Sex, body mass index, and dietary fiber intake influence the human gut microbiome
Open accessAbstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the composition of the human gut microbiome is important in the etiology of human diseases; however, the personal factors that influence the gut microbiome composition are poorly characterized. Animal models point to sex hormone-related differentials in microbiome composition. In this study, we investigated the relationship of sex, body mass index (BMI) and dietary fiber intake with the gut microbiome in 82 humans. We sequenced fecal 16S rRNA genes by 454 FLX technology, then clustered and classified the reads to microbial genomes using the QIIME pipeline. Relationships of sex, BMI, and fiber intake with overall gut microbiome composition and specific taxon abundances were assessed by permutational MANOVA and multivariate logistic regression, respectively. We found that sex was associated with the gut microbiome composition overall (p=0.001). The gut microbiome in women was characterized by a lower abundance of Bacteroidetes (p=0.03). BMI (>25 kg/m2 vs. <25 kg/m2) was associated with the gut microbiome composition overall (p=0.05), and this relationship was strong in women (p=0.03) but not in men (p=0.29). Fiber from beans and from fruits and vegetables were associated, respectively, with greater abundance of Actinobacteria (p=0.006 and false discovery rate adjusted q=0.05) and Clostridia (p=0.009 and false discovery rate adjusted q=0.09). Our findings suggest that sex, BMI, and dietary fiber contribute to shaping the gut microbiome in humans. Better understanding of these relationships may have significant implications for gastrointestinal health and disease prevention.
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Women have increased relative abundance of Firmicutes and lower Bacteroidetes compared to men, and this may be influenced by body mass index.
“Sex associations (Figure 1) with the gut microbiota have been characterized by increased relative abundance of Firmicutes and lower Bacteroidetes in women compared to men and may be further influenced by body mass index13, 14.”
From The gut Microbiome in adult and pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
The proportion of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes in lean and obese humans has yielded contradictory results, as well as studies describing gender-related differences in the gut microbiome.
“Furthermore, the proportion of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes in lean and obese humans has yielded contradictory results, as well as studies describing gender-related differences in the gut microbiome [25, 26].”
From Intestinal Microbiota Is Influenced by Gender and Body Mass Index (2016) · cites this paper as [26]
The latter study also analyzed the gut microbiome according to BMI in women and men separately, but failed to find differences because the cohort had a mean BMI of 25.0±4.06 Kg/m2 and included lean and mostly overweight people, but not obese people.
“The latter study also analyzed the gut microbiome according to BMI in women and men separately, but failed to find differences as the cohort studied had a 25.0±4.06 Kg/m2 (mean±SD) as the mean of BMIand therefore including include lean and mostly overweight people, but not obese people.”
From Intestinal Microbiota Is Influenced by Gender and Body Mass Index (2016) · cites this paper as [26]
A recent study performed by NGS Roche 454 platform showed that women were characterized by a lower abundance of Bacteroidetes.
“However, a recent study performed by NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) Roche 454 platform testing for the global pattern of the bacterial community showed that women was characterized by a lower abundance of Bacteroidetes [26].”
From Intestinal Microbiota Is Influenced by Gender and Body Mass Index (2016) · cites this paper as [26]
Limited food choice is a direct selective pressure on gut microbes because different microbes have preferred substrates; for example, Roseburia and Bacteroides are sensitive to dietary carbohydrate and protein, respectively, and the proportion of Bacteroidetes depends on the type of dietary fiber that reaches the colon.
“Limited food choice is a direct selective pressure as different microbes have their preferred substrates, e.g., Roseburia and Bacteroides are sensitive to dietary carbohydrate and protein, respectively, and the proportion of Bacteroidetes is dependent on the type of dietary fiber that reaches the colon [71,72,73].”
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Sadohara, R., Cichy, K., Thompson, H., Uebersax, M. A., Siddiq, M., & Wiesinger, J. (2026) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2025.2538544 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dominianni, C., Sinha, R., Goedert, J. J., Pei, Z., Yang, L., Hayes, R. B., & Ahn, J.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- NYU Langone’s Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dominianni, Christine
- Sinha, Rashmi
- Goedert, James J.
- Pei, Zhiheng
- Yang, Liying
- Hayes, Richard B.
- Ahn, Jiyoung
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-04-15
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e0124599
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4398427
- OpenAlex
- W2057632593
- Cited by
- 468
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 14.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (vor)
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Office of Research and Development
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA159036, R21CA183887, R03CA159414, R01CA164964, P30CA016087, UH3CA140233)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, sex differences, body mass index, dietary fiber, Bacteroidetes, actinobacteria, Clostridia, beans, fruits and vegetables, microbiota composition
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Aged, Animals, Clostridium, Dietary Fiber, Feces, Female, Fruit, Genes, Bacterial, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Sex Factors, Vegetables, Body Mass Index, Logistic Models, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Gastrointestinal Tract, Microbiota
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