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Cited by 120Sinusitis and nasal conditionsAsthma and respiratory diseasesMast cells and histamine

Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways

Open access
Zhao, X J·2001·Thorax
DOI 10.1136/thorax.56.3.205PMC PMC1758779
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Nasal polyposis often coexists with asthma in airway inflammatory conditions characterised by the infiltration of a range of immune cells. A potentially important role for ovarian hormones has been implicated in airway inflammation but the cellular target for such action is not known. METHODS: Expression of oestrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) was examined using immunohistochemistry in formalin fixed nasal polyp tissues from 47 subjects. The cells positive for ER or PR were confirmed by spatial location, dual immunolabelling, and histochemical staining. RESULTS: Consistent with the known features of nasal polyps, CD4+ (T helper/inducer), CD8+ (cytotoxic/suppressor), CD68+ (macrophages), mast cells, eosinophils and neutrophils were all clearly detected by their relevant monoclonal antibodies or appropriate histochemical staining, but only mast cells tested positive for ER/PR labelling with their polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. The frequencies for expression were 61.7% for ER positive and 59.6% for PR positive cells. The expression of ER/PR was independent of patient sex and age but was highly correlated with the numbers of mast cells (r = 0.973, p<0.001 for ER; r = 0.955, p<0.001 for PR). Fewer than 5% of mast cells were found to be negative for ER/PR expression. CONCLUSIONS: Mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages, or other immune cells, express ER/PR in human upper airways. Numerous ER/PR positive mast cells exist in nasal polyps, indicating that this may be a major route for the involvement of sex hormones in airway inflammation when exposed to the higher and varying concentration of oestrogen and progesterone characteristic of females.

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Crossref · 10.1136/thorax.56.3.205

Cites

31 of 31 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Claims the paper makes

0 of 29 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    PR-positive cells in nasal polyps co-localise with mast cell tryptase by dual immunofluorescence.

    “Co-localisation for mast cell tryptase and ER or PR is further consolidated by use of dual immunofluorescence imaging (figs 7 and 8).”
    • Also stated in: § DUAL LABELLING · plain
      “Tissue samples stained sequentially for mast cell tryptase followed by ER (fig 7) or for PR followed by mast cell tryptase (fig 8) (each reported by a diVerent fluorochrome) and imaged using interference filters show the two signals to coexist within the same cell.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The frequency of ER-positive expression in nasal polyp tissues was 61.7% (29 of 47 patients).

    “The frequencies for expression were 61.7% for ER positive and 59.6% for PR positive cells.”
    • Also stated in: § NUMEROUS ER/PR POSITIVE MAST CELLS EXIST IN NASAL POLYPS INDEPENDENT OF SEX AND AGE · hedged
      “Approximately 62% of all samples examined (29 of 47 patients) were positive for ER and above the threshold for cell counts.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “The frequency of positive expression of ER and/or PR in nasal polyp tissues was 61.7% and/or 59.6%.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    ER/PR expression in nasal polyp mast cells is independent of patient age.

    “The expression of ER/PR was independent of patient sex and age but was highly correlated with the numbers of mast cells (r = 0.973, p<0.001 for ER; r = 0.955, p<0.001 for PR).”
    • Also stated in: § NUMEROUS ER/PR POSITIVE MAST CELLS EXIST IN NASAL POLYPS INDEPENDENT OF SEX AND AGE · plain
      “Again, the expression of ER or PR did not vary with patient age.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “It is noteworthy that the expression of ER and/or PR by mast cells was independent of patient sex and age and that fewer than 5% of the mast cells sampled in this study were negative for ER and/or PR.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The number of ER-positive cells correlates with the number of mast cells in nasal polyp tissue (r = 0.973, p<0.001).

    “The expression of ER/PR was independent of patient sex and age but was highly correlated with the numbers of mast cells (r = 0.973, p<0.001 for ER; r = 0.955, p<0.001 for PR).”
    • Also stated in: § MORE THAN 95% OF MAST CELLS EXPRESS ER/PR IN NASAL POLYPS · plain
      “When analysed using a two tailed Pearson bivariate correlation test, the correlation between ER or PR positive cells and mast cells was 0.973 (p<0.001) and 0.955 (p<0.001),respectively.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “Further correlation studies between the number of ER or PR positive cells and that of mast cells (coeYcient = 0.973, p<0.001 for ER; 0.955, p<0.001 for PR) showed that more than 95% of mast cells sampled in this study express ER and/or PR.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    ER-positive cells in nasal polyps co-localise with mast cell tryptase by dual immunofluorescence.

    “Co-localisation for mast cell tryptase and ER or PR is further consolidated by use of dual immunofluorescence imaging (figs 7 and 8).”
    • Also stated in: § DUAL LABELLING · plain
      “Tissue samples stained sequentially for mast cell tryptase followed by ER (fig 7) or for PR followed by mast cell tryptase (fig 8) (each reported by a diVerent fluorochrome) and imaged using interference filters show the two signals to coexist within the same cell.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 12
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 25

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    ER/PR-positive cells in nasal polyps are mononuclear, typically 8-12 μm in diameter, with distinct cytoplasm densely reactive for DAB.

    “The immunoreactive cells to ER or PR are all mononuclear, typically 8-12 µm in diameter, and are characterised by a distinct cytoplasm densely reactive for DAB (fig 1, insert).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Cases with high expression for sex hormone receptor sites accounted for 24 patients for ER and 20 patients for PR.

    “Cases with high expression for sex hormone receptor sites accounted for 24 patients for ER and 20 patients for PR.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Only mast cells, and not lymphocytes, macrophages, or other immune cells, express ER/PR in human upper airways.

    “but only mast cells tested positive for ER/PR labelling with their polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “Mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages, or other immune cells, express ER/PR in human upper airways.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
      “These ER and/or PR positive cells were identified as being restricted to mast cells only by parallel toluidine blue staining for mast cells on serial sections and dual immunostaining using high aYnity antibodies for ER or PR and for CD4+, CD8+, CD68+, or mast cell tryptase.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    All patients were non-smokers and had taken neither steroids nor antibiotics during the month before surgery.

    “All patients were non-smokers and had taken neither steroids nor antibiotics during the month before surgery.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    King et al reported that neither lymphocytes, macrophages, nor a distinctive population of natural killer cells express oestrogen receptors in uterine mucosa.

    “King et al 30 also reported that neither lymphocytes, macrophages, nor a distinctive population of natural killer cells express oestrogen receptors in uterine mucosa.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] 30. King A, Gardner L, Loke YW. Evaluation of estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in uterine mucosal lymphocytes. Human Reprod 1996;11:1079-82. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Expression of oestrogen receptors within bladder mast cells has been demonstrated by immunohistochemical analysis.

    “However, expression of oestrogen receptors within bladder mast cells has been demonstrated by immunohistochemical analysis.17”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] 17. Pang X, CotreauBibbo MM, Sant GR, et al. Bladder mast cell expression of high aYnity oestrogen receptors in patients with interstitial cystitis. Br J Urol 1995;75:154-61. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The distribution and numbers of mast cells within human nasal polyps can be altered by different fixation.

    “The distribution and numbers of mast cells within human nasal polyps can be altered by diVerent fixation.5”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] 5. Kawabori S, Denburg JA, Schwartz LB, et al. Histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics of mast cells in nasal polyps. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992;6:37-43. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous work has shown an accelerating effect of exogenous oestrogens on the development of induced hypersensitivity within an animal model.

    “Previous work has shown an accelerating eVect of exogenous oestrogens on the development of induced hypersensitivity within an animal model, 13”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] 13. Dong Z, Zhao XJ, Zhu JG. EVect of estrogen on experimen- tally induced nasal hypersensitivity. Chin J Otorhinolaryngol 1993;28:67-8.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Randomly chosen wax sections were used for dual labelling.

    “Randomly chosen wax sections were incubated with rabbit polyclonal antibodies against ER or PR at room temperature overnight and detected by indirect immuno-Texas Red (Amersham International plc, Buckinghamshire, UK).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the lung, oestradiol administration increased receptor density, which was restored to control values by progesterone; withdrawal of progesterone may be associated with decreased smooth muscle relaxation.

    “In the lung, oestradiol administration increased receptor density which was restored to control values by progesterone 14 ; however, withdrawal of progesterone may be associated with decreased smooth muscle relaxation.8”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [14] 14. Moawad AH, River LP, Kilpatrick SJ. The eVect of estrogen and progesterone on beta-adrenergic receptor activity in rabbit lung tissue. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;144:608-13. source
    • cites [8] 8. Benyon HLC, Garbett ND, Barnes PJ. Severe premenstrual exacerbations of asthma: eVect of intramuscular progester- one. Lancet 1988;ii:370-2.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Nasal polyps are characterised by infiltration of a wide range of inflammatory cells including mast cells, eosinophils, activated T cells, and macrophages.

    “Likewise, nasal polyps are characterised by infiltration of a wide range of inflammatory cells including mast cells, eosinophils, activated T cells, and macrophages.[3][4][5]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [3] 3. Larocca LM, Maggiano N, Capelli A, et al. Immunopathol- ogy of nasal polyps: an immunohistochemical approach. Ann Allergy 1989;63:508-12.
    • cites [4] 4. Stoop AE, Hameleers DM, v Run PE, et al. Lymphocytes and nonlymphoid cells in the nasal mucosa of patients with nasal polyps and of healthy subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989;84:734-41. source
    • cites [5] 5. Kawabori S, Denburg JA, Schwartz LB, et al. Histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics of mast cells in nasal polyps. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992;6:37-43. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Immunohistochemistry is superior to DCC and EIA for demonstrating ER in tissues because it allows in situ demonstration and excludes sample contamination by non-relevant cells or tissue.

    “The latter technique is considered to be superior to others because it allows in situ demonstration of ER, so that the possibility of sample contamination by non-relevant cells or tissue, which is possible with DCC, is excluded.24”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] 24. Mink D, Hollaender M, Von Tongelen B, et al. Demonstra- tion of estrogen and progestrone receptors in breast cancers with monoclonal antibodies: diVerent results with enzyme-immunoassay and immunohistochemical meth- ods. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1995;16:81-91.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    For sex comparison, 18 age-matched cases were used (9 women, 9 men).

    “To see if the expression of ER or PR is subject to a sex related eVect, the scores for men and for women were compared in 18 age matched cases (women, mean (SD) age 31.2 (6.3) years, range 22-42 years, n=9; men, mean (SD) age 32.4 (6.0) years, range 21-42 years, n=9).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Mast cells are sources of cytokines which play key roles in signal transduction and communication between immune cells.

    “The more recent discovery that mast cells are sources of cytokines 26 which play key roles in signal transduction and communication between immune cells suggests that mast cell activation could influence the development of T and B cell responses.27”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [26] 26. Wodnar-Filipowicz A, Heusser CH, Moroni C. Production of the haemopoietic growth factors GM-CSF and interleukin-3 by mast cells in response to IgE receptor- mediated activation. Nature 1989;339:150-2. source
    • cites [27] 27. Castells M. Update on mast cells and mast cell precursors and hypersensitivity responses. Allergy Asthma Proc 1997: 18:287-92.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Pre-absorption of hormone receptors was omitted in favour of current control methodologies suggested by Burry.

    “Pre-absorption of hormone receptors was omitted in favour of current control methodologies suggested by Burry.22”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Burry.22

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Pang et al demonstrated bladder mast cell expression of high affinity oestrogen receptors in patients with interstitial cystitis.

    “Pang et al demonstrated bladder mast cell expression of high aYnity oestrogen receptors in patients with interstitial cystitis.17”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] 17. Pang X, CotreauBibbo MM, Sant GR, et al. Bladder mast cell expression of high aYnity oestrogen receptors in patients with interstitial cystitis. Br J Urol 1995;75:154-61. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Women constitute more than 70% of all adult hospital admissions for asthma.

    “Women constitute more than 70% of all adult hospital admissions for asthma.10 11”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [10] 10. SkobeloV EM, Spivey WH, St Clair SS, et al. The influence of age and sex on asthma admissions. JAMA 1992;268: 3437-40.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [11] 11. Singh AK, Cydulka RK, Stahmer SA, et al. Sex diVerences among adults presenting to the emergency department with acute asthma. Multicenter Asthma Research Collabo- ration Investigators. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1237-43. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Earlier studies reported specific oestrogen binding sites on human peripheral T suppressor/cytotoxic subsets and on mouse peritoneal macrophages.

    “In contrast, earlier studies reported specific oestrogen binding sites, using whole cell assays or dextran coated charcoal adsorption (DCC) method, on human peripheral T suppressor/cytotoxic subsets 18 and on mouse peritoneal macrophages.19”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] 18. Cohen JHM, Danel L, Cordier G. Sex steroid receptors in peripheral T cells: absence of androgen receptors and restriction of estrogen receptors to OKT8-positive cells. J Immunol 1983;131:2767-71.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [19] 19. Gulshan S, McCruden AB, Stimson WH. Oestrogen recep- tors in macrophages. Scand J Immunol 1990;31:691-7. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Current literature suggests that both age and oscillations of sex hormone levels may exacerbate the clinical symptoms of asthma.

    “Current literature suggests that both age and oscillations of sex hormone levels may exacerbate the clinical symptoms of asthma.[6][7][8][9][10][11]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6][7][8][9][10][11]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Area-matched fields of view were selected within the submucosa at low magnification and cell counts were carried out using a 60:1 lens.

    “Area matched fields of view were selected within the submucosa at low magnification and cell counts carried out using a 60:1 lens.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Degranulation of mast cells leads to microvascular and cellular responses, causing contractions and rapid oedema of smooth muscles and mobilising other inflammatory cells to enter the inflammatory site.

    “It is well known that degranulation of mast cells leads to both microvascular and cellular responses, causing contractions and rapid oedema of smooth muscles and mobilising other inflammatory cells to enter the inflammatory site. 2 25”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [2] 2. Bingham CO, Austen KF. Mast-cell responses in the devel- opment of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:S527- 34. source
    • cites [25] 25. Longphre M, Zhang LY, Harkema JR, et al. Mast cells con- tribute to O3-induced epithelial damage and proliferation in nasal and bronchial airways of mice. J Appl Physiol 1996; 80:1322-30. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Functional heterogeneity of human airway mast cells has been reported from different microenvironments within human nasal polyp tissue.

    “Functional heterogeneity of human airway mast cells has been reported from diVerent microenvironments within human nasal polyp tissue.23”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] 23. Finotto S, Dolovich J, Denburg JA, et al. Functional heterogeneity of mast cells isolated from diVerent microen- vironments within nasal polyp tissue. Clin Exp Immunol 1994;95:343-50. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Mast cells are key effector cells in a variety of allergic disorders and chronic inflammatory diseases including nasal polyposis and asthma.

    “Mast cells are key eVector cells in a variety of allergic disorders and chronic inflammatory diseases including nasal polyposis and asthma.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Human breast tumour tissue was used as a positive tissue control, and nonimmunised rabbit IgG, mouse IgG, or PBS instead of primary antibody were used as immuno controls.

    “Human breast tumour tissue was used as positive tissue control.Immuno controls consisted of nonimmunised rabbit IgG or mouse IgG or PBS instead of primary antibody.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Mast cells may be necessary for activation and regulation of eosinophil and macrophage functions.

    “Mast cells may also be necessary for activation and regulation of eosinophil 28 and macrophage functions.29”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [28] 28. Oskéritzian C, Milon G, Braquet P, et al. Activated mast cells release biological activities able to support eosinophil production from mouse hemopoietic precursors. Cell Immunol 1996;167:205-15. source
    • cites [29] 29. Rodgers K, Xiong S. Contribution of mast cell mediators to alterations in macrophage function after malathion admin- istration. Fund Appl Toxicol 1996;33:100-8.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Sudden death from premenstrual asthma has been observed in two sisters.

    “Sudden death from premenstrual asthma has been observed in two sisters.12”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] 12. Barkman RP. Sudden death in asthma. Med J Aust 1981;1: 316-7.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Most stromal mast cells are formalin resistant and contain both tryptase and chymase; most epithelial mast cells are formalin sensitive, tryptase positive, and chymase negative.

    “Most stromal mast cells are formalin resistant and contain both tryptase and chymase; on the other hand, most epithelial mast cells are formalin sensitive, tryptase positive, and chymase negative.5 23”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [5] 5. Kawabori S, Denburg JA, Schwartz LB, et al. Histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics of mast cells in nasal polyps. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992;6:37-43. source
    • cites [23] 23. Finotto S, Dolovich J, Denburg JA, et al. Functional heterogeneity of mast cells isolated from diVerent microen- vironments within nasal polyp tissue. Clin Exp Immunol 1994;95:343-50. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The inflammatory basis for asthma is well established as being due to microvasculature constrictions causing resultant oedema and reduced respiratory function.

    “The inflammatory basis for asthma is well established as being due to microvasculature constrictions causing resultant oedema and reduced respiratory function.1 2”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] 1. Busse WW. Inflammation in asthma: the cornerstone of the disease and target of therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:S17-22.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [2] 2. Bingham CO, Austen KF. Mast-cell responses in the devel- opment of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:S527- 34. source
28 of 28

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No study has been carried out to demonstrate the presence of sex hormone receptors within airways.

    “It would appear that no study has been carried out to demonstrate the presence of sex hormone receptors within airways.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The majority of mast cells sampled in this study are of the formalin resistant population.

    “Since the specimens used in this study were formalin fixed tissues, the majority of mast cells sampled are assumed to be of the formalin resistant population.”
2 of 2

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. [13]13. Dong Z, Zhao XJ, Zhu JG. EVect of estrogen on experimen- tally induced nasal hypersensitivity. Chin J Otorhinolaryngol 1993;28:67-8.
  2. [19]19. Gulshan S, McCruden AB, Stimson WH. Oestrogen recep- tors in macrophages. Scand J Immunol 1990;31:691-7.
  3. [24]24. Mink D, Hollaender M, Von Tongelen B, et al. Demonstra- tion of estrogen and progestrone receptors in breast cancers with monoclonal antibodies: diVerent results with enzyme-immunoassay and immunohistochemical meth- ods. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1995;16:81-91.

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Authors
Zhao, X. J.
Affiliations
University of Ulster (GB)
Corresponding author
Zhao, X J
Venue
Thorax
Publisher
BMJ
Published
2001-03-01
Volume
56
Issue
3
Pages
205-211
ISSN
0040-6376 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1136/thorax.56.3.205
PMC
PMC1758779
OpenAlex
W2170487877
Cited by
120
References
35
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 4
FWCI
6.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Thorax (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Ulster University
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Sinusitis and nasal conditions
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Mast cells and histamine
Keywords
oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, mast cells, nasal polyps, upper airway, airway inflammation, sex hormones, ovarian hormones, lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils, asthma
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Asthma, Child, Female, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Immunohistochemistry, Macrophages, Male, Mast Cells, Middle Aged, Nasal Polyps, Receptors, Estrogen, Receptors, Progesterone, T-Lymphocytes, Sex Distribution

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