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THE GALACTIC CENTER ENVIRONMENT
Abstract
▪ Abstract The central half kiloparsec region of our Galaxy harbors a variety of phenomena unique to the central environment. This review discusses the observed structure and activity of the interstellar medium in this region in terms of its inevitable inflow toward the center of the Galactic gravitational potential well. A number of dissipative processes lead to a strong concentration of gas into a “Central Molecular Zone” of about 200-pc radius, in which the molecular medium is characterized by large densities, large velocity dispersions, high temperatures, and apparently strong magnetic fields. The physical state of the gas and the resultant star formation processes occurring in this environment are therefore quite unlike those occurring in the large-scale disk. Gas not consumed by star formation either enters a hot X ray–emitting halo and is lost as a thermally driven galactic wind or continues moving inward, probably discontinuously, through the domain of the few parsec-sized circumnuclear disks and eventually into the central parsec. There, the central radio source SgrA*currently accepts only a tiny fraction of the inflowing material, likely as a result of a limit cycle wherein the continual inflow of matter provokes star formation, which in turn can temporarily halt the inflow via mass-outflow winds.
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“The CMZ is a disk-like region of dense ( ≳ 10 3 cm -3 ) gas within + 1 . 7 ◦ ≲ l ≲ -1 ◦ ( R ≃ 200 pc, assuming a Galactocentric radii of 8 . 5 kpc), | b | ≲ 0 . 5 ◦ ( H ≃ 75 pc), and | v rot | ≲ 150 km s -1 (Panel a of Fig 8; Sofue 1995; Morris & Serabyn 1996; Molinari et al. 2011; Henshaw et al. 2016, 2022; Sormani et al. 2022).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Morris & Serabyn 1996
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Kauffmann, J., Pillai, T., Zhang, Q., Menten, K. M., Goldsmith, P. F., Lu, X., Guzmán, A. E., & Schmiedeke, A. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628089 · Cited by 51
The Galactic center chimneys: the base of the multiphase outflow of the Milky Way
Ponti, G., Morris, M. R., Churazov, E., Heywood, I., & Fender, R. P. (2021) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039636 · Cited by 50
Self-citationComparing young massive clusters and their progenitor clouds in the Milky Way
Walker, D. L., Longmore, S. N., Bastian, N., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Rathborne, J. M., Galván-Madrid, R., & Liu, H. B. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw313 · Cited by 50
SOFIA/FORCAST Imaging of the Circumnuclear Ring at the Galactic CenterPreprint
Lau, R. M., Herter, T., Morris, M., Becklin, E. E., & Adams, J. D. (2014) · Cited by 50
Self-citationHerschelspectroscopic observations of the compact obscured nucleus in Zw 049.057
Falstad, N., González-Alfonso, E., Aalto, S., van der Werf, P. P., Fischer, J., Veilleux, S., Meléndez, M., Farrah, D., & Smith, H. A. (2015) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526114 · Cited by 49
A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE IN THE GALAXY
Peng, R., Yoshida, H., Chamberlin, R., Phillips, T. G., Lis, D. C., & Gérin, M. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/723/1/218 · Cited by 49
THE AUSTRALIA TELESCOPE COMPACT ARRAY H I SURVEY OF THE GALACTIC CENTER
McClure‐Griffiths, N. M., Dickey, J. M., Gaensler, B. M., Green, A. J., Green, J., & Haverkorn, M. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/199/1/12 · Cited by 49
Cloud–cloud collision in the Galactic center 50 km s−1 molecular cloud
Tsuboi, M., Miyazaki, A., & Uehara, K. (2015) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psv076 · Cited by 49
Characterizing the properties of cluster precursors in the MALT90 survey
Contreras, Y., Rathborne, J. M., Guzmán, A. E., Jackson, J. M., Whitaker, S. P., Sanhueza, P., & Foster, J. B. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3110 · Cited by 49
Weighing the cusp at the Galactic Centre
Mouawad, N., Eckart, A., Pfalzner, S., Schödel, R., Moultaka, J., & Spurzem, R. (2005) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.200410351 · Cited by 49
INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM PROCESSING IN THE INNER 20 pc IN GALACTIC CENTER
Liu, H. B., Ho, P. T. P., Wright, M. C. H., Su, Y., Hsieh, P., Sun, A.-L., Kim, S. S., & Minh, Y. C. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/770/1/44 · Cited by 48
ALMA view of the12C/13C isotopic ratio in starburst galaxies
Tang, X. D., Henkel, C., Menten, K. M., Gong, Y., Martín, S., Mühle, S., Aalto, S., Müller, S., García-Burillo, S., Levshakov, S., et al. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935603 · Cited by 48
Old supernova dust factory revealed at the Galactic center
Lau, R. M., Herter, T. L., Morris, M. R., Li, Z., & Adams, J. D. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa2208 · Cited by 47
Self-citationSagittarius A Molecular Cloud Complex in H13CO+ and Thermal SiO Emission Lines
Tsuboi, M., Tadaki, K.-I., Miyazaki, A., & Handa, T. (2011) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/63.4.763 · Cited by 47
Massive Star Formation in the Molecular Ring Orbiting the Black Hole at the Galactic Center
Yusef-Zadeh, F., Braatz, J. A., Wardle, M., & Roberts, D. A. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/591731 · Cited by 47
γ-rays and the far-infrared–radio continuum correlation reveal a powerful Galactic Centre wind
Crocker, R., Jones, D., Aharonian, F., Law, C., Melia, F., & Ott, J. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2010.00983.x · Cited by 31
Cluster Core Dynamics in the Galactic Center
Berukoff, S. J., & Hansen, B. M. S. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/507414 · Cited by 47
Interstellar magnetic fields in the Galactic center region
Ferrière, K. (2009) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912617/pdf · Cited by 47
EARLY-STAGE MASSIVE STAR FORMATION NEAR THE GALACTIC CENTER: Sgr C
Kendrew, S., Ginsburg, A., Johnston, K., Beuther, H., Bally, J., Cyganowski, C. J., & Battersby, C. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/775/2/l50 · Cited by 46
Chemistry, astronomy and physics of H 3 +
Oka, T. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2012.0243 · Cited by 46
The Molecular Gas Environment in the 20 km s−1 Cloud in the Central Molecular Zone
Lu, X., Zhang, Q.-Z., Kauffmann, J., Pillai, T., Longmore, S., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Battersby, C., Liu, H., Ginsburg, A., Mills, E., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa67f7 · Cited by 36
Latvakoski, H. M., Stacey, G. J., Gull, G. E., & Hayward, T. L. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/306689 · Cited by 46
Turbulent Origin of the Galactic Center Magnetic Field: Nonthermal Radio Filaments
Boldyrev, S. A., & Yusef-Zadeh, F. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/500411 · Cited by 46
Siegert, T. (2023) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-023-04184-4 · Cited by 45
TWO NEW AND REMARKABLE SIGHTLINES THROUGH THE GALACTIC CENTER'S MOLECULAR GAS
Geballe, T. R., & Oka, T. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/709/1/l70 · Cited by 45
An X-ray survey of the central molecular zone: Variability of the Fe K α emission line
Terrier, R., Clavel, M., Soldi, S., Goldwurm, A., Ponti, G., Morris, M. R., & Chuard, D. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730837 · Cited by 45
Self-citationThorsbro, B., Ryde, N., Rich, R. M., Schultheis, M., Renaud, F., Spitoni, E., Fritz, T. K., Mastrobuono-Battisti, A., Origlia, L., Matteucci, F., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8226 · Cited by 47
Tidal effects on small bodies by massive black holes
Kostić, U., Čadež, A., Calvani, M., & Gomboc, A. (2009) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811059/pdf · Cited by 45
The Origin of the Galactic Center Nonthermal Radio Filaments: Young Stellar Clusters
Yusef‐Zadeh, F. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/378715 · Cited by 45
An X-Ray Face-On View of the Sagittarius B Molecular Clouds Observed with Suzaku
Ryu, S. G., Koyama, K., Nobukawa, M., Fukuoka, R., & Tsuru, T. G. (2009) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/61.4.751 · Cited by 44
Cosmic magnetism in centimeter- and meter-wavelength radio astronomy
Akahori, T., Nakanishi, H., Sofue, Y., Fujita, Y., Ichiki, K., Ideguchi, S., Kameya, O., Kudoh, T., Kudoh, Y., Machida, M., et al. (2017) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psx123 · Cited by 47
Simulating the Fermi Bubbles as Forward Shocks Driven by AGN Jets
Zhang, R., & Guo, F. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8bd0 · Cited by 47
Gautam, A., Crocker, R. M., Ferrario, L., Ruiter, A. J., Ploeg, H., Gordon, C., & Macías, O. (2022) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01658-3 · Cited by 61
Schinnerer, E., Böker, T., & Meier, D. S. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/377118 · Cited by 44
Lazio, T. J. W., & Cordes, J. M. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1086/313129 · Cited by 44
Monte Carlo modelling of the propagation and annihilation of nucleosynthesis positrons in the Galaxy
Alexis, A., Jean, P., Martin, P., & Ferriere, K. (2014) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322393 · Cited by 40
A NEW PERSPECTIVE OF THE RADIO BRIGHT ZONE AT THE GALACTIC CENTER: FEEDBACK FROM NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES
Zhao, J., Morris, M., & Goss, W. M. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/817/2/171 · Cited by 45
Self-citationMolecular ion abundances in the diffuse ISM: CF+, HCO+, HOC+, and C3H+
Gérin, M., Liszt, H., Neufeld, D., Godard, B., Sonnentrucker, P., Pety, J., & Roueff, E. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833661 · Cited by 43
On the intensity and spatial morphology of the 511 keV emission in the Milky Way
Prantzos, N. (2005) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20052811/pdf · Cited by 43
Metadata
- Authors
- Morris, M., & Serabyn, E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1996-09
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 645-701
- ISSN
- 0066-4146 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4282
- OpenAlex
- W2127604531
- Cited by
- 930
- References
- 344
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 1.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Galactic Center, interstellar medium, Central Molecular Zone, gas inflow, molecular gas, velocity dispersion, magnetic field, star formation, galactic winds, circumnuclear disk, Sgr A*, supermassive black holes
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