The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 55 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Social Media as Social Transition Machinery
Open accessAbstract
Social media, and people's online self-presentations and social networks, add complexity to people's experiences managing changing identities during life transitions. I use gender transition as a case study to understand how people experience liminality on social media. I qualitatively analyzed data from transition blogs on Tumblr (n=240), a social media blogging site on which people document their gender transitions, and in-depth interviews with transgender bloggers (n=20). I apply ethnographer van Gennep's liminality framework to a social media context and contribute a new understanding of liminality by arguing that reconstructing one's online identity during life transitions is a rite of passage. During life transitions, people present multiple identities simultaneously on different social media sites that together comprise what I call social transition machinery. Social transition machinery describes the ways that, for people facing life transitions, multiple social media sites and networks o"en remain separate, yet work together to facilitate life transitions.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Haimson analyzes Tumblr transition blogs and interviews to argue that during gender transition, social media act as “social transition machinery”: separate sites and networks work together to support identity reconstruction as a rite of passage. The paper argues that liminality online is multiple, not neutral or identity-less.
Key findings
- Across 240 Tumblr transition blogs (84,481 posts) and 20 interviews, participants used Tumblr for transition work—expressive writing, self-documentation, and identity exploration—while 19 of 20 also used Facebook and often kept identities and networks separate.
- Facebook was used for mass trans identity disclosure when participants were ready, converting transition into an event; Tumblr was a self-focused yet social space for autonomy, support, and transition work.
- The paper argues that liminality on social media is multiple rather than neutral, and that reconstructing one’s online identity is a rite of passage; “social transition machinery” describes separate sites that remain separate yet work together.
- Blog sample demographics: 47% female-to-male/FTM/trans men, 46% male-to-female/MTF/trans women, 7% nonbinary; interview sample was 50% trans women, 35% trans men, and 15% nonbinary trans people, with average age 26.65.
Methods
- Collected text data from 240 Tumblr transition blogs via Tumblr’s API, from each blog’s first post through January 4, 2017, totaling 84,481 posts; used an opt-out approach after messaging 257 bloggers.
- Conducted qualitative content analysis on 3,200 manually coded Tumblr posts, combining conventional and directed content analysis, alongside exploratory immersion and memoing.
- Conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 bloggers (19 video chat, 1 phone; average 60 minutes, SD = 13.8, range 40–88 minutes), transcribed and analyzed with inductive open coding, axial coding, and memoing; reached data saturation after approximately 15 interviews.
Limitations
- The paper states that all participants were avid Tumblr users, so results may not generalize to non-Tumblr users, those more invested in other sites, those documenting transitions elsewhere, or those who do not document transitions; participants may also be more “open” than others.
- The paper states that those most distressed may have been less likely to respond to interview requests, though blog data still captured some of their experiences.
- Evident from the text: the blog sample skewed young (63% aged 18–24), most bloggers did not specify race/ethnicity (93%), visual content was not collected, and the opt-out approach may miss bloggers who did not see or respond to messages.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 55 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
In this study, Facebook is social transition machinery for converting a transition into an event.
“For example, in this study, Tumblr is social transition machinery for intense identity concentration and transition work, while Facebook is social transition machinery for converting a transition into an event.”
- Also stated in: § 5.3 Social Media are Social Transition Machinery for Identity Reconstruction as a · plain
“b.In this study, Facebook is social transition machinery for converting a transition into an event.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 5.3 Social Media are Social Transition Machinery for Identity Reconstruction as a · plain
- Findingown data
Almost all interview participants (n = 19 out of 20) reported using Facebook in addition to Tumblr.
“Almost all interview participants (n = 19 out of 20) reported using Facebook in addition to Tumblr.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Before disclosing their trans identity to their Facebook networks, participants presented their pre-transition gender and identity on Facebook, while presenting their new or transitional gender on Tumblr.
“Before they had disclosed their trans identity to their Facebook networks, participants described presenting their pre-transition gender and identity on Facebook, while presenting their new or transitional gender on Tumblr.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: People's online self-presentations on different social media sites correspond to their actual identities and transition stages.
- Findingown data
Participants described using Tumblr for transition work, including expressive writing, self-documentation, and identity exploration, in a self-focused yet social online environment.
“Participants described using Tumblr for transition work, including expressive writing, self-documentation, and identity exploration, in a self-focused yet social online environment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Tumblr transition blogs and interviews with bloggers accurately reflect people's experiences of gender transition on social media.
- Findingown data
During life transitions, people present multiple identities simultaneously on different social media sites that together comprise social transition machinery.
“During life transitions, people present multiple identities simultaneously on different social media sites that together comprise what I call social transition machinery.”
- Also stated in: § 4 RESULTS · plain
“During gender transition, Tumblr transition bloggers presented multiple identities simultaneously on different social media sites as a mechanism to keep identities and networks separate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Tumblr transition blogs and interviews with bloggers accurately reflect people's experiences of gender transition on social media.
- Also stated in: § 4 RESULTS · plain
- Findingown data
In this study, Tumblr is social transition machinery for intense identity concentration and transition work.
“For example, in this study, Tumblr is social transition machinery for intense identity concentration and transition work, while Facebook is social transition machinery for converting a transition into an event.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Each person described presenting a pre-transition name, gender, and appearance on Facebook while presenting a different name, gender, and appearance on their transition blog.
“People's particular presentation on the two sites varied, but each person described presenting a pretransition name, gender, and appearance on Facebook while presenting a different name, gender, and appearance on their transition blog.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: People's online self-presentations on different social media sites correspond to their actual identities and transition stages.
- Findingown data
During gender transition, Tumblr transition bloggers presented multiple identities simultaneously on different social media sites as a mechanism to keep identities and networks separate.
“During gender transition, Tumblr transition bloggers presented multiple identities simultaneously on different social media sites as a mechanism to keep identities and networks separate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Tumblr transition blogs and interviews with bloggers accurately reflect people's experiences of gender transition on social media.
- Findingcitation
Transition bloggers exist within a network of other bloggers, many of whom follow and interact with each other.
“Though blogs resemble diaries in some ways, blogs are different because they are inherently social [60]; transition bloggers exist within a network of other bloggers, many of whom follow and interact with each other.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
People chose Facebook as a platform for mass disclosure because it was an efficient and official way to disclose trans identity to one's network.
“People chose Facebook as a platform for mass disclosure because it was an efficient and official way to disclose trans identity to one's network, similar to how some use Facebook to disclose relationship breakups [38], pregnancy loss [4], and other life transitions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [38]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [4]
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- Findingcitation
During major life transitions and in stigmatized contexts, people often find it necessary to impose boundary regulation by presenting different identities and sharing different content on two or more different social media sites.
“However, during major life transitions and in stigmatized contexts, people often find it necessary to impose boundary regulation [63] by presenting different identities and sharing different content on two (or more) different social media sites.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [63]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
Tumblr affording multiple accounts and pseudonyms makes identity exploration possible without long-lasting consequences.
“P6 described how Tumblr affording multiple accounts and pseudonyms makes identity exploration possible without long-lasting consequences”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Participants in the study shared vastly different types of content on Tumblr compared to Facebook.
“Participants in my study shared vastly different types of content on Tumblr as compared to Facebook.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Some participants who had overlap between their Facebook and Tumblr networks described this overlap as uncomfortable, even if the people in common were also trans.
“Some who did have overlap between their Facebook and Tumblr networks described this overlap as being uncomfortable, even if the people in common between the two sites were also trans.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
On Facebook, after a person converts their transition into an event, their existing (pre-transition or 'real life') network rallies around that event to provide support in the form of likes, comments, and messages.
“On Facebook, after a person converts their transition into an event, their existing (e.g., pre-transition or”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Participants tended to keep their identities and networks separate between Tumblr and Facebook during gender transition.
“Participants tended to keep their identities and networks separate between Tumblr and Facebook during gender transition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
For many in transition, Facebook is transition machinery in which a transition becomes an event.
“At the same time, for many in transition, Facebook is transition machinery in which a transition becomes an event.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
On Tumblr, participants shared personal, emotional content, including both positive and negative emotions.
“On Tumblr people shared personal, emotional content, which included both positive and negative emotions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
For transition bloggers, Tumblr is social transition machinery where people concentrate intensely on their transition and identity and engage in transition work, such as writing expressively, documenting their transitional journey, and exploring their identity.
“For transition bloggers, Tumblr is social transition machinery where people concentrate intensely on their transition and their identity and engage in transition work, such as by writing expressively, documenting their transitional journey, and exploring their identity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Coming out as trans on Facebook is a pivotal transition moment for many.
“Coming out as trans on Facebook is a pivotal transition moment for many.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Keeping a transition blog enabled many participants to feel better over time by processing their emotions through writing.
“As P15 described, and as was true for many others, keeping a transition blog enabled him to feel better over time by processing his emotions through writing.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
When the boundary between different networks was compromised, sharing intimate content became more difficult.
“When the boundary between different networks was compromised, as in P4's case when her Facebook friends found her on Tumblr, or when P8's father read her Tumblr blog, sharing intimate content became more difficult.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
On Tumblr, trans people tend to do identity exploration prior to starting transition blogs.
“Yet on Tumblr, they tend to do this prior to starting transition blogs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Some participants used Tumblr transition blogs for identity exploration.
“Finally, some participants used Tumblr transition blogs for identity exploration.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
Facebook disclosures usually occur after people tell close family members and other important people in their lives, with whom they feel a one-to-one conversation is necessary.
“Facebook disclosures usually occur after people tell close family members and the other important people in their lives, with whom they feel a one-to-one conversation is necessary.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Instead of segmenting networks on one SNS, people often separate their networks by using different social media sites for different networks and purposes, as shown in this study and as others have found.
“Thus, instead of segmenting networks on one SNS, people often separate their networks by using different social media sites for different networks and purposes, as I have shown in this study, and as others have found [81,98].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [81]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [98]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
Many participants described feeling an obligation on Facebook to be connected to their network.
“many participants described feeling an obligation on Facebook to be connected to their network.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Many participants used Tumblr as a tool for self-documentation, to keep a personal record and track transition progress.
“Many used Tumblr as a tool for self-documentation, to keep a personal record and track transition progress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Tumblr is an important place during transition for people to express emotions (whether happy, lonely, sad) and to be alone.
“Bridges' [14] suggestion corresponds with my finding that Tumblr is an important place during transition for people to express emotions (whether happy, lonely, sad) and to be alone.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Tumblr is an online space that people use during gender transition to engage in transition work.
“Tumblr is an online space that people use during gender transition to engage in transition work.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Trans identity disclosures on Facebook are pivotal moments for many.
“As this analysis shows, trans identity disclosures on Facebook are pivotal moments for many.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Today, trans rites of passage are much more varied and complex than in the past.
“While in the past some considered sex reassignment surgery (SRS) the primary trans rite of passage [10], today, as my study demonstrates, trans rites of passage are much more varied and complex.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
In this paper's case study, people expressed transitional identities on Tumblr, a site that does not show network connections by default.
“In this paper's case study, people expressed transitional identities on Tumblr, a site that does not show network connections by default 7 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Tumblr transition bloggers can have multiple blogs to segment their transition-related content and followers from other content, such as their Pokémon obsession.
“In this way, Tumblr transition bloggers can have multiple blogs to segment their transition-related content and followers from, for example, their Pokémon obsession.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Presenting different versions of self to different networks is especially important for people during life transitions, as shown in this study.
“However, presenting different versions of self to different networks is especially important for people during life transitions, as I have shown in this study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Social media, and people's online self-presentations and social networks, add complexity to people's experiences managing changing identities during life transitions.
“Social media, and people's online self-presentations and social networks, add complexity to people's experiences managing changing identities during life transitions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Tumblr transition blogs and interviews with bloggers accurately reflect people's experiences of gender transition on social media.
- Interpretationcitation
These features lead to an openness in discussing stigmatized issues, which likely influences the prevalence of transition blogs on Tumblr.
“These features lead to an openness in discussing stigmatized issues [64,74], which likely influences the prevalence of transition blogs on Tumblr.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [64]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [74]
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- Interpretationcitation
Social media enable people to embody multiple identities and exist in multiple networks simultaneously during life transitions, rather than remaining neutral.
“I contribute new knowledge towards understanding what liminality means on social media by highlighting the ways social media enable people to embody multiple identities and exist in multiple networks simultaneously during life transitions, rather than remaining neutral (as posited by previous literature about liminality [33,91,92]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [91]
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- cites [92]
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- Premisecitation
Many trans people turn to Tumblr, a site that allows pseudonyms and multiple accounts, and where one's network is not necessarily linked with one's pre-transition network, to experiment with and express trans identities.
“Many trans people turn to Tumblr, a site that allows pseudonyms and multiple accounts, and where one's network is not necessarily linked with one's pre-transition network, to experiment with and express trans identities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Users' ability to be pseudonymous, maintain multiple identities and blogs, and the site's unstructured, flexible profiles allow people to express nonnormative identities.
“Users' ability to be pseudonymous, maintain multiple identities and blogs, and the site's unstructured, flexible profiles (on which people can choose which parts of themselves to display, and how) allow people to express nonnormative identities [61,68].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [61]
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- cites [68]
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- Interpretationreasoning
Reconstructing one's online identity during life transitions is a rite of passage.
“I apply ethnographer van Gennep's liminality framework to a social media context and contribute a new understanding of liminality by arguing that reconstructing one's online identity during life transitions is a rite of passage.”
- Also stated in: § 1 INTRODUCTION · plain
“I detail my argument that reconstructing one's online identity is a rite of passage, and conceptualize these findings by introducing the concept of social transition machinery.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 1 INTRODUCTION · plain
- Premisecitation
A large body of social computing literature has shown that social media sites introduce challenges in interacting online and presenting changing identities during life transitions such as relationship breakups and divorce, job loss, transition into and out of military cultures, pregnancy loss, and death in one's network.
“A large body of social computing literature has shown the ways that social media sites introduce challenges in interacting online and presenting changing identities during life transitions such as relationship breakups and divorce [38,59,71], job loss [18], transition into and out of military cultures [29,75,76], pregnancy loss [4], and death in one's network [15].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 7 sources checked- cites [38]
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- cites [59]
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- cites [71]
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- cites [18]
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- cites [29]
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- cites [75]
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- cites [76]
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- Premisecitation
Tumblr is a queer and gender fluid-friendly space.
“In this sense, Tumblr's reputation as a queer and gender fluid-friendly space [93] is notable.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [93]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Tumblr facilitates nonlinear, impermanent, and multiple trajectories of content reblogged across the site and personal narratives.
“Finally, the site facilitates nonlinear, impermanent, and multiple trajectories of content reblogged across the site and personal narratives [22,32,93].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [22]
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- cites [32]
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- cites [93]
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- Premisecitation
Tumblr is an important place for trans people to find and share information.
“Tumblr is also an important place for trans people to find and share information [2].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Health information seeking and sharing is a major focus of the trans community on Tumblr.
“Trans people have unique health needs, and thus different information seeking practices, than the general population, and even other LGBQ people; thus health information seeking and sharing is a major focus of the trans community on Tumblr [45].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Tumblr's visual design enables identity complexity.
“Tumblr's visual design enables identity complexity [93]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [93]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
For social media users, social media fill the gap left by the lack of formal rites of passage by acting as social transition machinery for life transitions.
“Because networked societies lack formal rites of passage for many life transitions, for social media users, social media fill this gap by acting as social transition machinery for life transitions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Networked societies lack formal rites of passage for many life transitions.
- Interpretationnone given
During the transition stage, social media enable people to embody multiple identities simultaneously rather than being neutral.
“1.During the transition stage, social media enable people to embody multiple identities simultaneously rather than being neutral.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The openness enabled by separation from one's Facebook network created the conditions necessary for many bloggers to disclose personal information and receive social support.
“The openness enabled by separation from one's Facebook network created the conditions necessary for many bloggers to disclose personal information and receive social support.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Reconstructing one's online identity on social media is a rite of passage.
“Reconstructing one's online identity is a rite of passage.”
- Also stated in: § 6 CONCLUSION · plain
“Using this concept, I contribute a new understanding of how people experience liminality on social media, and argue that reconstructing one's online identity on social media is a rite of passage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 6 CONCLUSION · plain
- Interpretationnone given
Identity transformation on social media is a rite of passage in our society.
“Identity transformation on social media is a rite of passage in our society.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The major work on liminality throughout the 20th Century characterized the transition stage as neutral, or a state of betweenness.
“The major work on liminality throughout the 20 th Century characterized the transition stage as neutral, or a state of betweenness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Changing one's gender marker, name, and/or profile photo on Facebook is a symbolic aspect of gender transition rites of passage that involves both one's past and future identity and a shift from the former to the latter.
“Changing one's gender marker, name, and/or profile photo on Facebook is a symbolic aspect of gender transition rites of passage that involves both one's past and future identity and a shift from the former to the latter.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Any combination of behaviors that signals a gender change to one's network serves as a means for converting a transition into an event, and thus a social and cultural rite of passage.
“Any combination of these behaviors that signals a gender change to one's network serves as a means for converting a transition into an event, and thus a social and cultural rite of passage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
During transition, people can at the same time stay within and be apart from their pre-transition networks.
“When considering network separation in conjunction with the identity multiplicity that social media enables, it becomes clear that during transition people can at the same time stay within and be apart from their pre-transition networks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Online identity reconstruction is a modern pivotal trans rite of passage.
“I argue that online identity reconstruction is a modern pivotal trans rite of passage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Identity multiplicity and network fragmentation have been observed in other life transition contexts, providing evidence that the social transition machinery lens extends beyond the gender transition case study.
“Identity multiplicity and network fragmentation have been observed in other life transition contexts, providing evidence that my social transition machinery lens extends beyond the gender transition case study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [30]
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- cites [76]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Many trans people use the Internet and social media for identity exploration.
“Many trans people use the Internet and social media for identity exploration, as evidenced by a large body of previous research [39,90,94].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [90]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [94]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Social media are social transition machinery that enable rites of passage.
“I argue that social media are these social transition machinery that enable rites of passage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Transition no longer involves fully removing oneself from one's existing network, but instead involves fragmenting one's online social participation between several different sites.
“Next, transition no longer involves fully removing oneself from one's existing network, as was common in the cultures described in van Gennep's [33] and Turner's [91] work, but instead involves fragmenting one's online social participation between several different sites.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [91]
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- Interpretationown data
People do not fully remove themselves from their existing networks during life transitions.
“2. People do not fully remove themselves from their existing networks during life transitions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Tumblr's particular combination of features and networks enables the site to serve as a digital space for transitional networked autonomy.
“Tumblr's particular combination of features and networks enables the site to serve as a digital space for transitional networked autonomy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Tumblr is a place where people can share and process their experiences and emotions with an understanding and supportive audience.
“Tumblr is a place where people can share and process their experiences and emotions with an understanding and supportive audience.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
A primary limitation of this work is that due to the recruitment criteria, all participants were avid Tumblr users.
“A primary limitation of this work is that due to the recruitment criteria, all participants were avid Tumblr users.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Combined, these social transition machinery serve as means for those in transition to reconstruct their online identity as a rite of passage.
“4. Combined, these social transition machinery serve as means for those in transition to reconstruct their online identity as a rite of passage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Because Facebook allows mass disclosure to one's network, it can be an important tool for people who feel that physical changes may soon make disclosure inevitable.
“Because Facebook allows mass disclosure to one's network, it can be an important tool for people who, like B3, feel that physical changes may soon make disclosure inevitable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Changing one's online identity on an identified site like Facebook involves a symbolic passage and a change of status from one identity category to another.
“Changing one's online identity on an identified site like Facebook involves a symbolic passage and a change of status from one identity category to another.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
In this study, Tumblr is social transition machinery for identity concentration and transition work.
“a.In this study, Tumblr is social transition machinery for identity concentration and transition work.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Transition disclosure on Facebook, and online identity changes more broadly, can help people feel that they are making progress in their transition and moving forward in their new identity.
“Transition disclosure on Facebook, and online identity changes more broadly, can also help people feel that they are making progress in their transition and moving forward in their new identity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Identity exploration on Tumblr and elsewhere online helps a person find the identity that they later blog about via their transition blog.
“Identity exploration on Tumblr, and elsewhere online, helps a person find the identity that they later blog about via their transition blog.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Semaan et al. found that veterans used veteran-specific ICTs (e.g., RallyPoint, secret Facebook groups) separate from their Facebook networks to connect with other veterans and discuss difficulties transitioning back to civilian life.
“Similarly, Semaan et al. [76] found that veterans used veteran-specific ICTs (e.g., RallyPoint, secret Facebook groups) separate from their Facebook networks to connect with other veterans and discuss difficulties transitioning back to civilian life.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [76]
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- Premisecitation
Durrant et al. found that tensions between different social roles for new parents meant that people performed different social roles in different online social spaces, such as a Facebook group for new moms versus one's primary Facebook profile, during the transitional period.
“As just a few examples, Durrant et al. [30] found that tensions between different social roles for new parents meant that people performed different social roles in different online social spaces, such as a Facebook group for new moms vs. one's primary Facebook profile, during this transitional period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
By changing one's online identity, a person signals a life transition to their network and thus converts the transition into an event.
“By changing one's online identity, a person signals a life transition to their network and thus converts the transition into an event.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
Social media are a series of separate sites that together enable identity reconstruction as a rite of passage.
“Social media are a series of separate sites that together enable identity reconstruction as a rite of passage; yet at the same time, identity change requires network separation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
In networked societies in the present time, people remain connected to their networks on one site, and use another site to do transition work.
“In networked societies in the present time, people remain connected to their networks on one site, and use another site to do transition work.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Those embarking on gender transition form bonds based on shared experience and social support, not because of a shared neutrality.
“Those embarking on gender transition form bonds based on shared experience and social support, not because of a shared neutrality.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
By allowing networks and identities to be multiple and separate, social media enables people to remain connected to people they otherwise may have had to cut ties with during identity transitions.
“By allowing networks and identities to be multiple and separate, social media enables people to remain connected to people they otherwise may have had to cut ties with during identity transitions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
One's Facebook profile continues to represent a version of self to one's Facebook network even while one presents identity differently and engages in transition work on Tumblr.
“One's Facebook profile continues to represent a version of self to one's Facebook network, even while one presents identity differently and engages in transition work on Tumblr.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
People also use sites like Reddit, on which users do not have any sort of friend or follower network, to discuss stigmatized identities and experiences.
“People also use sites like Reddit, on which users do not have any sort of friend or follower network, to discuss stigmatized identities and experiences [5].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
The sites where people go to present stigmatized or transitional content and identities are often sites where connections are not traversable.
“The sites where people go to present stigmatized or transitional content and identities are often sites where connections are not traversable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The ability to present multiple identities on social media is a critical part of moving forward through life transitions.
“Given that the ability to present multiple identities on social media is a critical part of moving forward through life transitions, and that the ability to do so requires segmenting audiences, the idea of having one primary social media site on which to present oneself is antiquated, whether or not that site enables audience segmentation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Instead of a primary social media site that expects a static identity and a lifelong network, people require a series of separate pieces of social transition machinery that work together to facilitate life's transitions.
“Instead of a primary social media site that expects a static identity and a lifelong network, people require a series of separate pieces of social transition machinery that work together to facilitate life's transitions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Every person experiences multiple life transitions throughout their lives, and sometimes several in tandem.
- Interpretationreasoning
Using Facebook or Google to log in to other sites across the Internet or mobile apps may inadvertently link sensitive or stigmatized identity facets to one's Facebook or Google profile and network.
“Similarly, using Facebook or Google to log in to other sites across the Internet or mobile apps may inadvertently link sensitive or stigmatized identity facets to one's Facebook or Google profile and network.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Existing multiply on different social media sites and remaining connected to several different networks is far from a neutral experience.
“Instead, I argue that existing multiply on different social media sites and remaining connected to several different networks is far from a neutral experience.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Previous literature characterized transitional periods in people's lives as neutral or identity-less.
- Interpretationreasoning
Transition work cannot be done all in one online place.
“Transition work cannot be done all in one online place.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Probably not a substantial claim. 46
- It may state two separate claims as one. 49
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Borderline: one of the tests for a substantial claim is unclear. 1
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone givenTransition blogs include text, photos and/or videos documenting changes over time.
“Transition blogs include text, photos and/or videos documenting changes over time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone givenTransition blogs often include personal day-to-day anecdotes not related to gender transition or trans identity.
“Transition blogs also often include personal day-to-day anecdotes not related to gender transition or trans identity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone givenTransition blogs commonly include diary-like entries discussing social, medical, and legal aspects of transition.
“Commonly, these blogs include diary-like entries discussing social, medical, and legal aspects of transition: discussion of the coming out process and resulting acceptance, support, and/or rejection, physical and mental changes, medical procedures such as hormone replacement therapy and gender reassignment surgeries, and name and document changes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationTumblr is not the only platform trans people use to document their transitions; many use YouTube, and some participants mentioned people increasingly use Instagram for this purpose.
“Tumblr is not the only platform trans people use to document their transitions; many use YouTube [23,67], and some participants in my study mentioned that people also increasingly use Instagram for this purpose.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [67]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningTumblr transition bloggers form a supportive community that embodies kinship and camaraderie and forms a social structure around the shared experience of gender transition.
“Namely, Tumblr transition bloggers form a supportive community that embodies kinship and camaraderie and forms a social structure around the shared experience of gender transition.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenOn Tumblr, transition bloggers form a supportive community of people going through a similar life change, and share advice, information, emotional support, and a sense of belonging.
“On Tumblr, transition bloggers form a supportive community of people going through a similar life change, and share advice, information, emotional support, and a sense of belonging.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningTumblr enables people to be alone in a networked environment and among a supportive community of similar others.
“Yet Tumblr enables people to be alone in a networked environment and among a supportive community of similar others.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningTumblr enables separation from existing networks and rejection of traditional tiebased social connections.
“Tumblr enables separation from existing networks and rejection of traditional tiebased social connections.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataIn this study, participants remained connected through Facebook, yet retreated to Tumblr to do transition work.
“a.In this study, they remained connected through Facebook, yet retreated to Tumblr to do transition work.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataRegardless of the methods used to partition networks and disclose trans identity, participants reported that coming out on Facebook was a defining moment in their transitions and often a somewhat final point on their disclosure paths.
“However, regardless of the methods used to partition networks and disclose one's trans identity, participants reported in interviews and on their blogs how coming out on Facebook was a defining moment in their transitions, and often a somewhat final point on their disclosure paths.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataParticipants used Tumblr for transition work, but when they reached a point where they were ready to disclose their transition to a large, broad audience, Facebook was the site where many went to do so.
“While participants in this study used Tumblr for transition work (e.g., expressive writing, selfdocumentation, identity exploration), when they reached a point in their transition trajectories where they were ready to disclose their transition to a large, broad audience of people in their lives, Facebook was the site where many went to do so.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationPosting information on Facebook is an efficient means of reaching one's network without having to disclose to each person individually, but it may feel untargeted and reckless for some.
“Posting information on Facebook is an efficient means of reaching one's network without having to disclose to each person individually [4], but it may feel untargeted and reckless for some.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningSocial support is an important part of social transition machinery that occurs on both Tumblr and Facebook, but in different ways.
“Social support is an important part of social transition machinery that occurs on both of these sites, but in different ways.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataMost participants did not share personal transition updates on Facebook, though some shared trans-related news articles there.
“yet while some shared trans-related news articles on Facebook, most did not share personal transition updates on Facebook.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataIn this study, people used Facebook to remain connected to their existing networks, and used Tumblr for transition work.
“In this study, people used Facebook to remain connected to their existing networks, and used Tumblr for transition work.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataOn Facebook, participants shared opinions, everyday content, life updates, and professional or work-related content.
“On Facebook, people shared opinions, everyday content, life updates, and professional or work-related content.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataFor some bloggers, network separation made Tumblr feel anonymous, which in turn allowed more openness.
“For some bloggers, this network separation made Tumblr feel anonymous, which in turn allowed more openness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningTumblr's features and affordances contribute to Tumblr's prevalence of trans users and its reputation as a safe place for trans online communities.
“Many features and affordances contribute to Tumblr's prevalence of trans users and its reputation as a safe place for trans online communities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationTransition blogs are different from most other types of Tumblr blogs, which are often more about curation and reblogging others' content than documenting one's own personal experiences.
“Transition blogs are different from most other types of Tumblr blogs, which are often more about curation and reblogging others' content than documenting one's own personal experiences [74,96].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [74]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [96]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenTumblr is unique because many transition blogs contain substantial text content, unlike transitions as documented on YouTube and Instagram which include primarily visual content.
“Tumblr is unique because many transition blogs contain substantial text content, unlike transitions as documented on YouTube and Instagram which include primarily visual content.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningI used an opt-out approach to data collection.
“Because of the sensitive, often de-identified, and public nature of the content, I used an optout approach to data collection.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationBlogs are different from diaries because they are inherently social.
“Though blogs resemble diaries in some ways, blogs are different because they are inherently social [60]; transition bloggers exist within a network of other bloggers, many of whom follow and interact with each other.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationTrans people have unique health needs, and thus different information seeking practices, than the general population, and even other LGBQ people.
“Trans people have unique health needs, and thus different information seeking practices, than the general population, and even other LGBQ people; thus health information seeking and sharing is a major focus of the trans community on Tumblr [45].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductnone givenThis study was approved by University of California, Irvine's Institutional Review Board.
“This study was approved by University of California, Irvine's Institutional Review Board.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductown dataI reached data saturation (i.e., no new codes or themes emerged) after approximately 15 interviews; yet I continued to conduct interviews in case additional themes emerged.
“I analyzed interview data concurrently with data collection, and reached data saturation (i.e., no new codes or themes emerged) after approximately 15 interviews; yet I continued to conduct interviews in case additional themes emerged.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningFor people facing life transitions, multiple social media sites and networks often remain separate, yet work together to facilitate life transitions.
“Social transition machinery describes the ways that, for people facing life transitions, multiple social media sites and networks often remain separate, yet work together to facilitate life transitions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationTumblr is a space where those belonging to trans and queer subcultures can represent their identities and cultures on their own terms, rather than relying on the mainstream media to represent them.
“Fink and Miller [32] argued that Tumblr is a space where those belonging to trans and queer subcultures can represent their identities and cultures on their own terms, rather than relying on the mainstream media to represent them.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationWith Tumblr's tagging system people can denote gender and find others with similar genders.
“with its tagging system people can denote gender and find others with similar genders [24].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningTransition bloggers are not neutral, liminal, marginal, and inferior in the ways that Turner characterized other communitas.
“Yet transition bloggers are not neutral, liminal, marginal, and inferior in the ways that Turner [91] characterized other communitas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [91]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenTumblr is uniquely suited for transition work activities as a space that is both self-focused yet social.
“Tumblr is uniquely suited for these types of activities as a space that is both selffocused yet social.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductreasoningI analyzed Tumblr data concurrently with interview data in an iterative process to provide more depth into my understanding of the phenomena of interest.
“I analyzed Tumblr data concurrently with interview data in an iterative process to provide more depth into my understanding of the phenomena of interest.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningWriting enables self-understanding and emotion-processing in a self-focused yet networked environment.
“Writing enables self-understanding and emotion-processing in a self-focused yet networked environment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductreasoningI did not assign codes to every post, as many of them were not related to the study's research questions.
“I did not assign codes to every post, as many of them were not related to the study's research questions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductreasoningThose people who are most distressed may have been less likely to respond to my interview requests.
“Another bias to the interview sample is that those people who are most distressed may have been less likely to respond to my interview requests.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenOn social media, whether or not a person is actively using a site or sites, users are always connected to their networks and always presenting version(s) of self.
“On social media, whether or not a person is actively using a site or sites, users are always connected to their networks, and always presenting version(s) of self.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductnone givenWhen selecting participants to interview, I took into account variations in gender, race/ethnicity, and age, to ensure that I had a diverse sample demographically.
“When selecting participants to interview, I took into account variations in gender, race/ethnicity, and age, to ensure that I had a diverse sample demographically.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningLiminality is inherently different when expressed on social media, because people can simultaneously present two or more identities at once and can segment audiences and networks by using multiple platforms or account management strategies.
“Thus, liminality is inherently different when expressed on social media, because people can simultaneously present two, or more, identities at once, and can segment audiences and networks by using multiple platforms (in this case, Tumblr and Facebook) or account management strategies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningSocial media enable people to present as multiple identities simultaneously, and as such, transition is not a neutral stage.
“First, social media enable people to present as multiple identities simultaneously, and as such, transition is not a neutral stage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningOnline writing is less permanent than it may seem, given that the web space is managed by a company who could be bought out at any time, making Tumblr content precarious.
“While the digital form may seem more permanent, one could also argue that online writing is less permanent, given that the web space is managed by a company who could be bought out at any time (and was, during the course of this study), making Tumblr content precarious.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationIn the context of gender transition, most previous studies have characterized liminality as a neutral state, but each gives hints that it is more complex than this.
“In the context of gender transition, while most previous studies have characterized liminality as a neutral state, each gives hints that it is more complex than this.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
InterpretationreasoningSocial media enable simultaneous identity multiplicity in ways not possible in the physical world.
“Social media enable simultaneous identity multiplicity in ways not possible in the physical world.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningSocial media are social transition machinery and enable rites of passage in two ways: they serve as means of transition work and intense concentration on identity, and as a means to convert a transition into an event.
“Social media are social transition machinery and enable rites of passage in two ways: they serve as means of transition work and intense concentration on identity (e.g., on Tumblr), and as a means to convert a transition into an event (e.g., on Facebook).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
Interpretationnone givenDigital journaling spaces like blogs are difficult to lose, enable people to access and add to their blog content online rather than digging for a physical object, and facilitate tracking transition progress more consistently.
“Digital journaling spaces like blogs are difficult to lose, enable people to access and add to their blog content online rather than digging for a physical object, and facilitate tracking transition progress more consistently.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataThis signals a liminal state that is more multiple than neither, as also found in this study.
“This signals a liminal state that is more multiple than neither, as I also find in this study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductown dataThose who were doing worst emotionally may not be in my interview sample, but my analysis of blog data did still capture their experiences.
“Those who were doing worst emotionally may not be in my interview sample, but my analysis of blog data did still capture their experiences.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationWithout formal transition machinery, we lack the support and powerful concentration that old rituals provided, which converted an extended and diffuse time of transformation into an event.
“Drawing from van Gennep [33], Bridges [14] argued that: without formal transition machinery, such as the old rites of passage, we not only lack the support that traditional people enjoyed but also the powerful concentration that the old rituals provided -a power that took an extended and diffuse time of transformation and converted it into an event.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductown dataThe coding scheme that I developed from the interview analysis mapped well to the Tumblr posts.
“The coding scheme that I developed from the interview analysis mapped well to the Tumblr posts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationIn modern networked cultures, life transitions are often distressing and disorienting because they do not involve standard rites of passage, and thus can feel meaningless.
“In modern networked cultures, life transitions are often distressing and disorienting because they do not involve standard rites of passage, and thus can feel meaningless [14,56].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenSuch separations are not necessary for every context; if a person wants to post different content for their gym friends versus their co-workers, Facebook lists may work fine.
“Such separations are not necessary for every context; if a person wants to post different content for their gym friends vs. their co-workers, Facebook lists may work fine.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningDifferent social media sites serve as different pieces of social transition machinery that are separate but work together to facilitate life transitions.
“Different social media sites serve as different pieces of social transition machinery that are separate but work together to facilitate life transitions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenFor two months in Fall 2016 I spent approximately one hour each day reading content posted on transition blogs and examining how transition bloggers and their audiences interacted with each other on Tumblr.
“For two months in Fall 2016 I spent approximately one hour each day reading content posted on transition blogs and examining how transition bloggers and their audiences interacted with each other on Tumblr.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductnone givenI had been following trans content on Tumblr for several years prior to this study, but became more immersed in Tumblr transition blogs when this study began.
“I had been following trans content on Tumblr for several years prior to this study, but became more immersed in Tumblr transition blogs when this study began.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningTrans people are marginalized in the sense that they are othered and treated as outsiders by many, but not in the sense that they exist on the edges of society; rather, they exist in the same social structures as everyone else, though sometimes in multiple forms simultaneously.
“Trans people are marginalized in the sense that they are othered and treated as outsiders by many, but not in the sense that they exist on the edges of society; rather, they exist in the same social structures as everyone else, though sometimes in multiple forms simultaneously.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationDespite the ability to facet networks using friends lists on Facebook, most users do not use this feature because it is cumbersome and confusing and due to a lack of trust that the privacy settings will work as intended.
“Yet, despite the ability to facet networks using friends lists on Facebook, most users do not use this feature because it is cumbersome and confusing and due to a lack of trust that the privacy settings will work as intended [1,40,80].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [40]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [80]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Borderline substantial claim. It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
Interpretationnone givenThe transition stage is not neutral.
“While I argue that the transition stage is not neutral, certain aspects of Turner's [91] transition framing are useful to theorize Tumblr transition blog communities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductown dataThis enabled me to understand what types of content people posted, how Tumblr's features and affordances work, and how networks of trans bloggers interact.
“This enabled me to understand what types of content people posted, how Tumblr's features and affordances work, and how networks of trans bloggers interact.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationown dataTumblr is unique in its duality as a self-focused space where people spend time alone and as a supportive community.
“Tumblr is unique in its duality as a self-focused space where people spent time alone, and as a supportive community.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductown dataDue to the study's inclusion criteria, all participants shared trans-related content on Tumblr.
“Due to my inclusion criteria, all participants shared trans-related content on Tumblr”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningA major contribution of the present study is a new understanding of how liminality happens and what liminality means on social media and in relation to online identity.
“A major contribution of the present study is a new understanding of how liminality happens and what liminality means on social media and in relation to online identity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationThe Durrant et al. and Semaan et al. cases are examples of social transition machinery in action.
“These are examples of social transition machinery in action.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Study design and conductreasoningPeople who write transition blogs may be more open and willing to share personal information than other people.
“This may be a result of the sample -it may be that people who write transition blogs are more open and willing to share personal information than other people.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataSocial media allow multiple virtual embodiments, creating possibilities for people to exist in multiple spaces and multiple social environments at once.
“Social media allow multiple virtual embodiments, and thus create possibilities for people to exist in multiple spaces and multiple social environments at once.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone givenModern networked societies have standard rituals for life transitions such as marriage and childbirth, but not for many other life transitions such as divorce, career change, transition from college to the workforce, and gender transition.
“While modern networked societies have standard rituals for life transitions such as marriage and childbirth, we do not have standard recognized rituals for many other life transitions, such as divorce, career change, transition from college to the workforce, and, of course, gender transition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningTransition bloggers' retreat to Tumblr during transition is in a sense an act of resistance to the urge for connectivity.
“Transition bloggers' retreat to Tumblr during transition is in a sense an act of resistance to the urge for connectivity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Social media sites and services constantly urge users to connect across sites and networks that may be discordant.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductown dataI revised the interview questions protocol four times throughout the interview process as I learned more through data analysis.
“I revised the interview questions protocol four times throughout the interview process as I learned more through data analysis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenIdentity change requires network separation.
“Social media are a series of separate sites that together enable identity reconstruction as a rite of passage; yet at the same time, identity change requires network separation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductreasoningThis paper's results may not generalize to those who do not use Tumblr, those who are more invested in other sites, those who document life transitions elsewhere, or those who do not document their transitions.
“Thus, this paper's results may not generalize to those who do not use Tumblr, those who are more invested in other sites (e.g., Facebook, Twitter), those who document life transitions elsewhere, or those who do not document their transitions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductnone givenThroughout the analysis process, I discussed emerging themes, and connections between codes and themes, on a regular basis with two other researchers.
“Throughout the analysis process, I discussed emerging themes, and connections between codes and themes, on a regular basis with two other researchers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningTumblr, for many trans people, is a space for autonomy, where people separate themselves in some ways from their existing networks and become part of a new community of other people who are also in transitional autonomous stages.
“Tumblr, for many trans people, is a space for autonomy, where people separate themselves in some ways from their existing networks and become part of a new community of other people who are also in transitional autonomous stages.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone givenIn the years since Donath and boyd's proposal, faceting networks on one SNS by placing people into categories and posting to selected groups has been implemented by a variety of platforms, most notably on Facebook in the form of friend lists and groups.
“Interestingly, in the years since, this strategy has been implemented by a variety of platforms, most notably on Facebook in the form of friend lists and groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductnone givenInterviews were audio-recorded and transcribed for data analysis.
“Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed for data analysis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenReconstructing one's online identity is a rite of passage in our society.
“I argue that reconstructing one's online identity is a rite of passage in our society.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataWhile in many other life transitions people can choose whether or not to disclose to their Facebook networks, during the transition stage trans people often reach a point where they are no longer able to conceal their physical changes.
“While in many other life transitions people can choose whether or not to disclose to their Facebook networks, during the transition stage trans people often reach a point where they are no longer able to conceal their physical changes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningPeople in transition have just as much identity as anyone else; that identity is multiple, fragmented, and complex.
“People in transition have just as much identity as anyone else -it is just that that identity is multiple, fragmented, and complex.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone givenTumblr and Reddit, in addition to not showing visible connections, also enable people to create and use multiple accounts or profiles.
“Tumblr and Reddit, in addition to not showing visible connections, also enable people to create and use multiple accounts or profiles.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenThe ability to present multiple identities on social media requires segmenting audiences.
“Given that the ability to present multiple identities on social media is a critical part of moving forward through life transitions, and that the ability to do so requires segmenting audiences, the idea of having one primary social media site on which to present oneself is antiquated, whether or not that site enables audience segmentation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenLife transitions are not only a marginal state.
“Life transitions are not only a marginal state; every person experiences multiple life transitions throughout their lives, and sometimes several in tandem.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductreasoningAn opt-out approach was ethically appropriate given that blog post quotes were paraphrased to reduce traceability, the data was public, some bloggers may not have logged in to view messages or may have chosen not to respond, and the benefit of analyzing a large rich dataset outweighed the minimal potential harm to participants.
“An opt-out approach was ethically appropriate given that I paraphrased blog post quotes to reduce traceability, the data was public, some bloggers may not have logged in to view messages or may have chosen not to respond to my message, and the benefit of analyzing a large rich dataset outweighed the minimal potential harm to participants.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The blog data was public.
- Rests on an assumption: The benefit of analyzing a large rich dataset outweighed the minimal potential harm to participants.
Probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationExisting on multiple social media sites simultaneously is central to many people's online social lives today.
“Existing on multiple social media sites simultaneously is central to many people's online social lives today [98].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [98]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductnone givenSome blog posts were paraphrased to reduce traceability and to maintain bloggers' privacy, as is common practice in social computing research.
“I paraphrased some blog posts to reduce traceability and to maintain bloggers' privacy, as is common practice in social computing research.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Tumblr transition blogs and interviews with bloggers accurately reflect people's experiences of gender transition on social media.
“I examined trans people's transition experiences using content analysis of data from transition blogs on Tumblr (n = 240 blogs), a social media blogging site on which people document their gender transitions, and qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with a subset of bloggers (n = 20).”
The paper relies on this without support.
People's online self-presentations on different social media sites correspond to their actual identities and transition stages.
“People's particular presentation on the two sites varied, but each person described presenting a pretransition name, gender, and appearance on Facebook while presenting a different name, gender, and appearance on their transition blog.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Networked societies lack formal rites of passage for many life transitions.
“Because networked societies lack formal rites of passage for many life transitions, for social media users, social media fill this gap by acting as social transition machinery for life transitions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Social media sites and services constantly urge users to connect across sites and networks that may be discordant.
“However, social media sites and services constantly urge users to connect across sites and networks that may be discordant.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Every person experiences multiple life transitions throughout their lives, and sometimes several in tandem.
“Life transitions are not only a marginal state; every person experiences multiple life transitions throughout their lives, and sometimes several in tandem.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Previous literature characterized transitional periods in people's lives as neutral or identity-less.
“My description of liminality is a substantial departure from previous literature, which characterized transitional periods in people's lives as neutral or identity-less -which, in my view, further marginalizes transitional populations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The blog data was public.
“An opt-out approach was ethically appropriate given that I paraphrased blog post quotes to reduce traceability, the data was public, some bloggers may not have logged in to view messages or may have chosen not to respond to my message, and the benefit of analyzing a large rich dataset outweighed the minimal potential harm to participants.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The benefit of analyzing a large rich dataset outweighed the minimal potential harm to participants.
“An opt-out approach was ethically appropriate given that I paraphrased blog post quotes to reduce traceability, the data was public, some bloggers may not have logged in to view messages or may have chosen not to respond to my message, and the benefit of analyzing a large rich dataset outweighed the minimal potential harm to participants.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Average posts per blogger does not match the dataset total
MinorAcross 240 blogs, 84,481 posts give an average of about 352 posts per blogger, not 367.
Reported 367 · recomputed 352.004167
“The full dataset included 84,481 posts, with average word count of 71.38 (median = 33, SD = 124.70).On average, each blogger posted 367 total text posts that met my data collection criteria”
Response categories exceed the reported number of respondents
MinorThe listed response categories total 125 bloggers, not the reported 121. Even the 106 who gave permission and 16 who opted out total 122.
Reported 121 · recomputed 125
“121 (47%) bloggers responded: 106 (41%) of the total initial sample explicitly gave permission to collect their data, 16 (6%) opted out, and three (1%) asked for more information but did not opt in or out.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Haimson, O.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Haimson, Oliver
- ORCID
- Haimson, Oliver
- Venue
- Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- CSCW
- Pages
- 1-21
- ISSN
- 2573-0142 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2899321560
- Semantic Scholar
- b2ef5609b432ef6a0ae6d62548e3c79c04578652
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 12
- FWCI
- 18.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media and Digital Communication
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
- Keywords
- social media, gender transition, transgender people, liminality, Van Gennep, rites of passage, online identity, self-presentation, Tumblr, life transitions, multiple identities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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