Design Guidelines and Recommendations for Multimodal, Touchscreen-based Graphics

May combine two claims.

Vibrations are effective in representing maps, building floor plans, lines, graphs, shapes, and simple graphic entities.

“recent investigations have demonstrated that vibrations are effective in representing maps [59] and building floor plans [22], accurately perceiving and following lines and graphs [23,55,73], representing graphical shapes [24,72], and representing simple graphic entities [30].”

• cites [59] 59. Benjamin Poppinga, Charlotte Magnusson, Martin Pielot, and Kirsten Rassmus-Gröhn. 2011. TouchOver map: Audio- tactile exploration of interactive maps. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Inter- action with Mobile Devices and Services. ACM, 545-550. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [22] 22. Nicholas A. Giudice, Benjamin A. Guenther, Nicholas A. Jensen, and Kaitlyn N. Haase. 2020. Cognitive mapping without vision: Comparing wayfinding performance after learning from digital touchscreen-based multimodal maps vs. embossed tactile overlays. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 14 (2020), 87. sourceSupported
• cites [23] 23. Nicholas A. Giudice, Hari Prasath Palani, Eric Brenner, and Kevin M. Kramer. 2012. Learning non-visual graphi- cal information using a touch-based vibro-audio interface. In Proceedings of the 14th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility. ACM, 103-110. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [55] 55. Hari Prasath Palani, Jennifer L. Tennison, G. Bernard Giudice, and Nicholas A. Giudice. 2018. Touchscreen-based hap- tic information access for assisting blind and visually-impaired users: Perceptual parameters and design guidelines. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics. Springer, 837-847. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [73] 73. Jennifer L. Tennison, P. Merlin Uesbeck, Nicholas A. Giudice, Andreas Stefik, Derrick W. Smith, and Jenna L. Gorlewicz. 2020. Establishing vibration-based tactile line profiles for use in multimodal graphics. Trans. Appl. Per- cept. 17, 2 (2020), 1-14. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Touch is a fundamental part of perception but is not an all-encompassing substitute for vision.

“While touch is a fundamental part of our perception [42,45], it is not an all-encompassing substitute for vision.”

• cites [42] 42. Susan J. Lederman and Roberta L. Klatzky. 2009. Haptic perception: A tutorial. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 71, 7 (2009), 1439-1459. sourceSupported
• cites [45] 45. James Minogue and M. Gail Jones. 2006. Haptics in education: Exploring an untapped sensory modality. Rev. Educ. Res. 76, 3 (2006), 317-348. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Lack of localized vibration provides users with no gradient of direction and can trigger sensory adaptation, fatiguing a user's finger.

“This is problematic, because it provides users with no gradient of direction and can trigger sensory adaptation of feedback, fatiguing a user's finger of the vibration sensation [26,39,55].”

• cites [26] 26. Jenna L. Gorlewicz, Jennifer L. Tennison, Hari Prasath Palani, and Nicholas A. Giudice. 2018. The graphical ac- cess challenge for people with visual impairments: Positions and pathways forward. In Interactive Multimedia. IntechOpen. sourceCould not verify

  Section 2.1 (p. 2) says flat-touchscreen vibrations lack the direct cutaneous cues of raised graphics, but it does not say they lack a directional gradient. Searches for localized vibration, sensory adaptation, and finger fatigue found no passage in our copy addressing those claims. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [39] 39. Roberta L. Klatzky, Nicholas A. Giudice, Christopher R. Bennett, and Jack M. Loomis. 2014. Touch-screen technology for the dynamic display of 2D spatial information without vision: Promise and progress.Multisens. Res. 27 (2014), 359-378. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [55] 55. Hari Prasath Palani, Jennifer L. Tennison, G. Bernard Giudice, and Nicholas A. Giudice. 2018. Touchscreen-based hap- tic information access for assisting blind and visually-impaired users: Perceptual parameters and design guidelines. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics. Springer, 837-847. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Commercially available touchscreens are featureless glass panes currently incapable of delivering localized vibration.

May combine two claims.

Across multiple experiments, users also used techniques such as making crosses at vertices to locate connecting segments and scanning horizontally to find symmetry.

“We have also aggregated shape and line exploration strategies observed across multiple experiments and found that users employed additional techniques including making crosses at vertex points to find connecting line segments (B) and scanning horizontally across the shape to uncover symmetry (C) [29,72].”

• cites [29] 29. Tiago Guerreiro, Kyle Montague, João Guerreiro, Rafael Nunes, Hugo Nicolau, and Daniel J. V. Gonçalves. 2015. Blind people interacting with large touch surfaces: Strategies for one-handed and two-handed exploration. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Interactive Tabletops & Surfaces. 25-34. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [72] 72. Jennifer L. Tennison and Jenna L. Gorlewicz. 2019. Non-visual perception of lines on a multimodal touchscreen tablet. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. 16, 1 (2019), 6. sourceCould not verify

  Section 4.6 (page unavailable) reports that two participants used zigzag or circular movements to follow lines, but it does not describe making crosses at vertices or scanning horizontally to find symmetry. Searches for those techniques, including “vertex” and “symmetry,” found no passage in our copy addressing them. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

4mm ensures discrimination of vibrotactile lines rendered parallel to each other, but is not generalizable to oriented lines that subtend an angle.

“While 4mm ensures discrimination of vibrotactile lines rendered parallel to each other, they are not generalizable to oriented lines that subtend an angle between each other.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The above techniques are best suited for traditional tablet sizes (approximately 9-10 inches).

“The above techniques are best suited for traditional tablet sizes (≈ 9-10 ).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Alternative poses such as holding the tablet in one hand and exploring with the other are viable options.

“alternative poses such as holding the tablet in one hand and exploring with the other are also viable options.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

New users of multimodal graphics may need some training on how to best perceive and extract vibrotactile information.

“we have found new users of multimodal graphics may need some training on how to best perceive and extract vibrotactile information.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Users exploring onscreen content often look for some type of feedback semi-frequently, otherwise concerns arise of having drifted off the object of interest or out of the active screen areas.

“We have anecdotally observed that users who are exploring onscreen content often look for some type of feedback semi-frequently, otherwise concerns arise of having drifted off of the object of interest or out of the active screen areas.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This process is most useful in teaching individuals to use complementary fingers as anchoring and referencing points.

“From a practical implementation, we have found this process to be most useful in teaching individuals to use complementary fingers as anchoring and referencing points.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

While authoring multimodal graphics, we have discovered the importance of being cognizant of the user's approach to interpreting them.

“While authoring multimodal graphics, we have discovered the importance of being cognizant of the user's approach to interpreting them.”

May combine two claims.

Adding small rubber dots along the vertical sides of the screen, or placing thin plastic tape across the perimeter of the active screen area, helps users remain in the active screen area and access easily identifiable reference points.

“We have found that adding small, rubber dots along the vertical sides of the screen, or placing thin plastic tape across the perimeter of the active screen area, helps users in both ensuring that they remain in the active screen area and that they can also access easily identifiable reference points.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Simple tones tend to be preferred over highly stimulating auditory profiles.

“From an auditory perspective, simple tones tend to be preferred over highly stimulating profiles.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Using more than three to five vibration profiles total is ineffective from a perceptual and cognitive standpoint.

“we have not found a need for more than this, and more importantly, acknowledge the ineffectiveness of using too many signals of the same modality from a perceptual and cognitive standpoint.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Providing cues (a low-level clicking sound or a verbal cue stating no information) is preferred over leaving open white space without feedback.

“we have found that providing cues (a low-level clicking sound or even a verbal cue stating “no information”) is preferred rather than leaving a lot of open, white space that does not provide any feedback.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Reference fingers should not come too close together, as a new centroid point would then be calculated between the two fingers and could result in spurious triggering of feedback.

“These reference fingers, however, should not come too close together, as a new centroid point would then be calculated between the two fingers and could result in spurious triggering of feedback.”

May combine two claims.

Other fingers cannot trigger feedback but can act as guides and reference points to remember key places on the screen.

“While other fingers cannot trigger feedback, they can act as guides and reference points to remember key places on the screen.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Affixing stands or mounts to the bottom of the tablet prevents vibration dampening from vibrations dissipating from the device to other surfaces.

“To prevent vibration dampening from vibrations dissipating from the device to other surfaces, we recommend an additional hardware modification-affixing stands or mounts to the bottom of the tablet when possible”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

It is best to have text read aloud when a user's finger is over the text in the diagram.

“Currently, we have found it best to have text read aloud when a user's finger is over the text in the diagram.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Twenty-two participants with visual impairment took part, recruited from the National Federation of the Blind national convention in 2019.

“Twenty-two participants with visual impairment participated in this experiment, recruited from the National Federation of the Blind (NFB) national convention in 2019.”

May combine two claims.

Some participants could not remember the difference between y- or x-axes or how to differentiate types of triangles.

“For instance, some participants could not remember the difference between the y-or x-axes nor could some remember how to differentiate between different types of triangles (right, acute, obtuse).”

May combine two claims.

Many users described the multimodal bar-chart representations as the strongest and easiest to understand, even though those graphics had slightly worse performance.

“Despite having slightly worse performance of the two graphics, many users remarked that the multimodal bar-chart representations were the strongest and easiest to understand.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The evaluation questions and scoring validly measure participant knowledge and performance on the graphics.

May combine two claims.

Not much time was spent tracing middle sections of long lines; if participants remembered a key point nearby, they chose to find it from another spatial reference rather than trace the line all the way down.

“Because of this, not much time was spent tracing the middle sections of long lines-if participants remembered there was a key point nearby, they chose to find the key point from another spatial reference rather than trace the line all the way down.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Finger-location heatmaps accurately indicate the most important features and exploration behavior.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ten of the 22 participants reported some light perception, and all but one reported no residual vision and complete blindness.

“Ten of the 22 participants stated that they had some form of light perception and all but 1 individual (who chose not to respond) stated that they had no residual vision and were completely blind.”

May combine two claims.

In the study, the issue with double-tap was positioning rather than speed; users sometimes did not tap twice on the exact same location.

“However, in this study, speed was not the issue encountered, but rather positioning.It was observed that users would sometimes not tap twice on the exact same location.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Users pressed strongly on the screen when following vibrating lines or bars, causing the tablet to move slightly on the table.

“We also note that it was observed that users pressed quite strongly on the screen when following vibrating lines or bars.This caused the tablet to move slightly on the table during exploration.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Of the 22 participants, 16 had enough tactile diagram experience to need almost no additional assistance, while 6 requested assistance.

“Of the 22 participants, 16 participants had sufficient experience with tactile diagrams to require almost no additional assistance, but 6 requested assistance reading the tactile diagrams.”

May combine two claims.

The menu bar implementation reduced screen real estate and caused accidental presses by users.

“It quickly became apparent, however, that this implementation reduced screen real estate and introduced accidental presses from users.”

May combine two claims.

The double-tap gesture was not always activated correctly within the study, causing confusion for participants.

“As such, the gesture was not always activated correctly within the study, which caused confusion for participants.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: AndroidOS cannot register two finger touchdowns as a double-tap unless they occur within a couple of millimeters of each other.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Most participants (N=22; average age 41) were female (N=13) and highly educated (N=16 had finished college or held graduate degrees).

“A majority of these participants (N = 22; average age = 41 years) were female (N = 13) and highly educated (N = 16 finished college or had graduate degrees).”

May combine two claims.

Average participant performance on multimodal touchscreen graphics was 80.09%, comparable to 81.83% on traditional embossed graphics.

“On average, a participant's performance on multimodal, touchscreen-based graphics (M = 80.09%) was on par with their performance on the traditional embossed graphic (M = 81.83%).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The evaluation questions and scoring validly measure participant knowledge and performance on the graphics.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The color-based feedback approach required each image's distinct components to be differentiated in a graphics program.

“First, every image must have its distinct components differentiated using a graphics program.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants had a wide range of diagnoses, most commonly Leber Congenital Amerosis (N=4), Glaucoma (N=3), and Retinitis Pigmentosa (N=3).

“Participants represented a wide range of diagnoses, the most common being Leber Congenital Amerosis (N = 4), Glaucoma (N = 3), and Retinitis Pigmentosa (N = 3) (see Table 6 for complete demographics).”

May combine two claims.

These findings illustrate the potential for vibrations to be a primary interaction modality for all individuals and a critical piece in closing the graphical access gap for individuals with visual impairments.

“These findings have illustrated the potential for vibrations to not only be a primary interaction modality for all individuals, but to be a critical piece in closing the graphical access gap for individuals with VI.”

May combine two claims.

Signaling can be done within modality using different vibration patterns, but this comes with limitations.

“This work illustrates that signaling can also be done within modality (as was done in this case by using different vibration patterns), but this comes with limitations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

There is significant literature on tactile thresholds for physical stimuli, the effect of aging on tactile ability, and the tactile science supporting Braille reading and pattern recognition.

“there is significant literature on tactile thresholds for physical stimuli [20,36], the effect of aging on tactile ability [66], and the tactile “science” supporting Braille reading and pattern recognition [76]”

• cites [20] 20. George A. Gescheider, John H. Wright, and Ronald T. Verrillo. 2010. Information-processing Channels in the Tactile Sensory System: A Psychophysical and Physiological Analysis. Psychology Press.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [36] 36. Lynette A. Jones and Susan J. Lederman. 2006. Human Hand Function. Oxford University Press. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [66] 66. Joseph C. Stevens, Emerson Foulke, and Matthew Q. Patterson. 1996. Tactile acuity, aging, and Braille reading in long-term blindness.J. Exper. Psychol.: Appl. 2, 2 (1996), 91. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [76] 76. Yasemin Vardar, Burak Güçlü, and Cagatay Basdogan. 2017. Effect of waveform on tactile perception by electrovibra- tion displayed on touch screens. IEEE Trans. Haptics 10, 4 (2017), 488-499. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Vibratory touchscreens do not offer fine distinction and vibrate the entirety of the fingertip no matter what part is in contact with an object.

“vibratory touchscreens do not offer such fine distinction and, instead, vibrate the entirety of the fingertip no matter what part is in contact with an object.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Commercially available touchscreens are featureless glass panes currently incapable of delivering localized vibration.

May combine two claims.

This change in vibration patterns gives users key points to identify and salient landmarks to count and return to during exploration.

“This change in vibration patterns gives users key points to identify and salient landmarks to count and to return to during their exploration.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

These limitations challenge designers of multimodal, tactile graphics.

“These limitations undoubtedly challenge designers of multimodal, tactile graphics.”

May combine two claims.

Guidelines and standards for tactile graphics such as those developed by the Braille Authority of North America and Braille Literacy Canada have formalized hard-copy tactile graphics and provided a framework for consistency in presentation of information that can be widely adopted.

“guidelines and standards for tactile graphics such as those developed by the Braille Authority of North America [8] and Braille Literacy Canada [9] have formalized hard-copy tactile graphics and have provided a framework for consistency in presentation of information that can be widely adopted.”

• cites [8] 8. BANA. 2019. Code Books and Guidelines. Retrieved from http://www.brailleauthority.org/publications-area.html.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [9] 9. BLC. 2019. Braille Literacy Canada. Retrieved from http://www.brailleliteracycanada.ca/en/.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Principles for creating hard-copy tactile graphics exist, but only a subset apply to touchscreen-based graphics because of fundamental differences in how these graphics are conveyed.

“While there are principles that exist for creating hard-copy tactile graphics [8], only a subset of them apply here, because of the fundamental differences in the way these graphics are conveyed.”

• cites [8] 8. BANA. 2019. Code Books and Guidelines. Retrieved from http://www.brailleauthority.org/publications-area.html.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Because vibration actuation is common in commercially available touch-based platforms, the necessary hardware capabilities are already present and adopted within the VI community, making the potential for adoption and widespread use high.

“Namely, because vibration actuation is common in commercially available, touch-based platforms, the necessary hardware capabilities are already present and adopted within the VI community, making the potential for adoption and widespread use high.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Touchscreens are now often outfitted with vibration capabilities.

May combine two claims.

Users must keep track of all important kinesthetic and spatial cues to perceive content correctly, highlighting the haptic system's spatial bandwidth and temporal processing limitations.

“Users must keep track of all important kinesthetic and spatial cues to perceive content correctly, highlighting the haptic system's spatial bandwidth and temporal processing limitations [39].”

• cites [39] 39. Roberta L. Klatzky, Nicholas A. Giudice, Christopher R. Bennett, and Jack M. Loomis. 2014. Touch-screen technology for the dynamic display of 2D spatial information without vision: Promise and progress.Multisens. Res. 27 (2014), 359-378. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Apple has recently released Core Haptics for newer iOS devices (iPhone 8 and above), which promises to provide more flexibility to developers using tactile feedback in their applications.

“Apple has recently released Core Haptics for newer iOS devices (iPhone 8 and above), which promises to provide more flexibility to developers using tactile feedback in their applications [16].”

• cites [16] 16. Core Haptics | Apple Developer. 2020. Retrieved from https://developer.apple.com/documentation/corehaptics.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Human recorded speech may be preferred over TTS engines.

“It is acknowledged that human recorded speech may be preferred over TTS engines”

• cites [28] 28. João Guerreiro and Daniel Gonçalves. 2015. Faster text-to-speeches: Enhancing blind people's information scanning with faster concurrent speech. In Proceedings of the 17th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility. 3-11. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Including multiple concurrent voices can improve the speed and comprehension of scanning for information.

“including multiple concurrent voices can improve the speed and comprehension of scanning for information [28].”

• cites [28] 28. João Guerreiro and Daniel Gonçalves. 2015. Faster text-to-speeches: Enhancing blind people's information scanning with faster concurrent speech. In Proceedings of the 17th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility. 3-11. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sonification techniques have been used successfully in relaying graphical information.

“There is a wealth of information available on using sonification techniques successfully in relaying graphical information, and we refer users to References [23,48,49,59,[79][80][81] for more details.”

• cites [23,48,49,59,[79][80][81]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The single touch limitation makes detection of angled or curving trajectories particularly challenging, relying largely on the kinesthetic system, which is rather noisy.

“This single touch limitation makes detection of angled or curving trajectories particularly challenging, relying largely on the kinesthetic system, which is rather noisy.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Vibration feedback is not localized, resulting in the majority of exploration needing to be done via a single finger.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Relatively simple adaptations can be made in hardware and software that make exploration of multimodal graphics easier.

“Collectively, relatively simple adaptations can be made in hardware and software that make exploration of multimodal graphics easier.”

May combine two claims.

Spatial information integrated across time and space in physical media is not always precise, which can harm the accuracy of mental images.

“This integration is also not always precise, which can negatively affect creation of a mental image with accurate spatial features [83].”

• cites [83] 83. Heng Xu, Michael A. Peshkin, and J. Edward Colgate. 2019. UltraShiver: Lateral force feedback on a bare fingertip via ultrasonic oscillation and electroadhesion. IEEE Trans. Haptics 12, 4 (2019), 497-507.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Our group has not conducted formal studies comparing one exploration technique from the other.

“While our group has not conducted formal studies comparing one exploration technique from the other”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

We have informally aggregated common exploration strategies that have resulted in high achieving outcomes from previous user studies.

“we have informally aggregated common exploration strategies that have resulted in high achieving outcomes from previous user studies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Bar charts and geometry figures are fruitful for scaling up the design guidelines and are fundamental math concepts from which more complex graphics can be designed.

“Therefore, these two concepts provide fruitful ground for scaling up the design guidelines and strategies employed to date but also represent fundamental concepts in mathematics from which additional complex graphics can be designed.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Mathematics and statistics contain highly visual content that is often difficult for individuals with VI to fully participate in.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Bar charts are regularly used for categorical datasets and are a benchmark in fundamental statistical analysis.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Bar charts provide many fundamental aspects of all statistical graphics, including labels, legend, axes, and increments.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: These skills are fundamental for using more advanced graphical representations of data.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Geometry figures are fundamental to larger STEM concepts.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: These two concept areas are widely used in classrooms, the workplace, and scientific and popular press writing, so the findings have practical implications.

May combine two claims.

While people may be able to trace these stimuli, it is often difficult for them to accurately perceive the magnitude of the deviation.

“while people may be able to trace these stimuli, it is often difficult for them to accurately perceive the magnitude of the deviation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Given that the majority of VI users have adopted iOS, this movement is promising and necessary in supporting multimodal user experiences, learning, and inclusive design more broadly.

“Given that majority of VI users have adopted iOS, this movement is promising and necessary in supporting multimodal user experiences, learning, and inclusive design more broadly.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Majority of VI users have adopted iOS.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

With the advent of Bluetooth vibration motors and wearable mechanisms, the lack of vibration capabilities in larger screens may not necessarily be a problem if individuals are open to augmenting their experience with additional hardware.

“We note, however, that with the advent of Bluetooth vibration motors, as well as wearable mechanisms, the lack of vibration capabilities in larger screens may not necessarily be a problem if individuals are open to augmenting their experience with additional hardware.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Most larger tablets often do not contain vibrotactile feedback and are more expensive and less portable than traditional tablets.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Hand movements used to accurately perceive and extract vibrotactile data will likely look similar to the ones described.

“the hand movements (and thus encoding strategies) used to accurately perceive and extract vibrotactile data will likely look similar to the ones we describe below.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is rich literature on discrimination thresholds and subjective interpretations of vibration profiles.

“There is, however, rich literature on discrimination thresholds and subjective interpretations of vibration profiles more broadly [14].”

• cites [14] 14. Seungmoon Choi and Katherine J. Kuchenbecker. 2013. Vibrotactile display: Perception, technology, and applications. Proc. IEEE 101, 9 (2013), 2093-2104. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

This can be a problem depending on how the user's movement intersects the stimulus, and is particularly challenging with small stimuli.

“This can be a problem, depending on how the user's movement intersects the stimulus, and is particularly challenging with small stimuli.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Only the center of the finger's contact pad with the touchscreen is used to generate on/off vibratory feedback.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There is a limit to the amount of information that can be conveyed on smaller screens, though layering and panning techniques will likely help.

“There is certainly a limit to the amount of information that can be conveyed on smaller screens, though layering and panning techniques will likely help with this.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This echoes recommendations by Reference [15] to assist users in staying within active area boundaries through simple hardware modifications such as stickers.

“This echoes recommendations put forward by Reference [15] to assist users in staying within the active area boundaries of a touchscreen through the use of simple hardware modifications, such as stickers.”

• cites [15] 15. Rafael Jeferson Pezzuto Damaceno, Juliana Cristina Braga, and Jesús Pascual Mena-Chalco. 2018. Mobile device ac- cessibility for the visually impaired: Problems mapping and recommendations. Univ. Access Inf. Soc. 17, 2 (2018), 421-435. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Providing a legend or key for bar charts, similar to the tactile version, would support user search by allowing high-level information at the start of the task to direct search.

“This would support user search efforts by allowing them to obtain high-level information about the graphic's data at the start of the task so they might better direct their search of the graphic.”

May combine two claims.

Consumption of non-visual media can occur in digital space with graphical literacy performance at least on par with traditional tactile media.

“These guidelines demonstrate that consumption of non-visual media can occur in the digital space, with graphical literacy performance that is at least on par with traditional tactile media.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The evaluation questions and scoring validly measure participant knowledge and performance on the graphics.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The study's findings can be generalized to students and adults with visual impairments in classroom and data-reading contexts.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The multimodal touchscreen graphics tested were implemented in accordance with the article's guidelines.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Embossed graphics were comparable in size to the tablet graphics to achieve mapping between stimuli and avoid confusion when moving between platforms.

“The embossed graphics were comparable in size to the graphics given on the tablet to achieve mapping between the two stimuli and to eliminate any confusion moving between platforms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Of the 22 participants, all finished the geometry figure evaluations in both media, while 19 finished the bar-chart evaluations; one ran out of time before reaching the bar charts.

“Twenty-two participants completed the geometry figure evaluations in both mediums, but only 19 participants completed the bar-chart evaluations, as 1 participant did not reach the bar charts in the time that was allotted.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

To successfully represent a shape, all key parts (vertices, lines, special angles) must be found and stitched together in memory.

“To have a successful representation of the shape, all key parts (all vertices, lines, and special angles) must have been found and stitched together in memory.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The quicker evaluation of embossed graphics could be due to participants having more experience with physical media than with the brief training on touchscreen media.

“This could be due to several reasons with the most obvious being the experience disparity between the two mediums.Participants are likely to have had more experience exploring physical media as compared to the brief training period in which users had to acquaint themselves with the touchscreen-based media.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Training sessions lasted 10 to 20 minutes and ended only after participants successfully completed criterion questions about the training graphic.

“Each training session lasted between 10 and 20 minutes and only concluded once participants successfully completed a set of criterion questions about the training graphic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants also had to be able to read Braille and read tactile diagrams with minimal assistance.

“Potential participants were also required to have the ability to read Braille and read tactile diagrams with minimal assistance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants differed widely in age, gender, and prior skill with graphics.

“Second, our participant pool was highly varied across age, gender, and relevant graphic skills.”

May combine two claims.

As a result, users could get audio information readily and proceed quickly, making efficient use of their time.

“This allowed users to easily obtain audio information and quickly move on, enabling them to efficiently use their time.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Finger-location heatmaps accurately indicate the most important features and exploration behavior.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants received all touchscreen or all embossed versions before the other, with the order of bar charts and geometry images alternating according to Latin square methodology.

“Participants received all touchscreen or embossed versions of the images before the other version, with the order of bar charts and geometry images alternating according to typical Latin square methodology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Users had few choices for adjusting the speech rate, and this may have influenced how long they took and how they interpreted the graphics.

“Nonetheless, we note that our text-to-speech rate had limited options for users to choose, which could have affected their time and interpretation during exploration.”

May combine two claims.

Most participants came with prior training and experience using embossed graphics, whereas their exposure to the multimodal graphics was limited to this study's training session.

“This is interesting, as many participants had training and experience with embossed graphics while having only the training epoch on the multimodal graphics in this study.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Evaluation questions involved only information extraction and never required computation.

“During evaluation, participants were asked four-to-six questions (see Table 8 for a set of questions regarding a bar chart and geometry image from the study) about the graphic that only involved information extraction; no questions asked for computation in any form.”

May combine two claims.

After gaining familiarity with the bar charts, participants moved very quickly through touchscreen bar charts and may have eventually caught up to embossed media speeds.

“Yet, after gaining familiarity with the bar charts, participants moved very quickly through the touchscreen-based bar charts and users may have eventually caught up to the speeds at which they consumed the embossed media.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The heatmap findings highlight the importance and desire for users to use their time efficiently during these tasks.

“Again, this serves to highlight the importance and the desire for users to use their time efficiently during these tasks.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Finger-location heatmaps accurately indicate the most important features and exploration behavior.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Inclusion required self-reported fingertip sensation, functional finger movement, no severe cognitive impairment, and no or minimal hearing loss.

“To be considered for participation, individuals were required (by self-report) that they had sensation in their fingertips, functional movement of their fingers, no severe cognitive impairment (inability to understand directions or questions asked), and no/minimal hearing loss.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A Latin square design was used to account for order effects.

“A Latin square design was employed as a means to account for order effects during the study.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Limited time abbreviated the amount of training provided to participants.

“Additionally, this limited time also abbreviated the amount of training that could be provided to participants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The study was approved by Saint Louis University's Institutional Review Board, and participants gave informed consent and were compensated.

“The following study was approved by Saint Louis University's Institutional Review Board, and participants were provided informed consent and compensated for their time.”