The China Shock: Learning from Labor-Market Adjustment to Large Changes in Trade
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China's emergence as a great economic power has induced an epochal shift in patterns of world trade. Simultaneously, it has challenged much of the received empirical wisdom about how labor markets adjust to trade shocks. Alongside the heralded consumer benefits of expanded trade are substantial adjustment costs and distributional consequences. These impacts are most visible in the local labor markets in which the industries exposed to foreign competition are concentrated. Adjustment in local labor markets is remarkably slow, with wages and labor-force participation rates remaining depressed and unemployment rates remaining elevated for at least a full decade after the China trade shock commences. Exposed workers experience greater job churning and reduced lifetime income. At the national level, employment has fallen in the US industries more exposed to import competition, as expected, but offsetting employment gains in other industries have yet to materialize. Better understanding when and where trade is costly, and how and why it may be beneficial, is a key item on the research agenda for trade and labor economists.
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All eight comparison countries used for the instrumental variables analysis witnessed import growth from China in at least 343 of the 397 total set of four-digit SIC manufacturing industries.
“As documented by Autor, Dorn, and Hanson (2016), all eight comparison countries used for the instrumental variables analysis witnessed import growth from China in at least 343 of the 397 total set of four-digit SIC manufacturing industries.”
From Importing Political Polarization? The Electoral Consequences of Rising Trade Exposure (2020) · cites this paper as Autor, Dorn, and Hanson (2016)
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Utar, H. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2489936 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Workers Beneath the Floodgates: The Impact of Low-Wage Import Competition and Workers' AdjustmentPreprint
Utar, H. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2898154 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Eect of Economic Reform and Industrial Policy in a Panel of Chinese CitiesPreprint
Alder, S., Shao, L., & Zilibotti, F. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Donoso, V. D., Barroso, V. M., & Minondo, A. (2014) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-014-0597-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Renminbi Undervaluation·China＇s Surplus. the US Trade Deficit
William, W. (2010) · 中国对外贸易：英文版 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Populism and the economics of globalization
Rodrik, D. (2018) · Journal of International Business Policy · doi:10.1057/s42214-018-0001-4 · Cited by 1,466 · see citing works
“The wage, laborforce participation, and unemployment consequences had not dissipated after a full decade of the China trade shock (Autor et al., 2016a, b).”
BackgroundPoverty, depression, and anxiety: Causal evidence and mechanisms
Ridley, M., Rao, G., Schilbach, F., & Patel, V. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay0214 · Cited by 1,220 · see citing works
“The costs to losers, especially low-wage workers in high- andmiddle-income countries who lose jobs as a result of changes in patterns of trade or automation, can be long lasting and substantial (110), resulting in worse mental health (29, 30).”
BackgroundImporting Political Polarization? The Electoral Consequences of Rising Trade Exposure
Autor, D., Dorn, D., Hanson, G., & Majlesi, K. (2020) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20170011 · Cited by 1,063 · see citing works
Self-citationOECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers
OECD, & OECD (2010) · OECD social employment and migration working papers · doi:10.1787/1815199x · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Colantone, I., & Stanig, P. (2018) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055417000685 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Right-wing populism and the climate change agenda: exploring the linkages
Lockwood, M. (2018) · Environmental Politics · doi:10.1080/09644016.2018.1458411 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
“…for the hollowing out of labour markets and for stagnant real wages in low- and mid-skilled employments in both the United States and Europe, driven by both technological change and globalisation (Autor et al. 2003, 2016, Goos and Manning 2007, Autor 2010, Gregg et al. 2014, Oesch et al. 2015).”
BackgroundEthno‐nationalist populism and the mobilization of collective resentment
Bonikowski, B. (2017) · The British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12325 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Táíwò, O. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197508893.001.0001 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Some Causal Effects of an Industrial Policy
Criscuolo, C., Martin, R., Overman, H. G., & Van Reenen, J. (2019) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20160034 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
The Macroeconomic Impact of Microeconomic Shocks: Beyond Hulten's Theorem
Baqaee, D., & Farhi, E. (2019) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta15202 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Declining Competition and Investment in the U.S.
Gutiérrez, G., & Philippon, T. (2017) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w23583 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
“The ‘China shock’ has been used in a variety of studies, including Acemoglu et al. (2016); Autor et al. (2016); Pierce and Schott (2016), among others.”
InfluentialThe Economic Impacts of the US–China Trade War
Fajgelbaum, P., & Khandelwal, A. K. (2022) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-051420-110410 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
The Robot Revolution: Managerial and Employment Consequences for Firms
Dixon, J., Hong, B., & Wu, L. (2021) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2020.3812 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
“…attributed to international trade, geographic polarization of the urban-rural divide, and structural changes in the economy, a main factor driving these changes in the last two decades is the use of a new wave of automation technologies (Acemoglu et al. 2016, Autor et al. 2016, Autor et al. 2006).”
Foreign Competition and Domestic Innovation: Evidence from US Patents
Autor, D., Dorn, D., Hanson, G., Pisano, G. P., & Shu, P. (2020) · American Economic Review Insights · doi:10.1257/aeri.20180481 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Economic Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Its Victims: Evidence from Individual Tax Returns
Deryugina, T., Kawano, L., & Levitt, S. D. (2018) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20160307 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Shift-Share Instruments and the Impact of Immigration
Jaeger, D. A., Ruist, J., & Stuhler, J. L. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w24285 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Work of the past, work of the future
Autor, D. H. (2019) · AEA Papers and Proceedings · doi:10.1257/pandp.20191110 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
“Notes: Figure is constructed using US Census of Population data for 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000, and pooled American Community Survey (ACS) data for years 2014 through 2016, sourced from IPUMS (Ruggles et al. 2018). Occupational classifications are harmonized across decades using the classification scheme developed by…”
MethodResultInfluentialHorn, S., Reinhart, C., & Trebesch, C. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w26050 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Importing Political Polarization? The Electoral Consequences of Rising Trade Exposure
Autor, D., Dorn, D., Hanson, G., & Majlesi, K. (2016) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w22637 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Self-citationPopulism and the Economics of Globalization
Rodrik, D. (2017) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w23559 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Firm Productivity and Innovation
Shu, P., & Steinwender, C. (2018) · Innovation Policy and the Economy · doi:10.1086/699932 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
“See Autor, Dorn, and Hanson (2016) for a description of the rise of Chinese manu‑ facturing exports.”
Trade networks and firm value: Evidence from the U.S.-China trade war
Huang, Y., Lin, C., Liu, S., & Heiwai Tang, Z. (2023) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2023.103811 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Universal Basic Income in the United States and Advanced Countries
Hoynes, H. W., & Rothstein, J. M. (2019) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-030237 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Horn, S., Reinhart, C., & Trebesch, C. (2021) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2021.103539 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Labor Unions, Political Representation, and Economic Inequality
Ahlquist, J. S. (2017) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051215-023225 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Schindler, S., Alami, I., DiCarlo, J., Jepson, N., Rolf, S., Bayırbağ, M. K., Cyuzuzo, L., DeBoom, M., Farahani, A. F., Liu, I. T., et al. (2024) · Geopolitics · doi:10.1080/14650045.2023.2253432 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“Meanwhile, deindustrialisation and the prolonged decline of once-prosperous communities in middle America were increasingly attributed to the ‘China Shock’ (Autor, Dorn, and Hanson 2016).”
BackgroundTrade policies, firm strategies, and adaptive reconfigurations of global value chains
Gereffi, G., Lim, H., & Lee, J. (2021) · Journal of International Business Policy · doi:10.1057/s42214-021-00102-z · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Global Supply Chains: The Looming “Great Reallocation”
Alfaro, L., & Chor, D. (2023) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w31661 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Identity, beliefs, and political conflict
Bonomi, G., Gennaioli, N., & Tabellini, G. (2021) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjab034 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
“Autor et al. (2020) and Colantone and Stanig (2017) show that, both in the US and in Europe, losses from international trade foster support for right-wing and conservative parties.”
Adler, D. R. K., & Ansell, B. W. (2019) · West European Politics · doi:10.1080/01402382.2019.1615322 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“In other words, just as with exposure to trade (Autor et al. 2016; Colantone and Stanig 2018; Rodrik 2017), housing market dynamics have created a map of winners and losers.”
BackgroundFirms’ Internal Networks and Local Economic Shocks
Giroud, X., & Mueller, H. M. (2019) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20170346 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
New Frontiers: The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940–2018
Autor, D., Chin, C., Salomons, A., & Seegmiller, B. (2022) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjae008 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationExporting Out of Agriculture: The Impact of WTO Accession on Structural Transformation in China
Erten, B., & Leight, J. (2019) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00852 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“In our regressions, we use data on China’s import tariffs from the WITS–TRAINS database, data on export licensing requirements from Bai et al. (2017), and data on the nature of contracting from Nunn (2007) to control for these policy changes.”
The Macroeconomic Impact of Microeconomic Shocks: Beyond Hulten's Theorem
Baqaee, D., & Farhi, E. (2017) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w23145 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Approaches to the Economics of Discrimination
Stiglitz, J. E. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198799580.003.0035 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
From Good to Bad Concentration? US Industries over the Past 30 Years
Covarrubias, M., Gutiérrez, G., & Philippon, T. (2019) · NBER macroeconomics annual · doi:10.1086/707169 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Rodríguez‐Pose, A., Terrero-Dávila, J., & Lee, N. (2023) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbad005 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
The Impact of Trade on Inequality in Developing Countries
Pavcnik, N. (2017) · doi:10.3386/w23878 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Randolph, G. F., & Storper, M. (2022) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/00420980211067926 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“Similar phenomena can be observed in some Global North deindustrialising city-regions, such as Western Europe and the Rust Belts of the United States (Autor et al., 2016).”
BackgroundCantoni, D., Dittmar, J. E., & Yuchtman, N. (2018) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjy011 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Ahmad, T. (2019) · Higher Education Skills and Work-based Learning · doi:10.1108/heswbl-12-2018-0136 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
On the Persistence of the China Shock
Autor, D., Dorn, D., & Hanson, G. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w29401 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationPopulism and the Economics of GlobalizationPreprint
Rodrik, D. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2992819 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“Why Is Labor Receiving a Smaller Share of Global Income? Theory and Empirical Evidence”
Dao, M., Das, M., Koczan, Z., & Lian, W. (2017) · IMF Working Papers · doi:10.5089/9781484311042.001 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Slicing the Pie: Quantifying the Aggregate and Distributional Effects of Trade
Galle, S., Rodrı́guez-Clare, A., & Yi, M. (2017) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdac020 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The Geography of EU Discontent and the Regional Development Trap
Rodríguez‐Pose, A., Dijkstra, L., & Poelman, H. (2024) · Economic Geography · doi:10.1080/00130095.2024.2337657 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“The second camp contends that the appeal of antisystem and/or populist parties is connected to long-term decline in places that once experienced greater prosperity (e.g., Autor, Dorn, and Hanson 2016; Becker, Fetzer, and Novy 2017; Fetzer 2019).”
BackgroundAdjusting to Robots: Worker-Level EvidencePreprint
Dauth, W., Findeisen, S., Suedekum, J., & Woessner, N. (2018) · doi:10.21034/iwp.13 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
How can robots affect wage inequality?
Lankisch, C., Prettner, K., & Prskawetz, A. (2019) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2018.12.015 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Autor, D., Mindell, D. A., & Reynolds, E. B. (2022) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/14109.001.0001 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE DRIVERS OF INCOME INEQUALITY IN RICH COUNTRIES
Nolan, B. W., Richiardi, M. G., & Valenzuela, L. (2019) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.12328 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“In the United States, mark-ups seem to have increased in the last decades.”
BackgroundInfluentialTrade and Manufacturing Jobs in Germany
Dauth, W., Findeisen, S., & Suedekum, J. (2017) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.p20171025 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“8 This empirical strategy is based on Autor et al. (2013, 2016), who study the effect of rising Chinese import competition on total manufacturing employment across commuting zones in the United States.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTax Policy and Local Labor Market Behavior
Garrett, D. G., Ohrn, E., & Suarez-Serrato, J. C. (2019) · American Economic Review: Insights · doi:10.1257/aeri.20190041 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Foreign Competition and Domestic Innovation: Evidence from U.S. Patents
Autor, D., Dorn, D., Hanson, G., Pisano, G. P., & Shu, P. (2016) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w22879 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“In a second step, we match industry-level trade exposure to firm-level data, which we then match to patent 6An extended set of results are available in our earlier working paper, Autor et al. (2016).”
Self-citationWork of the Past, Work of the Future
Autor, D. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25588 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationNon‐Answers During Conference Calls
Gow, I. D., Larcker, D. F., & Zakolyukina, A. A. (2021) · Journal of Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/1475-679x.12371 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Golfing with Trump. Social capital, decline, inequality, and the rise of populism in the US
Rodríguez‐Pose, A., Lee, N., & Lipp, C. (2021) · Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rsab026 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The Rise of Populism and the Revenge of the Places That Don’t Matter
Rodríguez‐Pose, A. (2020) · LSE Public Policy Review · doi:10.31389/lseppr.4 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Are Automation and Trade Polarizing Developing Country Labor Markets, Too?
Molina, C., & Maloney, W. F. (2016) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-7922 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“However, recent work (Autor et al., 2016) suggests that the impact of China on US manufacturing may well have been larger than previously thought.”
BackgroundIntergenerational Transfers and Inequality
Stiglitz, J. E., & Bevan, D. L. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198799580.003.0010 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Brenner, M. H., & Bhugra, D. K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.592467 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“This is a phenomenon described very thoroughly by Autor in “The China shock” (72).”
BackgroundLOCAL LABOR MARKETS AND NATURAL RESOURCES: A SYNTHESIS OF THE LITERATURE
Marchand, J. T., & Weber, J. G. (2017) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.12199 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Navigating the New Normal: Political Affinity and Multinationals’ Post‐Acquisition Performance
Hasija, D., Liou, R., & Ellstrand, A. E. (2019) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12545 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Hoekstra, R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108608558 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Automation, unemployment, and the role of labor market training
Schmidpeter, B., & Winter‐Ebmer, R. (2021) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.103808 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Globalization and mental distress
Colantone, I., Crinò, R., & Ogliari, L. (2019) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2019.04.008 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“In columns (8) and (9) of Table 8, we regress GHQ-12 on each of these dummies for future expectations.”
BackgroundInfluentialChina's Party-State Capitalism and International Backlash: From Interdependence to Insecurity
Pearson, M. M., Rithmire, M., & Tsai, K. S. (2022) · International Security · doi:10.1162/isec_a_00447 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Local Fiscal Multipliers and Fiscal Spillovers in the USA
Auerbach, A. J., Gorodnichenko, Y., & Murphy, D. (2019) · IMF Economic Review · doi:10.1057/s41308-019-00102-3 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The Contribution of National Income Inequality to Regional Economic Divergence
Manduca, R. A. (2019) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soz013 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Theories abound as to why the United States has become so unequal.”
BackgroundInfluentialJabbour, L., Tao, Z., Vanino, E., & Zhang, Y. (2018) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2018.12.004 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Geographies of discontent: Public service deprivation and the rise of the far right in Italy
Cremaschi, S., Rettl, P., Cappelluti, M., & Vries, C. E. D. (2024) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12936 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
World Changes in Inequality: an Overview of Facts, Causes, Consequences, and Policies1
Bourguignon, F. (2018) · CESifo Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/cesifo/ifx028 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“20 WP654 World changes in inequality: an overview of facts, causes, consequences and policies the drop in the real minimum wage may explain 30–40% of that fall (see Autor et al (2016)).”
BackgroundImport Competition, Quality Upgrading, and Exporting: Evidence from the Peruvian Apparel Industry
Medina, P. (2022) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_01221 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
On the Persistence of the China Shock
Autor, D., Dorn, D., & Hanson, G. (2022) · Brookings Papers on Economic Activity · doi:10.1353/eca.2022.0005 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationThe 1990s trade and wages debate in retrospect
Wood, A. (2018) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/twec.12619 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“That low-cost imports from the South induce defensive innovation (Wood, 1994; Acemoglu, 2003) is suggested by the empirical results of Bloom et al (2016) and Pierce and Schott (2016: 1634), though not by those of Autor et al (2016b).”
InfluentialRecessions and Health: The Long‐Term Health Consequences of Responses to the Coronavirus*
Banks, J. W., Karjalainen, H., & Propper, C. (2020) · Fiscal Studies · doi:10.1111/1475-5890.12230 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Poverty, Depression, and Anxiety: Causal Evidence and Mechanisms
Ridley, M., Rao, G., Schilbach, F., & Patel, V. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27157 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
How Do National Firms Respond to Local Cost Shocks?
Butters, R. A., Sacks, D. W., & Seo, B. (2022) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20201524 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Not so disruptive yet? Characteristics, distribution and determinants of robots in Europe
Fernández‐Macías, E., Klenert, D., & Antón, J. (2021) · Structural Change and Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.010 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The Health Toll of Import Competition
Adda, J., & Fawaz, Y. (2020) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/ueaa058 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Hyman, B. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3155386 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Importantly however, Autor et al. (2016) consider the joint effect on workers who may see reduced earnings or hours on the intensive margin, as well as workers who are displaced (the unit of analysis in this paper).”
BackgroundGlobalisation at a critical conjuncture?
Martin, R., Tyler, P., Storper, M., Evenhuis, E., & GLASMEIER, A. K. (2018) · Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rsy002 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Pathways for the transition of the Polish power sector and associated risks
Antosiewicz, M., Νίκας, Α., Szpor, A., Witajewski-Baltvilks, J., & Doukas, H. (2019) · Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.eist.2019.01.008 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Exploring the Parameters of China’s Economic Influence
Kastner, S. L., & Pearson, M. M. (2021) · Studies in Comparative International Development · doi:10.1007/s12116-021-09318-9 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Adjusting to Globalization in Germany
Dauth, W., Findeisen, S., & Suedekum, J. (2019) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/707356 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“1 Surveys of the literature are provided by Autor, Dorn, and Hanson (2016) and Muendler (2017).”
BackgroundNew Frontiers: The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940–2018Preprint
Autor, D., Chin, C., Salomons, A., & Seegmiller, B. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4196333 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationThe State and Capitalism in China
Pearson, M. M., Rithmire, M., & Tsai, K. S. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009356732 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Services and Manufacturing in Global Value Chains: Is the Distinction Obsolete?Preprint
Miroudot, S. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3374789 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Understanding 2016: China, Brexit and Trump in the history of uneven and combined development
Rosenberg, J., & Boyle, C. (2019) · Journal of Historical Sociology · doi:10.1111/johs.12217 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Particularly in majority-white communities where whites formed a majority, increased trade exposure over the 2000s catalysed support for “Tea Party” Republicans – right-wing populists opposed to immigration and multilateral trade agreements (Autor et al., 2016a:41).”
BackgroundFree trade and opioid overdose death in the United States
Dean, A. W., & Kimmel, S. D. (2019) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100409 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Tylecote, A. (2018) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.001 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Low-carbon transition in a coal-producing country: A labour market perspective
Baran, J. A., Szpor, A., & Witajewski-Baltvilks, J. (2020) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111878 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Redding, S. J. (2022) · Handbook of international economics · doi:10.1016/bs.hesint.2022.02.003 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Understanding the social and cultural bases of Brexit*
Chan, T. W., Henderson, M., Sironi, M., & Kawalerowicz, J. (2020) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12790 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“In the U.S. context, the left-behind argument is powerfully articulated by Autor et al. (2013, 2016).”
BackgroundGrant, J. H., Arita, S., Emlinger, C., Johansson, R., & Xie, C. (2021) · Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy · doi:10.1002/aepp.13138 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Boosting rural labor off-farm employment through urban expansion in China
Sheng, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhang, Q., Dong, W., & Huang, J. (2021) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105727 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The effects of import competition on health in the local economy
Lang, M., McManus, T. C., & Schaur, G. (2018) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.3826 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Globalization, Gender, and the Family
Keller, W., & Utar, H. (2022) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdac012 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Local Labor Market Impacts of the Energy Transition: Prospects and Policies
Hanson, G. (2023) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w30871 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationClash of Empires: From 'Chimerica' to the 'New Cold War'
Hung, H.-F. (2022) · doi:10.1017/9781108895897 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Between communism and capitalism: long-term inequality in Poland, 1892–2015
Bukowski, P., & Novokmet, F. (2021) · Journal of Economic Growth · doi:10.1007/s10887-021-09190-1 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
- Authors
- Autor, D. H., Dorn, D., & Hanson, G. H.
- Affiliations
- National Bureau of Economic Research (US)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Economics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2016-10-31
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 205-240
- ISSN
- 1941-1383 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-1391
- OpenAlex
- W1906461530
- Cited by
- 1,305
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 103 · 2025: 196 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 140 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 153 · 2020: 123 · 2019: 168 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 30.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Economics (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Econstor (Econstor) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Global trade and economics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Labor market dynamics and wage inequality
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Historical Economic and Social Studies
- Keywords
- labor market adjustment, import competition, trade shocks, local labor markets, unemployment, wages, labor force participation, lifetime income, distributional effects of trade, trade costs, US-China trade
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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