Are sex and educational level independent predictors of dementia and Alzheimer's disease? Incidence data from the PAQUID project
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OBJECTIVES: To examine the age specific risk of Alzheimer's disease according to sex, and to explore the role of education in a cohort of elderly community residents aged 65 years and older. METHODS: A community based cohort of elderly people was studied longitudinally for 5 years for the development of dementia. Dementia diagnoses were made according to the DSM III R criteria and Alzheimer's disease was assessed using the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Among the 3675 non-demented subjects initially included in the cohort, 2881 participated in the follow up. Hazard ratios of dementia were estimated using a Cox model with delayed entry in which the time scale is the age of the subjects. RESULTS: During the 5 year follow up, 190 incident cases of dementia, including 140 cases of Alzheimer's disease were identified. The incidence rates of Alzheimer's disease were 0.8/100 person-years in men and 1.4/100 person-years in women. However, the incidence was higher in men than in women before the age of 80 and higher in women than in men after this age. A significant interaction between sex and age was found. The hazard ratio of Alzheimer's disease in women compared with men was estimated to be 0.8 at 75 years and 1.7 at 85 years. The risks of dementia and Alzheimer's disease were associated with a lower educational attainment (hazard ratio=1.8, p<0.001). The increased risk of Alzheimer's disease in women was not changed after adjustment for education. CONCLUSION: Women have a higher risk of developing dementia after the age of 80 than men. Low educational attainment is associated with a higher risk of Alzheimer's disease. However, the increased risk in women is not explained by a lower educational level.
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Some European studies have reported a higher incidence of Alzheimer's or other dementias among women at older ages.
“Some European studies have reported a higher incidence among women at older ages, 266,267”
From 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2023) · cites this paper as [267]
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- Authors
- Letenneur, L., Gilleron, V, Commenges, D., Helmer, C., Orgogozo, J. M., & Dartigues, J. F.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Letenneur, L
- Venue
- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1999-02-01
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 177-183
- ISSN
- 0022-3050 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1736218
- OpenAlex
- W2070503901
- Cited by
- 406
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 9.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Danone
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
- Fondation de France
- Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale
- Mutualité Sociale Agricole
- Novartis Pharma
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, dementia, sex differences, educational attainment, dementia incidence, PAQUID cohort, age-specific risk, sex-age interaction
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Dementia, Educational Status, Female, France, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Probability, Risk Factors, Incidence, Sex Distribution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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