Full-stack, real-system quantum computer studies: architectural comparisons and design insights
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In recent years, Quantum Computing (QC) has progressed to the point where small working prototypes are available for use. Termed Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers, these prototypes are too small for large benchmarks or even for Quantum Error Correction (QEC), but they do have sufficient resources to run small benchmarks, particularly if compiled with optimizations to make use of scarce qubits and limited operation counts and coherence times. QC has not yet, however, settled on a particular preferred device implementation technology, and indeed different NISQ prototypes implement qubits with very different physical approaches and therefore widely-varying device and machine characteristics.
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These multi-controlled operations are not natively supported by most available NISQ devices, limiting the practical applicability of approaches relying on this concept.
“These multi-controlled operations are not natively supported by most available NISQ devices [201], limiting the practical applicability of approaches relying on this concept.”
From Quantum Combinatorial Optimization in the NISQ Era: A Systematic Mapping Study (2024) · cites this paper as [201]
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Mills, D., Sivarajah, S., Scholten, T. L., & Duncan, R. (2021) · Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) · Cited by 40 · see citing works
VERITAS: Accurately Estimating the Correct Output on Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Computers
Patel, T., & Tiwari, D. (2020) · International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC) · doi:10.1109/sc41405.2020.00019 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Software-Hardware Co-Optimization for Computational Chemistry on Superconducting Quantum Processors
Li, G., Shi, Y., & Javadi-Abhari, A. (2021) · Proceedings - International Symposium on Computer Architecture/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/isca52012.2021.00070 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Optimal qubit mapping with simultaneous gate absorption
Tan, D. B., & Cong, J. (2021) · International Conference on Computer Aided Design · doi:10.1109/iccad51958.2021.9643554 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
AccQOC: Accelerating Quantum Optimal Control Based Pulse Generation
Cheng, J., Deng, H., & Qia, X. (2020) · Proceedings - International Symposium on Computer Architecture/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/isca45697.2020.00052 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Bandić, M., Almudéver, C. G., & Feld, S. (2023) · Quantum Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s42484-023-00124-1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Realizing Quantum Algorithms on Real Quantum Computing Devices
Almudever, C. G., Lao, L., Wille, R., & Guerreschi, G. (2020) · Design, Automation and Test in Europe · doi:10.23919/date48585.2020.9116240 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Automating the Comparison of Quantum Compilers for Quantum Circuits
Salm, M., Barzen, J., Leymann, F., Weder, B., & Wild, K. (2021) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87568-8_4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Bandić, M., Feld, S., & Almudéver, C. G. (2022) · Design, Automation, and Test in Europe · doi:10.23919/date54114.2022.9774643 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Practical Introduction to Benchmarking and Characterization of Quantum Computers
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Ding, Y., & Chong, F. T. (2020) · Synthesis lectures on computer architecture · doi:10.2200/s01014ed1v01y202005cac051 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Suppressing ZZ crosstalk of Quantum computers through pulse and scheduling co-optimization
Xie, L., Zhai, J., Zhang, Z., Allcock, J., Zhang, S., & Zheng, Y.-C. (2022) · International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS) · doi:10.1145/3503222.3507761 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Çalıkyılmaz, U., Groppe, S., Groppe, J., Winker, T., Prestel, S., Shagieva, F., Arya, D., Preis, F., & Gruenwald, L. (2023) · Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment · doi:10.14778/3598581.3598603 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Quantum Machine Learning: Recent Advances and Outlook
O'Quinn, W., & Mao, S. (2020) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.001.1900341 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Coreset Clustering on Small Quantum Computers
Anschuetz, E. R. (2021) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Towards Process Centered Architecting for Quantum Software Systems
Ahmad, A., Khan, A. A., Waseem, M., Fahmideh, M., & Mikkonen, T. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Software (QSW) · doi:10.1109/qsw55613.2022.00019 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Quantum approximate optimization for combinatorial problems with constraints
Ruan, Y., Yuan, Z., Xue, X., & Liu, Z. (2022) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2022.11.020 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
TILT: Achieving Higher Fidelity on a Trapped-Ion Linear-Tape Quantum Computing Architecture
Wu, X.-C., Debroy, D. M., Ding, Y., Baker, J. M., Alexeev, Y., Brown, K. R., & Chong, F. T. (2021) · IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA) · doi:10.1109/hpca51647.2021.00023 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Designing Calibration and Expressivity-Efficient Instruction Sets for Quantum Computing
Lao, L., Murali, P., Martonosi, M., & Browne, D. E. (2021) · Proceedings - International Symposium on Computer Architecture/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/isca52012.2021.00071 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantum Combinatorial Optimization in the NISQ Era: A Systematic Mapping Study
Gemeinhardt, F., Garmendia, A., Wimmer, M., Weder, B., & Leymann, F. (2024) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3620668 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“These multi-controlled operations are not natively supported by most available NISQ devices [201], limiting the practical applicability of approaches relying on this concept.”
BackgroundA Tool For Debugging Quantum Circuits
Metwalli, S. A., & Meter, R. V. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce53715.2022.00085 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
QuComm: Optimizing Collective Communication for Distributed Quantum Computing
Wu, A., Ding, Y., & Li, A. (2023) · IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO) · doi:10.1145/3613424.3614253 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
SpinQ: Compilation Strategies for Scalable Spin-Qubit Architectures
Paraskevopoulos, N., Sebastiano, F., Almudéver, C. G., & Feld, S. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing · doi:10.1145/3624484 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Adaptive Circuit Learning for Quantum Metrology
Ma, Z., Gokhale, P., Zheng, T.-X., Zhou, S., Yu, X., Jiang, L., Maurer, P. C., & Chong, F. T. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce52317.2021.00063 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Topological-Graph Dependencies and Scaling Properties of a Heuristic Qubit-Assignment Algorithm
Steinberg, M., Feld, S., Almudéver, C. G., Marthaler, M., & Reiner, J.-M. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering · doi:10.1109/tqe.2022.3160015 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Domain-Specific Quantum Architecture Optimization
Lin, W.-H., Tan, D. B., Niu, M. Y., Kimko, J., & Cong, J. (2022) · IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/jetcas.2022.3202870 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Toward systematic architectural design of near-term trapped ion quantum computers
Murali, P., Debroy, D. M., Brown, K. R., & Martonosi, M. (2022) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3511064 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Imitation Game: Leveraging CopyCats for Robust Native Gate Selection in NISQ Programs
Das, P., Kessler, E., & Shi, Y. (2023) · IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA) · doi:10.1109/hpca56546.2023.10071025 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Alarcón, E., Abadal, S., Sebastiano, F., Babaie, M., Edoardo Charbon, A., Bolívar, P. H., Palesi, M., Blokhina, E., Leipold, D. R., Staszewski, R. B., et al. (2023) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas46773.2023.10181857 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Venkatesha, S., & Parthasarathi, R. (2024) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3663672 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Computational chemistry on quantum computers
Armaos, V., Badounas, D. A., Deligiannis, P., & Lianos, K. (2020) · Applied Physics A · doi:10.1007/s00339-020-03755-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Noise resilient compilation policies for quantum approximate optimization algorithm
Alam, M., Saki, A. A., Li, J., Chattopadhyay, A., & Ghosh, S. (2020) · doi:10.1145/3400302.3415745 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Enabling Efficient Real-Time Calibration on Cloud Quantum Machines
Liu, Y., Li, Z., Robertson, A., Fu, X., & Song, S. L. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering · doi:10.1109/tqe.2023.3276970 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Quantum Vulnerability Analysis to Guide Robust Quantum Computing System Design
Qi, F., Smith, K. N., LeCompte, T., Tzeng, N.-F., Yuan, X., Chong, F. T., & Peng, L. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering · doi:10.1109/tqe.2023.3343625 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mitigating Crosstalk in Quantum Computers through Commutativity-Based Instruction Reordering
Xie, L., Zhai, J., & Zheng, W. (2021) · ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC) · doi:10.1109/dac18074.2021.9586145 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
On the Use of Calibration Data in Error-Aware Compilation Techniques for NISQ Devices
Kurniawan, H., Rodríguez-Soriano, L., Cuomo, D., Almudéver, C. G., & García-Herrero, F. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce60285.2024.00048 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Classical to Quantum Software Migration Journey Begins: A Conceptual Readiness Model
Akbar, M. A., Rafi, S., & Khan, A. A. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-21388-5_42 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Architecting Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Computers: A Real-System Study
Murali, P., Linke, N. M., Martonosi, M., Javadi-Abhari, A., Nguyen, N. H., & Alderete, C. H. (2020) · IEEE Micro · doi:10.1109/mm.2020.2985683 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Electronic Control System of a Trapped-Ion Quantum Processor: A Systematic Literature Review
Castillo, S. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3289936 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Quantum Gate Pattern Recognition and Circuit Optimization for Scientific Applications
Jang, W., Terashi, K., Saito, M., Bauer, C., Nachman, B. P., Iiyama, Y., Kishimoto, T. E., Okubo, R., Sawada, R., & Tanaka, J. (2021) · EPJ Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/epjconf/202125103023 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Calibration-Aware Transpilation for Variational Quantum Optimization
Ji, Y., Brandhofer, S., & Polian, I. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce53715.2022.00040 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Position Papers for the ASCR Workshop on Basic Research Needs in Quantum Computing and Networking
Lougovski, P., Parekh, O., Broz, J., Byrd, M., Chembo, Y. K., de Jong, W. A., Figueroa, E. V., Humble, T. S., Larson, J. M., Quiroz, G., et al. (2023) · doi:10.2172/2283320 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kebande, V. R. (2025) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Forensic Science · doi:10.1002/wfs2.70013 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
EQC : Ensembled Quantum Computing for Variational Quantum AlgorithmsPreprint
Stein, S., Ding, Y., Wiebe, N., Peng, B., Kowalski, K., Baker, N., Ang, J., & Li, A. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2111.14940 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
DISQ: Dynamic Iteration Skipping for Variational Quantum Algorithms
Zhang, J., Wang, H., Ravi, G. S., Chong, F. T., Han, S., Mueller, F., & Chen, Y. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce57702.2023.00120 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lightcone bounds for quantum circuit mapping via uncomplexity
Steinberg, M., Bandić, M., Szkudlarek, S., Almudéver, C. G., Sarkar, A., & Feld, S. (2024) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-024-00909-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tomesh, T., Allen, N., Dilley, D., & Saleem, Z. H. (2024) · Quantum · doi:10.22331/q-2024-10-04-1493 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Test Points for Online Monitoring of Quantum Circuits
Acharya, N., Urbánek, M., de Jong, W. A., & Saeed, S. M. (2021) · ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3477928 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Initial-State Dependent Optimization of Controlled Gate Operations with Quantum Computer
Jang, W., Terashi, K., Saito, M., Bauer, C., Nachman, B. P., Iiyama, Y., Okubo, R., & Sawada, R. (2022) · Quantum · doi:10.22331/q-2022-09-08-798 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Empirical Evaluation of Circuit Approximations on Noisy Quantum Devices
Wilson, E., Mueller, F., Bassman, L., & Iancu, C. (2021) · International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis · doi:10.1145/3458817.3476189 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A high-performance compilation strategy for multiplexing quantum control architecture
Zheng, S., Zhu, Y., & Zhao, B. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11154-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
EQUAL: Improving the Fidelity of Quantum Annealers by Injecting Controlled Perturbations
Ayanzadeh, R., Das, P., Tannu, S. S., & Qureshi, M. K. (2021) · International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering · doi:10.1109/qce53715.2022.00074 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
HpQC: A New Efficient Quantum Computing Simulator
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Benchmarking and Analysis of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Trapped Ion Quantum Computing Architectures
Kurlej, A., Alterman, S., & Obenland, K. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) · doi:10.1109/qce53715.2022.00044 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
SMT-Based Layout Synthesis Approaches for Quantum Circuits
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Check-Agnosia based Post-Processor for Message-Passing Decoding of Quantum LDPC Codes
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Pinpointing the System Reliability Degradation in NISQ Machines
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Exploring a Double Full-Stack Communications-Enabled Architecture for Multi-Core Quantum ComputersPreprint
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An Effective Framework for Full-Stack Benchmarking of Quantum Computers
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QisDAX: An Open Source Bridge from Qiskit to Trapped-Ion Quantum Devices
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Towards Efficient Superconducting Quantum Processor Architecture Design
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Towards Efficient Superconducting Quantum Processor Architecture DesignPreprint
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Entanglement and Quaternions: The graphical calculus ZQPreprint
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Bounds on the recurrence probability in periodically-driven quantum systems
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Self-citationQuantum Annealing Stencils with Applications to Fuel Loading of a Nuclear Reactor
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Confidential Quantum Computing
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- Authors
- Murali, P., Linke, N. M., Martonosi, M., Abhari, A. J., Nguyen, N. H., & Alderete, C. H.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 46th International Symposium on Computer Architecture
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2019-06-22
- Pages
- 527-540
- ISSN
- 1063-6897 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2950036696
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 8.13
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings - International Symposium on Computer Architecture/Proceedings (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1730449)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Hardware and Architecture › Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques
- Keywords
- quantum computing, NISQ devices, quantum error correction, quantum benchmarking, quantum circuit compilation, coherence time
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