Is the Risk of Developing Alzheimer's Disease Greater for Women than for Men?
Abstract
A large proportion of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are women; however, it is not clear whether this is due to higher risk of disease or solely to the larger number of women alive at ages when AD is common. Beginning in 1982, two stratified random samples of people aged ≥65 years in East Boston, Massachusetts underwent detailed, structured clinical evaluation for prevalent (467 people) and incident (642 people from a cohort previously ascertained to be disease-free) probable AD. The prevalence sample was followed for mortality for up to 11 years (through December 1992). The age-specific incidence of AD did not differ significantly by sex (for men vs. women, odds ratio = 0.92; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.51, 1.67). Controlled for age, prevalence also did not differ significantly by sex (for men vs. women, odds ratio = 1.29; 95% CI: 0.67, 2.48). The increase in risk of mortality due to AD did not vary by sex. The odds ratio for women with AD compared with women without AD was 2.07 (95% CI: 1.21, 3.56). For men, the odds ratio was 2.22 (95% CI: 1.02, 4.81). These findings suggest that the excess number of women with AD is due to the longer life expectancy of women rather than sex-specific risk factors for the disease.
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It is not clear that the risk of developing Alzheimer's or other dementias differs between men and women of the same age.
“However, it is not clear that the risk of developing Alzheimer's or other dementias differs between men and women of the same age.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [289]
Most studies of incidence in the United States have found no meaningful difference between men and women in the proportion who develop Alzheimer's or other dementias at any given age.
“Most studies of incidence in the United States have found no meaningful difference between men and women in the proportion who develop Alzheimer's or other dementias at any given age,”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [289]
Women live longer than men on average, and older age is the greatest risk factor for Alzheimer's.
“Women live longer than men on average, and older age is the greatest risk factor for Alzheimer's.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [289]
Women have a greater prevalence of Alzheimer disease than men, at least partly because women live longer.
“It is known that women have a greater prevalence of Alzheimer disease (AD) than men, at least partly because women live longer.1,2,3”
From Sex differences in cognitive decline among US adults (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
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- Authors
- Hebert, L. E., Scherr, P. A., McCann, J. J., Beckett, L. A., & Evans, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Rush University (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2001-01-15
- Volume
- 153
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 132-136
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2105835982
- Cited by
- 331
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 6.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ag005362-02, 5r29ag011862-05)
- National Institute on Aging (AG 10161, P30AG010161, AG 05362, AG11862)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, sex differences, women, age-specific incidence, prevalence, mortality, life expectancy, older adults, sex-specific risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Boston, Female, Humans, Longevity, Male, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Incidence, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Odds Ratio, Survival Analysis, Sex Distribution
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