F., Gralla, W., Kupjetz, M., Rademacher, A., Zimmer, P., Isenmann, E., & Joisten, N. (2025) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-025-13311-w · Cited by 2
“There were no restrictions on outcome domains.”
Setayesh, A., Karimi, M., Haghshenas, H., Chegin, M., Asbaghi, O., Davoodi, S. H., & Larijani, B. A. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-025-01700-x · Cited by 3
Shen, X., Zhang, D.-L., Yuan, F., Peng, Q., Lv, C., Qi, H., Zhao, M., Chen, G., Ye, H.-N., Gao, G., et al. (2025) · Discover medicine · doi:10.1007/s44337-025-00431-5 · Cited by 2
“The inclusion criteria for this study were established in accordance with the PICOS framework [2]: P (Population): Individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of Adolescent Idiopathic Sco-liosis (AIS) who were treated with a brace.”
Predicting patient deterioration with physiological data using AI: systematic review protocol
Threlfall, L., Cong, C., Riccalton, V., Meinert, E., & Plummer, C. (2025) · BMJ Health & Care Informatics · doi:10.1136/bmjhci-2024-101417 · Cited by 2
“…Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA; see online supplemental appendix A for the PRISMA checklist) 19 and PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome and Studies) frameworks 20 were used to build the search strategy (table 1) and provide a framework for the review.”
Hu, J., Ruan, Y., Lin, N., Zhang, Y., Mao, X., Bai, J., Yang, X., Liu, S., & Lv, X. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000043434 · Cited by 2
“[15] The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) (P) Population: patients with GO caused by cyclosporine.”
Çakır, G. S., Bakhsh, M. A., Quotah, O. F., Righton, O., George, C. M., Poston, L., White, S. L., Flynn, A. C., & Bell, Z. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-025-07854-z · Cited by 4
“…women at high risk of developing GDM. Strengths of this review include the a priori registration on PROSPERO, use of a PICOS framework to develop a rigorous search strategy with well-defined eligibility criteria [31]quality appraisal on included studies and reporting using PRISMA guidelines.”
Sutherland, C., Gebrye, T., Ademoyegun, A. B., Fatoye, F., & Mbada, C. E. (2025) · BMC Rheumatology · doi:10.1186/s41927-025-00540-9 · Cited by 6
“The Population, Inter-vention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study (PICOS) framework guided article selection and search strategy development [55].”
Türkmen, E., Kuş, G., & Yeldan, I. (2025) · Journal of Hand Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jht.2025.05.003 · Cited by 2
Genomic profiling of head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Sharma, M., Narwal, A., Kamboj, M., Devi, A., Kumar, A., & Vijayakumar, G. (2025) · Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics · doi:10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_908_25 · Cited by 2
Foot-and-mouth disease reproduction number: a scoping review
Gunasekera, U. C., VanderWaal, K. L., Arzt, J., & Perez, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1576974 · Cited by 2
“The review question followed the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) criteria (12).”
Jayawardena, R., Weerasinghe, K., & Sooriyaarachchi, P. (2025) · Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.47447/tjsm.0862 · Cited by 5
Smith, J. W., & Gunning, A. (2025) · Equity in Education & Society · doi:10.1177/27526461251326923 · Cited by 2
Is Giant Cell Arteritis Associated with Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease? A Meta-Analysis.
Jain, H., Shahzad, M., Patel, N., Passey, S., Singh, J., Khan, R., Patel, R., Vempati, R., Gole, S., & Ahmed, R. (2025) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(25)02924-9 · Cited by 2
Murota, H., Nakahara, T., Wang, X., Matsukawa, M., Takeda, H., Kondo, T., & Yamato, K. (2025) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13555-025-01390-6 · Cited by 2
“The scope of the study and search terms were defined using the Population, Intervention, Compara-tor, Outcomes, and Study (PICOS) framework [22].”
Moneruzzaman, M., Tang, Z., Li, X., Sun, W., Maduray, K., Luo, M., Kader, M., Wang, Y., & Zhang, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2025.1457899 · Cited by 3
“Following PICOS (28, 29) (population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design) methodology, a search was conducted in fi ve online databases (Web of Science, PubMed Central, PEDro, Cochrane Library, and Scopus) for studies that reported any of our study variables such as hemodynamic…”
Is surgery superior for distal ulna fractures? a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis
Chabihi, Z., Demnati, B., Moussadiq, M., Aalil, T., Khir, Y. F. E., Boumediane, E., Benhima, M., & Abkari, I. (2025) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-024-05438-9 · Cited by 2
“Study inclusion and exclusion criteria according to the PICO framework [9] are highlighted in Table 1.”
Alkhawaldeh, J., Mrayyan, M. T., Yehia, D., Al-Shdayfat, N., Anshasi, H. A., Kutah, O., Alkouri, O., Khawaldeh, M. A., Alzoubi, M. M., Alhusban, R., et al. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2024.100520 · Cited by 2
Bano, S., Tarar, S. H., Atung, P. D., Shehryar, A., Rehman, A., Irshad, A., Ogungbemi, O. T., Ijaz, N., Nour, M., & Maalim, H. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.75534 · Cited by 2
RetractedKorkutan, F., & Taylan, S. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06865-x · Cited by 4
“The PICOS (P: population, I: interventions, C: compar - ators, O: outcomes, S: study designs) approach was used to create the research question and identify the keywords (Amir-Behghadami & Janati, 2020).”
Shahi, M. T. M., & Amiri, S. (2024) · Sleep Medicine Research · doi:10.17241/smr.2024.02313 · Cited by 3
“In this research, the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study design (PICOS) framework [48] was applied, with each component detailed as follows: 1) The population consisted of adolescent girls aged 12–18 years; 2) The exposure variables were health-promoting lifestyles and…”
MethodZheng, H.-L., Tian, L., & Cai, J.-H. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1395639 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Amir-Behghadami, M., & Janati, A.
- Affiliations
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Venue
- Emergency Medicine Journal
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-04-05
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 387-387
- ISSN
- 1351-0622 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-0205
- 1472-0213
- OpenAlex
- W3015126898
- Cited by
- 1,335
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 408 · 2025: 393 · 2024: 271 · 2023: 148 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 13.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Emergency Medicine Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Keywords
- eligibility criteria, systematic review methodology, research design, paracetamol, analgesia
- MeSH terms
- Systematic Reviews as Topic, Humans, Research Design
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