Sex and gender differences in the causes of dementia: A narrative review

Rocca, Walter A.; Mielke, Michelle M.; Vemuri, Prashanthi; Miller, Virginia M.

doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.05.008

Cited by 186Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchSex and Gender in HealthcareMenopause: Health Impacts and Treatments

Sex and gender differences in the causes of dementia: A narrative review

Open access

Rocca, Walter A., Mielke, Michelle M., Vemuri, Prashanthi, Miller, Virginia M.·2014·Maturitas

DOI 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.05.008PMC PMC4169309

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This is a narrative review of new ideas and concepts related to differences between men and women in their risk of developing dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD). We introduce the concept of dimorphic neurology and the distinction between sex and gender. We then provide three examples of risk factors related to sex and gender from the literature. Apolipoprotein E genotype is equally common in men and women but has a stronger effect in women. Apolipoprotein E genotype is a biological factor that cannot be modified but interacts with sex or gender related factors that can be modified. Low education has a similar harmful effect in men and women but has been historically more common in women. Education is a social factor related to gender that can be modified. Finally, bilateral oophorectomy is a factor restricted to women. Bilateral oophorectomy is a surgical practice related to sex that can be modified. Consideration of risk and protective factors in men and women separately may accelerate etiologic research for neurological diseases in general, and for dementia and AD in particular. Similarly, future preventive interventions for dementia should be tailored to men and women separately.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.05.008

Cites

66 of 66 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Lower educational attainment in women than in men born in the first half of the 20th century may contribute to elevated risk in women, as limited formal education is a risk factor for dementia.
“For example, lower educational attainment in women than in men born in the first half of the 20th century may contribute to elevated risk in women, as limited formal education is a risk factor for dementia.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [301]
Section 3.2 identifies lower education as an established dementia risk factor and says men historically had greater access to advanced education in some countries. The Abstract also says low education was historically more common in women. The paper does not specifically establish the comparison for everyone born in the first half of the 20th century; its historical comparison is qualified by country. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Lower educational attainment in women than in men born in the first half of the 20th century may contribute to elevated dementia risk in women, because limited formal education is a dementia risk factor.
“lower educational attainment in women than in men born in the first half of the 20 th century may contribute to elevated risk in women, as limited formal education is a risk factor for dementia.275”
From 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2023) · cites this paper as [275]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging‐Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease
McKhann, G. M., Knopman, D. S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B. T., Jack, C. R., Kawas, C. H., Klunk, W. E., Koroshetz, W. J., Manly, J. J., Mayeux, R., et al. (2011) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005 · Cited by 18,657 · see citing works
The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging‐Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease
Albert, M. S., DeKosky, S. T., Dickson, D., Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Fox, N. C., Gamst, A., Holtzman, D. M., Jagust, W. J., Petersen, R. C., et al. (2011) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008 · Cited by 10,152 · cited 1× · see citing works
“More recently, the definition of dementia has expanded to include pre-clinical stages, such as mild cognitive impairment [25-27].”
Background
Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease
Sperling, R. A., Aisen, P. S., Beckett, L. A., Bennett, D. A., Craft, S., Fagan, A. M., Iwatsubo, T., Jack, C. R., Kaye, J., Montine, T. J., et al. (2011) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.003 · Cited by 7,155 · see citing works
Hearing loss and cognitive decline in older adults
Lin, F. R., Yaffe, K., Xia, J., Xue, Q.-L., Harris, T. B., Purchase-Helzner, E., Satterfield, S., Ayonayon, H. N., Ferrucci, L., Simonsick, E. M., et al. (2013) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1868 · Cited by 4,017 · see citing works
The Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer’s Disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association Workgroups on Diagnostic Guidelines for Alzheimer’s Disease
Albert, M., DeKosky, S. T., Dickson, D. W., Dubois, B., Feldman, H., Fox, N. C., Gamst, A. C., Holtzman, D. M., Jagust, W. J., Petersen, R. C., et al. (2013) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.11.1.96 · Cited by 2,630 · see citing works
Estrogen Plus Progestin and the Incidence of Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Postmenopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Shumaker, S. A., Legault, C., Rapp, S. R., Thal, L., Wallace, R. B., Ockene, J. K., Hendrix, S. L., Jones III, B. N., Assaf, A. R., Jackson, R. D., et al. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.20.2651 · Cited by 2,178 · see citing works
A gene from the region of the human X inactivation centre is expressed exclusively from the inactive X chromosome
Brown, C. J., Ballabio, A., Rupert, J. L., Lafrenière, R. G., Grompe, M., Tonlorenzi, R., & Willard, H. F. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/349038a0 · Cited by 1,536 · see citing works
Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease
Stern, Y. (1994) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510370056032 · Cited by 1,434 · see citing works
Conjugated Equine Estrogens and Incidence of Probable Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Postmenopausal Women Women's Health Initiative Memory Study
Shumaker, S. A. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.24.2947 · Cited by 1,360 · see citing works
Mild Cognitive Impairment
Petersen, R. C. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp0910237 · Cited by 1,289 · see citing works
Sex differences in the structural connectome of the human brain
Ingalhalikar, M., Smith, A., Parker, D., Satterthwaite, T. D., Elliott, M. A., Ruparel, K., Hakonarson, H., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., & Verma, R. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1316909110 · Cited by 1,223 · see citing works
The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome
Ross, M. T., Grafham, D. V., Coffey, A. J., Scherer, S., McLay, K., Muzny, D., Platzer, M., Howell, G. R., Burrows, C., Bird, C. P., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03440 · Cited by 1,129 · see citing works
Risk score for the prediction of dementia risk in 20 years among middle aged people: a longitudinal, population-based study
Kivipelto, M., Ngandu, T., Laatikainen, T. K., Winblad, B. G., Soininen, H. S., & Tuomilehto, J. (2006) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(06)70537-3 · Cited by 1,127 · see citing works
2014 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Alzheimer's Association (2014) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.02.001 · Cited by 1,032 · see citing works
Clinical epidemiology of Alzheimer&rsquo;s disease: assessing sex and gender differences
Mielke, M., Vemuri, P., & Rocca, W. (2014) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s37929 · Cited by 1,021 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sex modifies the <i>APOE</i> ‐related risk of developing Alzheimer disease
Altmann, A., Tian, L., Henderson, V. W., Greicius, M. D., & Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Investigators (2014) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24135 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Increased risk of cognitive impairment or dementia in women who underwent oophorectomy before menopause
Rocca, W. A., Bower, J. H., Maraganore, D. M., Ahlskog, J. E., Grossardt, B. R., de Andrade, M., & Melton, L. J. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000276984.19542.e6 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sex-specific genetic architecture of human disease
Ober, C., Loisel, D. A., & Gilad, Y. (2008) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2415 · Cited by 787 · see citing works
The Relationships Between Age, Sex, and the Incidence of Dementia and Alzheimer Disease
Gao, S., Hendrie, H. C., Hall, K. S., & Hui, S. L. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.9.809 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health
Institute of Medicine (2001) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/10028 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Trends in the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and cognitive impairment in the United States
Rocca, W. A., Petersen, R. C., Knopman, D. S., Hebert, L. E., Evans, D. A., Hall, K. S., Gao, S., Unverzagt, F. W., Langa, K. M., Larson, E. B., et al. (2011) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2010.11.002 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Self-citation
Epidemiology and the people's health: theory and context
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-0897 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Age at surgical menopause influences cognitive decline and Alzheimer pathology in older women
Bove, R., Secor, E., Chibnik, L. B., Barnes, L. L., Schneider, J. A., Bennett, D. A., & De Jager, P. L. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000033 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Are sex and educational level independent predictors of dementia and Alzheimer's disease? Incidence data from the PAQUID project
Letenneur, L., Gilleron, V, Commenges, D., Helmer, C., Orgogozo, J. M., & Dartigues, J. F. (1999) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.66.2.177 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Estrogen use, APOE, and cognitive decline: Evidence of gene–environment interaction
Yaffe, K., Haan, M., Byers, A., Tangen, C., & Kuller, L. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.10.1949 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Oophorectomy, menopause, estrogen treatment, and cognitive aging: clinical evidence for a window of opportunity
Rocca, W. A., Grossardt, B. R., & Shuster, L. T. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.031 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Self-citation
Gender Modulates the APOE 4 Effect in Healthy Older Adults: Convergent Evidence from Functional Brain Connectivity and Spinal Fluid Tau Levels
Damoiseaux, J. S., Seeley, W. W., Zhou, J., Shirer, W. R., Coppola, G., Karydas, A., Rosen, H. J., Miller, B. L., Kramer, J. H., Greicius, M. D., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0305-12.2012 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Sex, Apolipoprotein E ε4 Status, and Hippocampal Volume in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Fleisher, A. (2005) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.62.6.953 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
The Biphasic Relationship between Regional Brain Senile Plaque and Neurofibrillary Tangle Distributions: Modification by Age, Sex, and <i>APOE</i> Polymorphism
CORDER, E. H., GHEBREMEDHIN, E., TAYLOR, M. G., THAL, D. R., OHM, T. G., & BRAAK, H. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1297.005 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
eXclusion: Toward Integrating the X Chromosome in Genome-wide Association Analyses
Wise, A. L., Gyi, L., & Manolio, T. A. (2013) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.03.017 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Increased Synaptic Sprouting in Response to Estrogen via an Apolipoprotein E-Dependent Mechanism: Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease
Stone, D. J., Rozovsky, I., Morgan, T. E., Anderson, C. P., & Finch, C. E. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-09-03180.1998 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease: Recommendations for Future Research
Carter, C. L., Resnick, E. M., Mallampalli, M., & Kalbarczyk, A. (2012) · Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2012.3789 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Oophorectomy, estrogen, and dementia: A 2014 update
Rocca, W. A., Grossardt, B. R., & Shuster, L. T. (2014) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2014.01.020 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Self-citation
Association of Lifetime Intellectual Enrichment With Cognitive Decline in the Older Population
Vemuri, P., Lesnick, T. G., Przybelski, S. A., Machulda, M. M., Knopman, D. S., Mielke, M. M., Roberts, R. O., Geda, Y. E., Rocca, W. A., Petersen, R. C., et al. (2014) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.963 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effect of education on the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Framingham Study
Cobb, J. L., Wolf, P. A., Au, R., White, R., & D'Agostino, R. B. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.9.1707 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
X-Chromosome Genetics and Human Cancer
Spatz, A., Borg, C., & Feunteun, J. (2004) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1413 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Cellular Resolution Maps of X Chromosome Inactivation: Implications for Neural Development, Function, and Disease
Wu, H., Luo, J., Yu, H. M., Rattner, A., Mo, A., Wang, Y., Smallwood, P. M., Avigdor, B. E., Wheelan, S. J., & Nathans, J. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.051 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Hysterectomy, Oophorectomy and Risk of Dementia: A Nationwide Historical Cohort Study
Phung, T. K. T., Waltoft, B. L., Laursen, T. M., Settnes, A., Kessing, L. V., Mortensen, P. B., & Waldemar, G. (2010) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000314681 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Dementia prevention: current epidemiological evidence and future perspective
Mangialasche, F., Kivipelto, M., Solomon, A., & Fratiglioni, L. (2012) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/alzrt104 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Escape from X inactivation in mice and humans
Berletch, J. B., Yang, F., & Distèche, C. M. (2010) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-6-213 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Effect of lifestyle activities on alzheimer disease biomarkers and cognition
Vemuri, P., Lesnick, T. G., Przybelski, S. A., Knopman, D. S., Roberts, R. O., Lowe, V. J., Kantarci, K., Senjem, M. L., Gunter, J. L., Boeve, B. F., et al. (2012) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.23665 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mentally Stimulating Activities at Work During Midlife and Dementia Risk After Age 75: Follow-Up Study From the Kungsholmen Project
Karp, A., Andel, R., Parker, M. G., Wang, H., Winblad, B. G., & Fratiglioni, L. (2009) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e318190b691 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
APOE genotype and cognitive functioning in a large age-stratified population sample.
Jorm, A. F., Mather, K. A., Butterworth, P., Anstey, K. J., Christensen, H. M., & Easteal, S. (2007) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.1.1 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Why are sex and gender important to basic physiology and translational and individualized medicine?
Miller, V. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00994.2013 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citation
Women's Health Research: Progress, Pitfalls, and Promise
Taylor, J. S. (2011) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2011.562837 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Effects of Age, Sex, and Ethnicity on the Association Between Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Alzheimer Disease: A Meta-analysis
Farrer, L. A. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550160069041 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Hysterectomy, Oophorectomy, Estrogen, and the Risk of Dementia
Rocca, W. A., Grossardt, B. R., Shuster, L. T., & Stewart, E. A. (2012) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000334764 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citation
Education halves the risk of dementia due to apolipoprotein ε4 allele: a collaborative study from the Swedish Brain Power initiative
Wang, H., Gustafson, D., Kivipelto, M., Pedersen, N. L., Skoog, I. G., Windblad, B., & Fratiglioni, L. (2011) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.10.003 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Estrogen Facilitates Neurite Extension via Apolipoprotein E in Cultured Adult Mouse Cortical Neurons
Nathan, B. P., Barsukova, A. G., Shen, F., McAsey, M. E., & Struble, R. G. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-1707 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Oestrogen replacement therapy may improve memory functioning in the absence of APOE ε4
Burkhardt, M. S., Foster, J. K., Laws, S. M., Baker, L. D., Craft, S., Gandy, S., Stuckey, B. G. A., Clarnette, R., Nolan, D. A., Hewson-Bower, B., et al. (2004) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2004-6302 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Effect of APOE ε4 Allele on Cortical Thicknesses and Volumes: The AddNeuroMed Study
Liu, Y., Paajanen, T. I., Westman, E., Wahlund, L., Simmons, A., Tunnard, C., Sobów, T., Proitsi, P., Powell, J. F., Mecocci, P., et al. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-100201 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Interaction between estrogen receptor 1 and the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E increases the risk of familial Alzheimer's disease in women
Mattila, K. M., Axelman, K., Rinne, J. O., Blomberg, M. E., Lehtimäki, T. J., Laippala, P. J., Röyttä, M., Viitanen, M. H., Wahlund, L., Winblad, B., et al. (2000) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(00)00849-1 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
10.1016/j.coem.2005.10.004
Sundaram, R., Shulman, L., & Fein, A. M. (2000) · Time to knit · doi:10.1016/j.coem.2005.10.004 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Estrogen Is Neuroprotective via an Apolipoprotein E???Dependent Mechanism in a Mouse Model of Global Ischemia
Horsburgh, K. J., Macrae, I. M., & Carswell, H. V. O. (2002) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000037991.07114.4e · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Hormonal Programming Across the Lifespan
Nugent, B., Tobet, S., Lara, H., Lucion, A., Wilson, M., Recabarren, S., & Paredes, A. (2012) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-0032-1312593 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
A Half-Truth Is a Whole Lie: On the Necessity of Investigating Sex Influences on the Brain
Cahill, L. (2012) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2011-2167 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Familial Alzheimer disease in Latinos
Rippon, G. A., Tang, M., Lee, J. H., Lantigua, R., Medrano, M. A., & Mayeux, R. P. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000191300.38571.3e · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Sex-specific risk of cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline: pregnancy and menopause
Miller, V. M., Garovic, V. D., Kantarci, K., Barnes, J. N., Jayachandran, M., Mielke, M. M., Joyner, M. J., Shuster, L. T., & Rocca, W. A. (2013) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/2042-6410-4-6 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citation
Time course of response to estradiol replacement in ovariectomized mice: Brain apolipoprotein E and synaptophysin transiently increase and glial fibrillary acidic protein is suppressed
McAsey, M. E., Cady, C., Jackson, L. M., Li, M., Randall, S., Nathan, B. P., & Struble, R. G. (2005) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.09.008 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Evolution of Gender
Ristvedt, S. L. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3199 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease: Moving Backward through the Lifespan
Solomon, A., Kivipelto, M., & Soininen, H. S. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-129021 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E may be a critical factor in hormone therapy neuroprotection
Robert, G. S. (2008) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/3088 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Is there a link between gynecologic surgeries and Alzheimer disease?
Rocca, W. A., & Henderson, V. W. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000043 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citation
Estradiol replacement increases the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein (LRP) in the mouse brain
Cheng, X., McAsey, M. E., Li, M., Randall, S., Cady, C., Nathan, B. P., & Struble, R. G. (2007) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.030 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Cognitive Functioning in Elderly Women Who Underwent Unilateral Oophorectomy Before Menopause
Zhou, G., Liu, J., Sun, F., Duan, L., Yan, B., & Peng, Q. (2011) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207454.2010.542842 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Editorial: Epidemiologic Approaches to Women's Health
Woods, N. F., & TSUI, A. O. (2013) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxt013 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

[10]Krieger N Epidemiology and the Peoples Health Theory and Context 2011 Oxford University Press, Inc. New York

Sorted by citations

2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2023) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13016 · Cited by 3,212 · see citing works
2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13809 · Cited by 2,536 · see citing works
2019 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures.
Alzheimer's Association (2019) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.01.010 · Cited by 2,461 · see citing works
2020 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2020) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12068 · Cited by 2,353 · see citing works
2022 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Anonymous (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12638 · Cited by 2,384 · see citing works
2021 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Anonymous (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12328 · Cited by 2,236 · see citing works
2018 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Alzheimer's Association (2018) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.001 · Cited by 1,912 · see citing works
2017 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(, T. D. B. T. A.-R. C. C. A. S. O. A. C. B. S., different, ). J. A. I. A., destroyed, S. A. T. A. S. T. M. E. T. M. C. I. S. I. A. G. W. A. T. R. N. I. T. O. B. T. F. N. T. B. D. A. D. A. U. I. B. R. I. I. F. N. M. A. N. I. O. P. O. T. B. A. D. A., difficulties, I. E. O., agitation, I. N. S. S. A., & delusions., S. A. (2017) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2017.02.001 · Cited by 1,322 · see citing works
2025 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70235 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Sex differences in cognitive decline among US adults
Levine, D. A., Gross, A. L., Briceño, E. M., Tilton, N., Giordani, B. J., Sussman, J. B., Hayward, R. A., Burke, J. F., Hingtgen, S., Elkind, M. S. V., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0169 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease Dementia.
Mielke, M. M. (2018) · PubMed · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Self-citation
Parkinson disease male-to-female ratios increase with age: French nationwide study and meta-analysis
Moisan, F., Kab, S., Mohamed, F. B., Canonico, M., Guern, M. L., Quintin, C., Carcaillon‐Bentata, L., Nicolau, J., Duport, N., Singh‐Manoux, A., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2015-312283 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Prevalence of Multimorbidity in a Geographically Defined American Population
Rocca, W. A., Boyd, C. M., Grossardt, B. R., Bobo, W. V., Rutten, L. J. F., Roger, V. L., Ebbert, J. O., Therneau, T. M., Yawn, B. P., & Sauver, J. L. S. (2014) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.07.010 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self-citation
Consideration of sex and gender in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders from a global perspective
Mielke, M. M., Aggarwal, N. T., Vila‐Castelar, C., Agarwal, P., Arenaza‐Urquijo, E. M., Brett, B., Brugulat‐Serrat, A., DuBose, L. E., Eikelboom, W. S., Flatt, J., et al. (2022) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12662 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citation
Surgical menopause in association with cognitive function and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Georgakis, M. K., Beskou-Kontou, T., Theodoridis, I., Skalkidou, A., & Petridou, E. T. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.013 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Cognition, Mood and Sleep in Menopausal Transition: The Role of Menopause Hormone Therapy
Gava, G., Orsili, I., Alvisi, S., Mancini, I., Seracchioli, R., & Meriggiola, M. C. (2019) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina55100668 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
The Effect of Hearing Aid Use on Cognition in Older Adults: Can We Delay Decline or Even Improve Cognitive Function?
Sarant, J. Z., Harris, D., Busby, P. A., Maruff, P. T., Schembri, A. J., Lemke, U., & Launer, S. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9010254 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Sex and gender differences in Alzheimer’s disease: current challenges and implications for clinical practice
Ferretti, M. T., Martínková, J., Biskup, E. M., Benke, T., Gialdini, G., Nedelská, Z., Rauen, K., Mantua, V., Religa, D., Hort, J., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.14174 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Prevalence of Dementia in Europe: Estimates from the Highest-Quality Studies Adopting the DSM IV Diagnostic Criteria
Bacigalupo, I., Mayer, F., Lacorte, E., Pucchio, A. D., Marzolini, F., Canevelli, M., Fiandra, T. D., & Vanacore, N. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180416 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Drug development for alzheimer’s disease: Microglia induced neuroinflammation as a target
Dong, Y., Li, X., Cheng, J., & Hou, L. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20030558 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Early Postmenopausal Transdermal 17β-Estradiol Therapy and Amyloid-β Deposition
Kantarci, K., Lowe, V. J., Lesnick, T. G., Tosakulwong, N., Bailey, K. R., Fields, J. A., Shuster, L. T., Zuk, S. M., Senjem, M. L., Mielke, M. M., et al. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160258 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citation
Vascular Dementia and Underlying Sex Differences
Akhter, F., Persaud, A., Zaokari, Y., Zhao, Z., & Zhu, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.720715 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of dementia
Jordan, F., Quinn, T. J., McGuinness, B., Passmore, P., Kelly, J. P., Smith, C. T., Murphy, K., & Devane, D. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011459.pub2 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The Effect of Cochlear Implants on Cognitive Function in Older Adults: Initial Baseline and 18-Month Follow Up Results for a Prospective International Longitudinal Study
Sarant, J. Z., Harris, D., Busby, P. A., Maruff, P. T., Schembri, A. J., Dowell, R. C., & Briggs, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00789 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia in Arab Countries: A Systematic Review
El‐Metwally, A., Toivola, P., Al-Rashidi, M., Nooruddin, S., Jawed, M., Alkanhal, R., Razzak, H. A., & Albawardi, N. M. (2019) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2019/3935943 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Association between polypharmacy and dementia – A systematic review and metaanalysis
Leelakanok, N., & D’Cunha, R. (2018) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2018.1468411 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Cognitive Impairment among Rural Elderly in China
Wang, J., Xiao, L. D., Wang, K., Luo, Y., & Li, X. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103724 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Heart rate variability in patients with dementia or neurocognitive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Cheng, Y., Huang, Y., & Huang, W. (2020) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867420976853 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Sex differences in dementia and response to a lifestyle intervention: Evidence from Nordic population‐based studies and a prevention trial
Sindi, S., Kåreholt, I., Ngandu, T., Rosenberg, A., Kulmala, J., Johansson, L. H., Wetterberg, H., Skoog, J., Sjöberg, L., Wang, H., et al. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12279 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Association Between Migraine Headaches and Dementia in More than 7,400 Patients Followed in General Practices in the United Kingdom
Kostev, K., Bohlken, J., & Jacob, L. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190581 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Gender and Age Differences and the Trend in the Incidence and Prevalence of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease in Taiwan: A 7-Year National Population-Based Study
Liu, C., Li, C., Sun, Y., & Hu, S. C. (2019) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2019/5378540 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Decomposition of gender differences in cognitive functioning: National Survey of the Japanese elderly
Okamoto, S., Kobayashi, E., Murayama, H., Liang, J., Fukaya, T., & Shinkai, S. (2021) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01990-1 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Time, Sex, Gender, History, and Dementia
Rocca, W. A. (2017) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0000000000000187 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sex Differences Research, Precision Medicine, and the Future of Women's Health
Miller, V. M., Rocca, W. A., & Faubion, S. S. (2015) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2015.5498 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citation
Alzheimer’s disease, apolipoprotein E and hormone replacement therapy
Depypere, H. T., Vierin, A., Weyers, S., & Sieben, A. (2016) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.09.009 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Sex ratio in dementia with Lewy bodies balanced between Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease dementia: a cross-sectional study
Mouton, A., Blanc, F., Gros, A., Manera, V., Fabre, R., Sauleau, E., Gomez-Luporsi, I., Tifratène, K., Friedman, L., Thümmler, S., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-018-0417-4 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Sex and gender differences in risk scores for dementia and Alzheimer's disease among cisgender, transgender, and non-binary adults
Brady, B., Zheng, L., Kootar, S., & Anstey, K. J. (2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13317 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Increased risk of neurodegenerative dementia in women with migraines
Lee, S., Lim, J., Oh, D. J., Kong, I. G., & Choi, H. G. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000014467 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Essential metrics for assessing sex & gender integration in health research proposals involving human participants
Day, S., Masón, R., Tannenbaum, C., & Rochon, P. A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182812 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Mortality and morbidity in ageing men: Biology, Lifestyle and Environment
Zhao, E., & Crimmins, E. M. (2022) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-022-09737-6 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Association of Bone Mineral Density and Dementia
Xiao, T., Ghatan, S., Mooldijk, S. S., Trajanoska, K., Oei, L., Gomez, M. M., Ikram, M. K., Rivadeneira, F., & Ikram, M. A. (2023) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000207220 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Peripheral apoE isoform levels in cognitively normal APOE ε3/ε4 individuals are associated with regional gray matter volume and cerebral glucose metabolism
Nielsen, H. M., Chen, K., Lee, W., Chen, Y., Bauer, R. J., III, Reiman, E. M., Caselli, R. J., & Bu, G. (2017) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-016-0231-9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Sex differences in dementia: on the potentially mediating effects of educational attainment and experiences of psychological distress
Hasselgren, C., Ekbrand, H., Halleröd, B., Fässberg, M. M., Zettergren, A., Johansson, L. H., Skoog, I. G., & Dellve, L. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02820-9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Alzheimer’s Disease: Where Do We Stand?
Medeiros, A. D. M., & Silva, R. H. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180213 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The sex-specific interaction of the microbiome in neurodegenerative diseases
Cox, L. M., Abou‐El‐Hassan, H., Maghzi, A. H., Vincentini, J., & Weiner, H. L. (2019) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146385 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Lung Function Impairment and the Risk of Incident Dementia: The Rotterdam Study
Xiao, T., Wijnant, S. R. A., Licher, S., Terzikhan, N., Lahousse, L., Ikram, M. K., Brusselle, G., & Ikram, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210162 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Prevalence and incidence of cognitive impairment and dementia in heart failure – A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression
Yap, N. L. X., Kor, Q., Teo, Y. N., Teo, Y. H., Syn, N. L. X., Evangelista, L. K. M., Tan, B. Y., Lin, W., Yeo, L. L. L., Kong, W. K. F., et al. (2022) · Hellenic Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.hjc.2022.07.005 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
2026 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.71345 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cyclic Ozone Exposure Induces Gender-Dependent Neuropathology and Memory Decline in an Animal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Akhter, H., Ballinger, C. A., Liu, N., van Groen, T., Postlethwait, E. M., & Liu, R.-M. (2015) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfv124 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Menopause, cognition and dementia – A review
Pertesi, S., Coughlan, G., Puthusseryppady, V., Morris, E., & Hornberger, M. (2019) · Post Reproductive Health · doi:10.1177/2053369119883485 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Does Gender Influence the Relationship Between High Blood Pressure and Dementia? Highlighting Areas for Further Investigation
Blanken, A. E., & Nation, D. A. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200245 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Genetics, sex, and gender
Reale, C., Invernizzi, F., Panteghini, C., & Garavaglia, B. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24945 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Associations of healthy lifestyle and socioeconomic status with cognitive function in U.S. older adults
Wang, X., Bakulski, K. M., Paulson, H. L., Albin, R. L., & Park, S. K. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34648-0 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Are Anticholinergic Medications Associated With Increased Risk of Dementia and Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia? A Nationwide 15-Year Follow-Up Cohort Study in Taiwan
Liu, Y., Chien, W., Chung, C., Chang, H., Kao, Y., & Tzeng, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00030 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Effect of late-life weight change on dementia incidence: a 10-year cohort study using claim data in Korea
Park, S., Jeon, S. M., Jung, S., Hwang, J., & Kwon, J. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021739 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease Patients Undergoing Switch of Cholinesterase Inhibitors: A Post Hoc Analysis of the EVOLUTION Study
Colombo, D., Caltagirone, C., Padovani, A., Sorbi, S., Spalletta, G., Simoni, L., Ori, A., & Zagni, E. (2018) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2017.6420 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Effect of cochlear implantation on cognitive decline and quality of life in younger and older adults with severe-to-profound hearing loss
Calvino, M., Sánchez-Cuadrado, I., Gavilán, J., Gutiérrez-Revilla, M. A., Polo, R., & Lassaletta, L. (2022) · European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology · doi:10.1007/s00405-022-07253-6 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Molecular differences in Alzheimer's disease between male and female patients determined by integrative network analysis
Sun, L., Yang, S., Sun, H., Li, W., & Duan, S. (2019) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.13852 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The Relationship of APOE ε4, Race, and Sex on the Age of Onset and Risk of Dementia
Powell, D. S., Kuo, P., Qureshı, R., Coburn, S. B., Knopman, D. S., Palta, P., Gottesman, R. F., Griswold, M. E., Albert, M., Deal, J. A., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.735036 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Lung function impairment in relation to cognition and vascular brain lesions: the Rotterdam Study
Xiao, T., Wijnant, S. R. A., van der Velpen, I., Terzikhan, N., Lahousse, L., Ikram, M. K., Vernooij, M. W., Brusselle, G., & Ikram, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11027-9 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Gender differences in the protective effects of green tea against amnestic mild cognitive impairment in the elderly Han population
Xu, H. J., Wang, Y., Yuan, Y., Zhang, X., Zuo, X., Cui, L., Liu, Y., Chen, W., Su, N., Wang, H., et al. (2018) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s165618 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Science Runs and the Debate Brakes: Somatic Gene-Editing as a New Tool for Gender-Specific Medicine in Alzheimer’s Disease
Tozzo, P., Zullo, S., & Caenazzo, L. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10070421 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Overall and sex-specific risk factors for subjective cognitive decline: findings from the 2015–2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey
Schliep, K. C., Barbeau, W. A., Lynch, K. E., Sorweid, M. K., Varner, M. W., Foster, N. L., & Qeadan, F. (2022) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-022-00425-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Investigating the Prevalence of Dementia and Its Associated Risk Factors in a Chinese Nursing Home
Xu, S., Jin, X., Liu, C., Yu, J. Z., Xu, Y. H., Chen, L., Saizhu, X., Tang, H., & Yan, J. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2017.13.1.10 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Psychological and neurobiological mechanisms involved in the relationship between loneliness and cognitive decline in older adults
Dabiri, S., Mwendwa, D. T., & Campbell, A. L. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.034 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Emerging trends in cognitive impairment and dementia among older populations in Asia: A systematic review
Islam, B., Li, T., Xu, M., Yang, D., Lv, H., Gassara, G., Ibrahim, T. I., Radman, B. A., & Wang, J. (2024) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.14.04233 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sex and Sleep Disruption as Contributing Factors in Alzheimer’s Disease
Johnson, C. E., Duncan, M. J., & Murphy, M. P. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-230527 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Association of Headache Disorders and the Risk of Dementia: Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies
Qu, H., Yang, S., Yao, Z., Sun, X., & Chen, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.804341 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Sex-specific relationship of cardiometabolic syndrome with lower cortical thickness
Kim, S. E., Lee, J. S., Woo, S., Kim, S., Kim, H. J., Park, S., Lee, B. I., Park, J., Kim, Y., Jang, H., et al. (2019) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000008084 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Association between amphetamine‐related disorders and dementia‐a nationwide cohort study in Taiwan
Tzeng, N., Chien, W., Chung, C., Chang, H., Kao, Y., & Liu, Y. (2020) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.51113 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Dementia incidence and population-attributable fraction for dementia risk factors in Republic of Korea: a 12-year longitudinal follow-up study of a national cohort
Hwangbo, S., Lee, J., Han, G., Chun, M. Y., Jang, H., Seo, S. W., Na, D. L., Won, S., Kim, H. J., & Lim, D. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1126587 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Meta‐analysis of association between migraine and risk of dementia
Wang, L., Wu, J., Wang, F., Chen, X., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/ane.13528 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Gender Differences of Dementia in Response to Intensive Self-Administered Transcranial and Intraocular Near-Infrared Stimulation
Qi, X., Nizamutdinov, D., Berman, M. H., Dougal, G., Chazot, P. L., Wu, E., Stevens, A. B., Yi, S. S., & Huang, J. H. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.16188 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Work Demands and Cognitive Health Inequities by Race and Ethnicity: A Scoping Review
Gonzales, E. G., Whetung, C., Lee, Y. J., & Kruchten, R. (2022) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnac025 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Different effects of cardiometabolic syndrome on brain age in relation to gender and ethnicity
Kang, S. H., Liu, M., Park, G., Kim, S. Y., Lee, H., Matloff, W. J., Zhao, L., Yoo, H., Kim, J. P., Jang, H., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-023-01215-8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer’s Disease in Old Age: A Sex-Specific Cytokinome Signature
Boccardi, V., Paolacci, L., Remondini, D., Giampieri, E., Poli, G., Curti, N., Cecchetti, R., Villa, A., Ruggiero, C., Brancorsini, S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190480 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sex Difference in Effects of Low-Dose Aspirin on Prevention of Dementia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Long-term Follow-up Study of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Matsumoto, C., Ogawa, H., Saito, Y., Okada, S., Soejima, H., Sakuma, M., Masuda, I., Nakayama, M., Doi, N., Jinnouchi, H., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-1188 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
CSF biomarkers in Olmsted County
Harten, A. V. V., Wiste, H., Weigand, S., Mielke, M., Kremers, W., Eichenlaub, U., Batrla-Utermann, R., Dyer, R. B., Algeciras-Schimnich, A., Knopman, D., et al. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000009874 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sleep disorders and cognitive alterations in women
Guarnieri, B. (2019) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.04.214 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Dietary diversity and risk of late-life disabling dementia in middle-aged and older adults
Otsuka, R., Zhang, S., Ihira, H., Sawada, N., Inoue, M., Yamagishi, K., Yasuda, N., & Tsugane, S. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.02.002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Screening Younger Individuals in a Primary Care Setting Flags Putative Dementia Cases and Correlates Gastrointestinal Diseases with Poor Cognitive Performance
Rosa, I. M., Henriques, A. G., Carvalho, L., Oliveira, J. M., & Silva, O. A. B. D. C. E. (2016) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000452485 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Pregnancy loss and risk of later dementia: A nationwide cohort study, Denmark, 1977–2017
Basit, S., Wohlfahrt, J., & Boyd, H. A. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2019.02.006 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Race- and Sex-Based Disparities in Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Trial Enrollment in the United States and Canada: An Indigenous Perspective
Olson, N. L., & Albensi, B. C. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease Reports · doi:10.3233/adr-200214 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The global, regional, and national burden and attributable risk factors of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, 1990-2021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
Yin, M., Ding, S., Zhao, M., Liu, J., Su, W., Fu, M., Wu, M., Ma, C., Sun, X., & Kong, Y. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251360221 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Integrating Diversity, Culture, and Equity into the Neuropsychological Evaluation
Reyes, A., Torres, S., Robinson, T. L., Rentería, M. A., & Clark, A. L. (2024) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2024.05.004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Natriuretic Peptides, Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: An Intriguing Pathogenic Link with Implications in Hypertension
Gallo, G., Bianchi, F., Cotugno, M., Volpe, M., & Rubattu, S. D. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9072265 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Harnessing artificial intelligence for transforming dementia care: Innovations in early detection and treatment
Habbal, S., Mian, M., Imam, M., Tahiri, J., Amor, A., & Reddy, P. H. (2025) · Brain Organoid and Systems Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bosn.2025.05.001 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Towards developing a rhesus monkey model of early Alzheimer's disease focusing on women's health
Beckman, D., & Morrison, J. H. (2021) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.23289 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and subsequent risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias
Schliep, K. C., Shaaban, C. E., Meeks, H., Fraser, A. M., Smith, K. R., Majersik, J. J., Foster, N. L., Wactawski‐Wende, J., Østbye, T., Tschanz, J. T., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.12443 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Risk factors of neurovascular ageing in women
Miller, V. M., Jayachandran, M., Barnes, J. N., Mielke, M. M., Kantarci, K., & Rocca, W. A. (2019) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12777 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Distribution of Urinary Alzheimer-Associated Neuronal Thread Protein and Its Association with Common Chronic Diseases in the General Population
He, J., Guan, S., Wang, R., Fang, X., Liu, H., Wu, Y., Zhang, Y., & Liu, C. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180441 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Study on Cognitive Reserve in Korea Using Korean Version of Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire
Choi, C.-H., Park, S., Park, H.-J., Cho, Y., Sohn, B., & Lee, J.-Y. (2016) · 신경정신의학 · doi:10.4306/jknpa.2016.55.3.256 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease, Cerebrovascular Disease and Dementia in Women: the Case for Menopause Hormone Therapy
Davey, D. A. (2017) · Neurodegenerative Disease Management · doi:10.2217/nmt-2016-0044 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Occupational cognitive stimulation, socioeconomic status, and cognitive functioning in young adulthood
Stebbins, R. C., Yang, Y. C., Reason, M., Aiello, A. E., Belsky, D. W., Harris, K. M., & Plassman, B. L. (2022) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101024 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Clinical Profile and Prognosis of Dementia in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure ― From the CURE-HF Registry ―
Machida, K., Minamisawa, M., Motoki, H., TERAMOTO, K., Okuma, Y., Kanai, M., Kimura, K., Okano, T., Ueki, Y., Yoshie, K., et al. (2023) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-23-0129 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
An Experimental Pilot Study of Global Postural Reeducation Concerning the Cognitive Approach of Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease
Todri, J., Lena, O., & Gil, J. L. M. (2019) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317519867824 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
In-depth quantitative proteomic characterization of organotypic hippocampal slice culture reveals sex-specific differences in biochemical pathways
Weis, S. N., de Souza, J. M. F., Hoppe, J. B., Firmino, M., Auer, M., Ataii, N. N., da Silva, L. A., Gaelzer, M. M., Klein, C. P., Mól, A. R., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82016-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Analysis of Alzheimer's Disease-Related Mortality Rates Among the Elderly Populations Across the United States: An Analysis of Demographic and Regional Disparities from 1999 to 2020
Khan, A. H., Ijaz, E., Ubaid, B., Eddaki, I., Edhi, M., Shah, M. N., & Perry, G. L. (2024) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/0115672050338833240924113200 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Risk assessment of dementia after hysterectomy: Analysis of 14-year data from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan
Chen, Y.-C., Oyang, Y., Lin, T.-Y., & Sun, W. (2020) · Journal of the Chinese Medical Association · doi:10.1097/jcma.0000000000000286 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Vaginal estrogen and association with dementia: A nationwide population‐based study
Pourhadi, N., Mørch, L. S., Holm, E., Torp-Pedersen, C. T., & Meaidi, A. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12417 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Sex, gender, and the brain
Rocca, W. A. (2015) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.09.278
Self-citation
Sex, Gender, and the Decline of Dementia
Rocca, W. A. (2019) · ISGE series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11355-1_9
Self-citation
Sex and gender differences in genetic and lifestyle risk and protective factors for dementia
Sindi, S., Toopchiani, S. T., Barbera, M., Håkansson, K., Lehtisalo, J., Rosenberg, A., Stephen, R., Udeh‐Momoh, C. T., & Kivipelto, M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819344-0.00013-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sex and gender differences in Alzheimer's disease
ZEIDAN, H. M., & ZEIDAN, I. H. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21632-9.00002-9
Connecting the Dots: Gender, Sexuality, and Societal Influences on Cognitive Aging and Alzheimer's Disease
Verma, S., Paliwal, S., Paramanick, D., Narayan, C. V., & Saini, M. (2024) · Current Aging Science · doi:10.2174/0118746098299754240530111755

Authors: Rocca, W. A., Mielke, M. M., Vemuri, P., & Miller, V. M.
Affiliations: Mayo Clinic (US)
Corresponding author: Rocca, Walter A.
ORCID: Rocca, Walter A.
Mielke, Michelle M.
Vemuri, Prashanthi
Miller, Virginia M.
Venue: Maturitas
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-10
Volume: 79
Issue: 2
Pages: 196-201
ISSN: 0378-5122 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.05.008
PMC: PMC4169309
OpenAlex: W2003468076
Cited by: 186
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 0.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Maturitas (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Oracle
National Institute on Aging (R01AG034676, P50AG044170, AG-034676, AG 044170, U01AG037526, U01AG006786, AG-006786, AG037526)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
Keywords: sex differences, gender differences, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, APOE genotype, educational attainment, bilateral oophorectomy, dementia risk factors, dementia prevention, sex-specific interventions
MeSH terms: Alzheimer Disease, Apolipoproteins E, Dementia, Educational Status, Female, Gender Identity, Genotype, Humans, Male, Ovariectomy, Risk Factors, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, Genetic Predisposition to Disease

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Sex and gender differences in the causes of dementia: A narrative review

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks