Cited by 3,609Autophagy in Disease and TherapyCalcium signaling and nucleotide metabolismUbiquitin and proteasome pathways

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Regulation Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways of Autophagy

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He, Congcong, Klionsky, Daniel J.·2009·Annual Review of Genetics

DOI 10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910PMC PMC2831538

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Abstract

Autophagy is a process of self-degradation of cellular components in which double-membrane autophagosomes sequester organelles or portions of cytosol and fuse with lysosomes or vacuoles for breakdown by resident hydrolases. Autophagy is upregulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation, ER stress, and pathogen infection. Defective autophagy plays a significant role in human pathologies, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and infectious diseases. We present our current knowledge on the key genes composing the autophagy machinery in eukaryotes from yeast to mammalian cells and the signaling pathways that sense the status of different types of stress and induce autophagy for cell survival and homeostasis. We also review the recent advances on the molecular mechanisms that regulate the autophagy machinery at various levels, from transcriptional activation to post-translational protein modification.

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2 retracted

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Authors: He, C., & Klionsky, D. J.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
ORCID: He, Congcong
Klionsky, Daniel J.
Venue: Annual Review of Genetics
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2009-12-01
Volume: 43
Issue: 1
Pages: 67-93
ISSN: 0066-4197 (ISSN-L)
1545-2948
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910
PMC: PMC2831538
OpenAlex: W2096308078
Cited by: 3,609
References: 176
Citations by year: 2026: 89 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 184 · 2023: 188 · 2022: 198 · 2021: 258 · 2020: 270 · 2019: 253 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 291 · 2016: 249 · 2015: 246 · 2014: 251 · 2013: 199 · 2012: 229
FWCI: 21.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Annual Review of Genetics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM 53396, R01GM053396)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Calcium signaling and nucleotide metabolism
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
Keywords: autophagy, autophagy regulation, signaling pathways, autophagy machinery, stress response, starvation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, growth factor deprivation, pathogen infection, lysosomal degradation, transcriptional activation, post-translational modification, cancer, neurodegeneration, infectious diseases
MeSH terms: Animals, Autophagy, Eukaryotic Cells, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Lysosomes, Phagosomes, Signal Transduction

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