“It Was Something I Naturally Found Worked and Heard About Later”: An Investigation of Body Doubling with Neurodivergent Participants
Open accessAbstract
Body doubling has emerged as a community-driven phenomenon primarily employed by neurodivergent individuals. In this work, we survey 220 people to investigate how, when, and why they engage in body doubling and their own definitions for it. The community roughly defines it as using the presence of others to start, stay focused on, or accomplish a task. Tasks can be productivity or leisure-related. A body double can be collocated or remote, recorded or live, known or a stranger. This phenomenon remains nameless to many neurodivergent individuals; however, once presented with the term and concept, many recognize it as a strategy they have engaged in for years. We present the variety of ways people engage in body doubling (e.g., at a café, with YouTube videos), the diverse range of tasks people utilize it for (e.g., studying and working, doing dishes, cleaning, and exercising), and their motivations for doing so (e.g., generating momentum, staying on task). Lastly, we present implications for future work based upon a two-part model of body doubling as a continuum of space/time and mutuality.
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Winschiers‐Theophilus, H., D’Andrea, V., & Iversen, O. S. (2014) · doi:10.1145/2662155 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
How science can do better for neurodivergent people
Pells, R. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-022-04248-5 · Cited by 10 · cited 3× · see citing works
“This number is likely underestimated due to challenges (cost, labor, access to healthcare, etc.) for formal diagnosis [6, 17, 54, 68, 74].”
Surfacing Structural Barriers to Community-Collaborative Approaches in Human-Computer Interaction
Liang, C. A., Tseng, E., Dewitt, A., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1145/3584931.3611294 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“I just thought it was me”: How Smartphones Fail Users with Mild-to-Moderate Dexterity Differences
Bowman, M., Robinson, J., Buehler, E., & Kane, S. (2023) · The 25th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3597638.3608396 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ringland, K. E., & Wolf, C. T. (2021) · ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing · doi:10.1145/3507912.3507914 · Cited by 7 · cited 1× · see citing works
“ND communities come together in online social spaces to commiserate, make friends, and share experiences [29, 35, 56, 62, 77].”
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“Additionally, neurodivergence accounts for only a small portion of HCI and accessibility literature [51].”
Beyond Avoidance and Passivity: Novel UIs to Make Terms of Service Comprehensible
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“For some, Lofi Girl serves as a reminder that “ other people in this college are also studying by themselves, and that I’m not the only one doing this ” [93].”
Tree, J. E. F., Herring, S. C., Nguyen, A., Whittaker, S., Martin, R., & Takayama, L. A. (2023) · Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1007/s10606-023-09476-5 · Cited by 6 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Other technologies for remote collaboration have been developed, such as telepresence robots [33, 64] and virtual reality and avatars [81, 83]; however, these have yet to be adopted at scale.”
PartiPlay: A Participatory Game Design Kit for Neurodiverse Classrooms
Piedade, P., Neto, I., Pires, A. C., et al. (2023) · The 25th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3597638.3614496
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Autoethnographic Insights from Neurodivergent GAI “Power Users”
Glazko, K. S., Cha, J., Lewis, A., Kosa, B., Wimer, B. L., Zheng, A., Zheng, Y., & Mankoff, J. C. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713670 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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“Valuing the different ways in which neurodivergent and neurodiverse communities come together and interact [36, 66, 74, 82].”
Navigating STEM Doctoral Programs with ADHD: Barriers, Workflow Challenges, and Adaptive Strategies
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Advancing Inclusive Digital Well-Being Tools: How Neurodivergent Students Use Distraction Blockers
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“This approach mirrored the bene fi ts of body doubling, a technique often utilised by neurodivergent people to enhance focus, reduce overwhelm, and support task initiation through co-regulation and shared presence (Eagle et al., 2024).”
Temp access: Reflecting on multimodal GAI as an accessibility technology for temporary disability
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“The speech-to-code experience also had utility in meeting non-temporary access needs: finding value in pair-programming with GAI, I continue to use GPT with speech-to-text on days when I need more focus due to executive dysfunction or could benefit from a substitute body double [16].”
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Reading Between the Lines: Exploring Body Doubling in ADHD Using EEG
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Envisioning an Attention-Supportive Desktop Robot: A Participatory Design Study
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Rethinking Productivity Support for Workers with ADHD in the Construction: Preliminary Insights
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Who Sets the Norm?: Designing Communication Scaffolds for ADHD Romantic Relationships
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“For example, body doubling and regulating masking are commonly shared strategies, and prior studies suggest that technologies should help users select and calibrate these strategies with attention to context, costs, and safety [17, 34].”
Robots for behavioral and mental healthcare: challenges and opportunities
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Coworking: Finding Value Through Work Companions
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- Authors
- Eagle, T., Baltaxe-Admony, L. B., & Ringland, K. E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Venue
- ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing
- Published
- 2024-09-30
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1-30
- ISSN
- 1936-7228 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-7236
- OpenAlex
- W4401815531
- Semantic Scholar
- ab1fcae1a03ddfc84d46469da8999da6d7044c9d
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 9
- FWCI
- 8.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Personal Information Management and User Behavior
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Disability Education and Employment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- neurodivergence, assistive technology, community-driven solutions, remote collaboration, collocated collaboration, continuum model, mutuality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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