The Algorithmic Crystal: Conceptualizing the Self through Algorithmic Personalization on TikTok
Abstract
This research examines how TikTok users conceptualize and engage with personalized algorithms on the TikTok platform. Using qualitative methods, we analyzed 24 interviews with TikTok users to explore how algorithmic personalization processes inform people's understanding of their identities as well as shape their orientation to others. Building on insights from our qualitative data and previous scholarship on algorithms and identity, we propose a novel conceptual model to understand how people think about and interact with personalized algorithmic systems. Drawing on the metaphor of crystals and their properties, the algorithmic crystal framework is an analytic frame that captures user understandings of how personalized algorithms (1) interact with user identity by reflecting user self-concepts that are both multifaceted and dynamic and (2) shape perspectives on others encountered through the algorithm, by orienting users to recognize parts of themselves refracted in other users and to experience ephemeral, diffracted connections with groups of similar others. We describe how the algorithmic crystal framework can extend theory and inform new lines of research around the implications of algorithms in self-concept development and social life.
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TikTok's algorithmic prominence results in the creation of a personalized "algorithmic version" of each user, categorized according to predefined schemas.
“Consequently, TikTok’s algorithmic prominence results in the creation of a personalized “algorithmic version” of each user, categorized according to predefined schemas [93–95].”
From Scrolling through adolescence: a systematic review of the impact of TikTok on adolescent mental health (2025) · cites this paper as [94]
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- Authors
- Lee, A. Y., Mieczkowski, H., Ellison, N. B., & Hancock, J. T.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
- Published
- 2022-11-07
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- CSCW2
- Pages
- 1-22
- ISSN
- 2573-0142 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4309617554
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 12.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Privacy, Security, and Data Protection
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Media and Digital Communication
- Keywords
- algorithmic personalization, TikTok, self-concept, identity, social media algorithms, self-reflection, social connectedness, conceptual model
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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