Text and Graphic Warnings on Cigarette Packages
Open accessAbstract
Background Health warnings on cigarette packages provide smokers with universal access to information on the risks of smoking. However, warnings vary considerably among countries, ranging from graphic depictions of disease on Canadian packages to obscure text warnings in the United States. The current study examined the effectiveness of health warnings on cigarette packages in four countries.Methods Quasi-experimental design. Telephone surveys were conducted with representative cohorts of adult smokers (n=14,975): Canada (n=3687), United States (n=4273), UK (n=3634), and Australia (n=3381). Surveys were conducted between 2002 and 2005, before and at three time points following implementation of new package warnings in the UK.Results At Wave 1, Canadian smokers reported the highest levels of awareness and impact for health warnings among the four countries, followed by Australian smokers. Following the implementation of new UK warnings at Wave 2, UK smokers reported greater levels of awareness and impact, although Canadian smokers continued to report higher levels of impact after adjusting for the implementation date. U.S. smokers reported the lowest levels of effectiveness for almost every measure recorded at each survey wave.Conclusions Large, comprehensive warnings on cigarette packages are more likely to be noticed and rated as effective by smokers. Changes in health warnings are also associated with increased effectiveness. Health warnings on U.S. packages, which were last updated in 1984, were associated with the least effectiveness.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Quasi-experimental evidence supports these findings.
“Quasi-experimental evidence supports these findings.133,143”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [133]
Observational, quasi-experimental, and short-term controlled studies demonstrate that warning labels are most effective in countering the attractiveness and persuasiveness of cigarettes when they are visually noticeable, avoid the use of chemical names or ingredients, are specific rather than general, include pictorial and especially graphic warnings, are attributed to a specific source rather
“These studies demonstrate that warning labels are most effective in countering the attractiveness and persuasiveness of cigarettes when they are visually noticeable,132,133 avoid the use of chemical names or ingredients,134 are specific rather than general,135 include pictorial and especially graphic136 warnings, are attributed to a specific source (eg, “medical studies,” “the Ministry of Health”)”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [133]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Murray, C. J. L., & López, A. D. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07492-2 · Cited by 7,007 · see citing works
Official Journal of the European Communities
(1984) · Analytical Proceedings · doi:10.1039/ap9842100196 · Cited by 4,045 · see citing works
Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987.
Bornstein, R. F. (1989) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.265 · Cited by 1,970 · see citing works
Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., Rickert, W. S., & Robinson, J. C. (1989) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03059.x · Cited by 1,316 · see citing works
Shibuya, K., Ciecierski, C. C., Guindon, G. E., Bettcher, D. W., EVANS, D. B., & Murray, C. J. L. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7407.154 · Cited by 1,239 · see citing works
Hammond, D., Fong, G. T., McNeill, A., Borland, R., & Cummings, K. M. (2006) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2005.012294 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Self-citationExperiments with Incentives in Telephone Surveys
Singer, E., Hoewyk, J. V., & Maher, M. P. (2000) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/317761 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Impact of the graphic Canadian warning labels on adult smoking behaviour
Hammond, D. G., Fong, G. T., McDonald, P., Cameron, R., & Brown, K. S. (2003) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.12.4.391 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Self-citationMethods of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey
Thompson, M. E., Fong, G. T., Hammond, D. G., Boudreau, C., Driezen, P., Hyland, A. J., Borland, R., Cummings, K. M., Hastings, G., Siahpush, M., et al. (2006) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2005.013870 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Self-citationGraphic Canadian cigarette warning labels and adverse outcomes: evidence from Canadian smokers
Hammond, D., Fong, G. T., McDonald, P. W., Brown, K. S., & Cameron, R. (2004) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.94.8.1442 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhancing the effectiveness of tobacco package warning labels: a social psychological perspective
Strahan, E. J., White, K., Fong, G. T., Fabrigar, L. R., Zanna, M. P., & Cameron, R. (2002) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.11.3.183 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Self-citationReactions of young adult smokers to warning labels on cigarette packages.
O’Hegarty, M., Pederson, L., Nelson, D., Mowery, P., Gable, J., & Wortley, P. (2006) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.01.018 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Recall and Eye Tracking Study of Adolescents Viewing Tobacco Advertisements
Fischer, P. M. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420010094040 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Tobacco health warnings and smoking-related cognitions and behaviours
Borland, R. (1997) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02864.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationInitial impact of the new Australian tobacco health warnings on knowledge and beliefs
Borland, R., & Hill, D. (1997) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.6.4.317 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationBinson, D., Canchola, J. A., & Catania, J. A. (2000) · Journal of Official Statistics · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Responses to tobacco control policies among youth
Crawford, M. A., Balch, G. I., Mermelstein, R., & The Tobacco Control Network Writing Group (2002) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.11.1.14 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Willemsen, M. C. (2005) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cki061 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Impact of the new EU health warnings on the Dutch quit line: Figure 1
Willemsen, M. C., Simons, C., & Zeeman, G. (2002) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.11.4.381 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Potential Effectiveness of Warning Labels on Cigarette Packages
Koval, J. J., Aubut, J.-A. L., Pederson, L. L., O’Hegarty, M., & Chan, S. S. H. (2005) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03404031 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Recall and eye tracking study of adolescents viewing tobacco advertisements
Fischer, P. M. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.261.1.84 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Intervention effects on youth tobacco use in the community intervention trial (COMMIT): Table 1
Bowen, D. J., Orlandi, M. A., Lichtenstein, E. H., Cummings, K. M., & Hyland, A. J. (2002) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.11.4.382 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [3]World Health Organization [homepage on the Internet] Geneva, Switzerland: 2005. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. [cited 2006 June 11]. Available from: H http://www.who.int/tobacco/framework/WHO_FCTC_english.pdfH. [Google Scholar]
- [8]Tandemar Research P. f. H. C. Cigarette packaging study: The evaluation of new health warning messages. 1996. (Rep. No. TR#663022) [Google Scholar]
- [15]Henderson B. Wear out: An empirical investigation of advertising wear-in and wear-out. J Advert Res. 2000;6:95–100. [Google Scholar]
- [17]Health Canada. Prepared by Environics Research Group. 1999. Health Warning Testing: Final Report. [Google Scholar]
- [24]Health Canada. The Health effects of tobacco and health warning messages on cigarette packages—Survey of adults and adults smokers: Wave 9 surveys. Prepared by Environics Research Group. 2005 Jan [Google Scholar]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Health warning messages on tobacco products: a review
Hammond, D. (2011) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2010.037630 · Cited by 1,162 · see citing works
Self-citationPictorial cigarette pack warnings: a meta-analysis of experimental studies
Noar, S. M., Hall, M. G., Francis, D. B., Ribisl, K. M., Pepper, J. K., & Brewer, N. T. (2016) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051978 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Temporal self-regulation theory: A model for individual health behavior
Hall, P. A., & Fong, G. T. (2007) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437190701492437 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Self-citationMozaffarian, D., Afshin, A., Benowitz, N. L., Bittner, V., Daniels, S. R., Franch, H. A., Jacobs, D. R., Kraus, W. E., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Krummel, D. A., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318260a20b · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Taillie, L. S., Marcela Reyes, J., Colchero, M. A., Popkin, B. M., & Corvalán, C. (2020) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003015 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Impact of graphic and text warnings on cigarette packs: findings from four countries over five years
Borland, R., Wilson, N., Fong, G. T., Hammond, D. G., Cummings, K. M., Yong, H.-H., Hosking, W., Hastings, G., Thrasher, J. F., & McNeill, A. D. (2009) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2008.028043 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Self-citationBorland, R., Yong, H., Wilson, N., Fong, G. T., Hammond, D. G., Cummings, K. M., Hosking, W., & McNeill, A. D. (2009) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02508.x · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Self-citationWilson, L. M., Tang, E. A., Chander, G., Hutton, H. E., Odelola, O. A., Elf, J. L., Heckman‐Stoddard, B. M., Bass, E. B., Little, E. A., Haberl, E. B., et al. (2012) · Journal of Environmental and Public Health · doi:10.1155/2012/961724 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
The Impact of Cigarette Pack Design, Descriptors, and Warning Labels on Risk Perception in the U.S.
Bansal‐Travers, M., Hammond, D. G., Smith, P. M. R., & Cummings, K. M. (2011) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.01.021 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self-citationde Perez, E. C., van den Hurk, B., van Aalst, M., Jongman, B., Klose, T., & Suárez, P. (2015) · Natural hazards and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/nhess-15-895-2015 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
The impact of pictures on the effectiveness of tobacco warnings
Fong, G. T., Hammond, D. G., & Hitchman, S. C. (2009) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.09.069575 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationThe case for the plain packaging of tobacco productsPreprint
Freeman, B., Chapman, S. F., & Rimmer, M. (n.d.) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 198 · see citing works
WHITE, V. M., Webster, B., & Wakefield, M. A. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02294.x · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Chow, C. K., Lock, K., Teo, K., Subramanian, S., McKee, M., & Yusuf, S. (2009) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyn258 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Does Exposure to Cigarette Health Warnings Elicit Psychological Reactance in Smokers?
Erceg‐Hurn, D. M., & Steed, L. G. (2011) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00710.x · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Cigarette Warning Label Policy Alternatives and Smoking-Related Health Disparities
Thrasher, J. F., Carpenter, M. J., Andrews, J. O., Gray, K. M., Alberg, A. J., Navarro, A., Friedman, D. B., & Cummings, K. M. (2012) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.08.025 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationExcessive dependence on mobile social apps: A rational addiction perspective
Kwon, H. E., So, H., Han, S. P., & Oh, W. (2016) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2016.0658 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Non-cigarette tobacco products: what have we learnt and where are we headed?
O’Connor, R. J. (2012) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050281 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Cantrell, J., Vallone, D., Thrasher, J. F., Nagler, R. H., Feirman, S. P., Muenz, L. R., He, D. Y., & Viswanath, K. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052206 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
LaVoie, N. R., Quick, B. L., Riles, J. M., & Lambert, N. (2015) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650215609669 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Azagba, S., & Sharaf, M. F. (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nts194 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Understanding Why Pictorial Cigarette Pack Warnings Increase Quit Attempts
Brewer, N. T., Parada, H., Hall, M. G., Boynton, M. H., Noar, S. M., & Ribisl, K. M. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kay032 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Evans, A. T., Peters, E., Strasser, A. A., Emery, L. F., Sheerin, K. M., & Romer, D. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142879 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Hiilamo, H., Crosbie, E., & Glantz, S. A. (2012) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050541 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Mantzari, E., Vasiljevic, M., Turney, I., Pilling, M. A., & Marteau, T. M. (2018) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.016 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Mediational pathways of the impact of cigarette warning labels on quit attempts
Yong, H.-H., Borland, R., Thrasher, J. F., Thompson, M. E., Nagelhout, G. E., Fong, G. T., Hammond, D., & Cummings, K. M. (2014) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000056 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationTobacco Use: A Pediatric Disease
(2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2114 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Noar, S. M., Francis, D. B., Bridges, C., Sontag, J. M., Brewer, N. T., & Ribisl, K. M. (2016) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1077699016674188 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Nakkash, R. T., & Khalil, J. (2010) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2009.031773 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Wakefield, M. A., Coomber, K., Zacher, M. L., Durkin, S. J., Brennan, E., & Scollo, M. (2015) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052050 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Thrasher, J. F., Hammond, D. G., Fong, G. T., & Arillo‐Santillán, E. (2007) · Salud Pública de México · doi:10.1590/s0036-36342007000800013 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationAffective and Cognitive Mediators of the Impact of Cigarette Warning Labels
Emery, L. F., Römer, D., Sheerin, K. M., Jamieson, K. H., & Peters, E. M. (2013) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt124 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Thrasher, J. F., Rousu, M. C., Hammond, D. G., Navarro, A., & Corrigan, J. R. (2011) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.06.003 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, J., Chaloupka, F. J., & Fong, G. T. (2013) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051170 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationPerceptions of health risks of cigarette smoking: A new measure reveals widespread misunderstanding
Krosnick, J. A., Malhotra, N. A., Mo, C. H., Bruera, E. F., Chang, L., Josh Pasek, B., & Thomas, R. K. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182063 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Impact of e-cigarette health warnings on motivation to vape and smoke
Brewer, N. T., Jeong, M., Hall, M. G., Baig, S. A., Sheldon, J. M., Lazard, A. J., Noar, S. M., Kameny, M. R., & Ribisl, K. M. (2019) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054878 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Adolescents perceived effectiveness of the proposed European graphic tobacco warning labels
Vardavas, C. I., Connolly, G. N., Karamanolis, K., & Kafatos, A. (2009) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp015 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Avoidance of cigarette pack health warnings among regular cigarette smokers
Maynard, O., Attwood, A. S., O’Brien, L., Brooks, S., Hedge, C., Leonards, U., & Munafo, M. R. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.01.001 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Thrasher, J. F., Arillo‐Santillán, E., Villalobos, V., Pérez-Hernández, R., Hammond, D. G., Carter, J. W., Sebrié, E. M., Sansores, R. H., & Regalado-Piñeda, J. (2012) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-012-9899-8 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationHitchman, S. C., Driezen, P., Logel, C. R., Hammond, D. G., & Fong, G. T. (2013) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt196 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationSystematic review of the effect of pictorial warnings on cigarette packages in smoking behavior
Monárrez-Espino, J., Liu, B., Greiner, F., Bremberg, S., & Galanti, R. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302129 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Fathelrahman, A. I., Omar, M., Awang, R., Borland, R., Fong, G. T., Hammond, D., & Zain, Z. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntn029 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationCummings, K. M., Fong, G. T., & Borland, R. (2009) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153607 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationVisual attention to health warnings on plain tobacco packaging in adolescent smokers and non‐smokers
Maynard, O., Munafo, M. R., & Leonards, U. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04028.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Selling addictions: Similarities in approaches between Big Tobacco and Big Booze
Bond, L. (2010) · Australasian Medical Journal · doi:10.4066/amj.2010.363 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Pesko, M. F., Kenkel, D., Wang, H., & Hughes, J. M. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13257 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Putting science over supposition in the arena of personalized genomics
McBride, C. M., Alford, S. H., Reid, R. J., Larson, E. B., Baxevanis, A. D., & Brody, L. C. (2008) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0808-939 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Thrasher, J. F., Villalobos, V., Szklo, A. S., Fong, G. T., Pérez, C., Sebrié, E. M., Sansone, N., Figueiredo, V. C., Boado, M., Arillo‐Santillán, E., et al. (2010) · Salud Pública de México · doi:10.1590/s0036-36342010000800016 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationFong, G. T., Hammond, D. G., Jiang, Y., Li, Q., Quah, A. C. K., Driezen, P., Yan, M., & for the ITC China Project Team (2010) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2010.036483 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationLevy, D. T., Cho, S., Kim, Y., Park, S., Suh, M.-K., & Kam, S. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.166900 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Cho, Y. J., Thrasher, J. F., Swayampakala, K., Yong, H., Mckeever, R. J., Hammond, D. G., Anshari, D., Cummings, K. M., & Borland, R. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159245 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationAn, R., Liu, J., Liu, R., Barker, A. R., Figueroa, R., & McBride, T. D. (2020) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.07.003 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Rebollar, R., Gil‐Pérez, I., Lidón, I., Martín‐Vallejo, J., Gómez, M. J. F., & Rivera, S. (2017) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2017.05.024 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Hall, M. G., Ribisl, K. M., & Brewer, N. T. (2013) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt158 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Fathelrahman, A. I., Omar, M., Awang, R., Cummings, K. M., Borland, R., & Samin, A. S. M. (2010) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph7114089 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationEye Tracking Outcomes in Tobacco Control Regulation and Communication: A Systematic Review
Meernik, C., Jarman, K. L., Wright, S. T., Klein, E. G., Goldstein, A. O., & Ranney, L. M. (2016) · Tobacco Regulatory Science · doi:10.18001/trs.2.4.9 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Schneider, S., Gadinger, M., & Fischer, A. (2012) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.03.005 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Neural correlates of cigarette health warning avoidance among smokers
Stothart, G., Maynard, O., Lavis, R., & Munafo, M. R. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.025 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Rosenblatt, D. H., Bode, S., Dixon, H., Murawski, C., Summerell, P., Ng, A., & Wakefield, M. A. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.006 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Nan, X., Zhao, X., Yang, B. K., & Iles, I. A. (2014) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.841531 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Estimating the impact of different cigarette package warning label policies: The auction method
Thrasher, J. F., Rousu, M. C., Anaya, R., Reynales-Shigematsu, L. M., Arillo‐Santillán, E., & Hernández‐Ávila, M. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.05.018 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Correcting Over 50 Years of Tobacco Industry Misinformation
Smith, P. M. R., Bansal‐Travers, M., O’Connor, R. J., Brown, A., Banthin, C. N., Guardino-Colket, S., & Cummings, K. M. (2011) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.01.020 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationThrasher, J. F., Swayampakala, K., Cummings, K. M., Hammond, D. G., Anshari, D., Krugman, D. Μ., & Hardin, J. W. (2016) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.03.006 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationQuitting smoking in China: findings from the ITC China Survey
Jiang, Y. Z., Elton‐Marshall, T., Fong, G. T., & Li, Q. (2010) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2009.031179 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationThrasher, J. F., Abad-Vivero, E. N., Huang, L., O’Connor, R. J., Hammond, D. G., Bansal‐Travers, M., Yong, H., Borland, R., Markovsky, B., & Hardin, J. W. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.05.042 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationThrasher, J. F., Murukutla, N., Pérez-Hernández, R., Alday, J., Arillo‐Santillán, E., Cedillo, C., & Gutiérrez, J. P. (2012) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050282 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Flavoured cigarettes, sensation seeking and adolescents’ perceptions of cigarette brands
Manning, K. C., Kelly, K. J., & Comello, M. L. G. (2009) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2009.029454 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Adolescents' Attention to Traditional and Graphic Tobacco Warning Labels: An Eye-Tracking Approach
Peterson, E. B., Thomsen, S. R., Lindsay, G. B., & John, K. K. (2010) · Journal of Drug Education · doi:10.2190/de.40.3.b · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Hiilamo, H., & Glantz, S. A. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.054 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Muñoz, Y., Chebat, J., & Suissa, A. J. (2010) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-010-9182-4 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Tobacco control policy in the UK: blueprint for the rest of Europe?
Levy, D. T., Currie, L. M., & Clancy, L. (2012) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cks090 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Moodie, C. S., MacKintosh, A. M., & Hammond, D. G. (2009) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp199 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationHammond, D. G., Reid, J. L., Driezen, P., Cummings, K. M., Borland, R., Fong, G. T., & McNeill, A. D. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02320.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationAppeal to fear in health care: appropriate or inappropriate?
Simpson, J. (2017) · Chiropractic & Manual Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12998-017-0157-8 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
A glossary of culture in epidemiology
Hruschka, D. J., & Hadley, C. (2008) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2008.076729 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Social Interactions Sparked by Pictorial Warnings on Cigarette Packs
Hall, M., Peebles, K., Bach, L., Noar, S. M., Ribisl, K. M., & Brewer, N. T. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph121013195 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Effect of message congruency on attention and recall in pictorial health warning labels
Lochbuehler, K., Mercincavage, M., Tang, K. Z., Tomlin, C. D., Cappella, J. N., & Strasser, A. A. (2017) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053615 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Smith, K. C., Washington, C., Brown, J. L., Vadnais, A., Kroart, L., Ferguson, J. M., & Cohen, J. E. (2015) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/publichealth.4616 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Salloum, R. G., Maziak, W., Hammond, D. G., Nakkash, R. T., Islam, F., Cheng, X., & Thrasher, J. F. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009497 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationEvans, A. T., Peters, E. M., Shoben, A. B., Meilleur, L. R., Klein, E. G., Tompkins, M. K., Römer, D., & Tusler, M. (2016) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw389 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Purmehdi, M., Legoux, R., Carrillat, F., & Senecal, S. (2017) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.14.047 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Swayampakala, K., Thrasher, J. F., Yong, H., Nagelhout, G. E., Li, L., Borland, R., Hammond, D. G., O’Connor, R. J., & Hardin, J. W. (2017) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntx134 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationWomen's Perspectives on Smoking and Pregnancy and Graphic Warning Labels
Levis, D. M., Stone-Wiggins, B., O’Hegarty, M., Tong, V. T., Polen, K. N. D., & Cassell, C. H. (2014) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.38.5.13 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Risk perceptions and food-handling practices in the home
Evans, K. S., Teisl, M. F., Lando, A. M., & Liu, S. T. (2020) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101939 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Public health benefits from pictorial health warnings on US cigarette packs: a SimSmoke simulation
Levy, D. T., Mays, D. M., Yuan, Z., Hammond, D. G., & Thrasher, J. F. (2016) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053087 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationGraphic Health Warnings on Cigarette Packs: How Long Before the Effects on Adolescents Wear Out?
WHITE, V. M., Bariola, E., Faulkner, A., Coomber, K., & Wakefield, M. A. (2014) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu184 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Counteracting Media's Thin-Body Ideal for Adolescent Girls: Informing Is More Effective Than Warning
Veldhuis, J., Konijn, E. A., & Seidell, J. C. (2014) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2013.788327 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Lee, H., Lin, H., Seo, D., & Lohrmann, D. K. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.033 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Woelbert, E., & d’Hombres, B. (2019) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054402 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Methods of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey
Wu, C., Thompson, M. E., Fong, G. T., Li, Q., Jiang, Y., Yang, Y., & Feng, G. (2009) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2009.029900 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationTobacco Industry Marketing, Population-Based Tobacco Control, and Smoking Behavior
Pierce, J. P. (2007) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.007 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Front-of-pack labels: “Directive” versus “informative” approaches
Donini, L. M., Berry, E. M., Folkvord, F., Jansen, L., Leroy, F., Şimşek, Ö., Fava, F., Gobbetti, M., & Lenzi, A. (2022) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2022.111861 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Hammond, D. G. (2011) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr182 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationTobacco as a Substance of Abuse
Sims, T. H. (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2121 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Graphic warning labels and the demand for cigarettes
Starr, M., & Drake, K. M. (2016) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052775 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
[Towards informed tobacco consumption in Mexico: effect of pictorial warning labels in smokers].
Thrasher, J. F., Pérez-Hernández, R., Arillo‐Santillán, E., & Barrientos‐Gutiérrez, I. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Reactions to graphic health warnings in the United States
Nonnemaker, J. M., Choinière, C. J., Farrelly, M. C., Kamyab, K., & Davis, K. (2014) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyu036 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Graphic Gambling Warnings: How they Affect Emotions, Cognitive Responses and Attitude Change
Muñoz, Y., Chebat, J., & Borges, A. A., Jr. (2012) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-012-9319-8 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Awareness and impact of New York City's graphic point-of-sale tobacco health warning signs
Coady, M. H., Chan, C. A., Auer, K., Farley, S. M., Kilgore, E. A., & Kansagra, S. M. (2012) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050261 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Erku, D., Bauld, L., Dawkins, L., GARTNER, C. E., Steadman, K. J., Noar, S. M., Shrestha, S., & Morphett, K. (2021) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15473 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hammond, D., Fong, G. T., Borland, R., Cummings, K. M., McNeill, A., & Driezen, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Cancer Council Victoria (AU)
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (US)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hammond, David
- Venue
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-03
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 202-209
- ISSN
- 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1868456
- OpenAlex
- W2152630311
- Cited by
- 434
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 16.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (P50CA111236, R01CA100362)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- graphic health warnings, warning effectiveness, cross-national comparison, tobacco control, United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Adult, Australia, Canada, Consumer Product Safety, Female, United Kingdom, Health Promotion, Humans, International Cooperation, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, Product Labeling, Smoking, United States
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
